اسید هیومیک

In order to investigate the effect of pretreatment of seeds with organic fertilizers on germination and seedling indices of three cultivar of black cumin seed, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design in four replications in 2021. The treatments of this experiment were cultivar in three levels (Iranian, Indian and Syrian) and seed pretreatment in three levels of organic fertilizers: humic acid, biozinc and control (without pretreatment). Characteristics of germination percentage and rate, germination uniformity, root, shoot and seedling length, fresh and dry weight of root, shoot and seedling, seedling tissue water content, seedling length vigour index and allometric coefficient were measured. The results showed that the studied treatments and their interaction had a significant effect on most of the measured traits. The maximum and minimum germination percentages (93.67% and 83.33%, respectively) were allocated to Iranian and Indian cultivars; while the maximum germination uniformity (256.79 hours) was obtained in the Syrian cultivar pretreated with humic acid and the minimum germination uniformity (134.40 hours) was obtained in both Iranian cultivar without pretreatment and the Iranian cultivar pretreated with biozinc. Also, the highest seedling length and seedling length vigour index were recorded in Iranian cultivars pretreated with humic acid (4.20 cm and 400.21), respectively, and the lowest ones (1.42 cm and 113.01) in Syrian cultivar pretreated with biozinc. In general, in the present study, the effect of seed pretreatment using humic acid as organic fertilizer was positive in many germination indexes.

The management of water and nutrients are among the most important factors affecting the quality and quantity of medicinal plants. Among the medicinal plants, isabgol has a particular importance due to its mucilage, which is obtained from the seeds. It is an annual plant, which is mainly distributed in dry regions of the world. Considering that Iran is one of the arid and semi-arid countries and has recently faced with consecutive droughts, the optimal use of water resources should be prioritized. In this regard, it is important to introduce plants with low water requirements, such as isabgol. Since it is a medicinal plant, its fertilization using biological and organic fertilizers is also considered important. Therefore, in this experiment, the effect of different levels of water availability and bio fertilizers was studied on the growth and yield of isbgol. In this experiment, the effect of water availability (irrigation after evaporation of 100, 150, and 200 mm from the evaporation pan) and organic nutritional resources (humic acid, fulvic acid, and seaweed extract along with no fertilization as control treatment) was studied on the growth of and yield of Isabgol, under climatic conditions of Birjand (59 oE, 32 oN, 1410 m above sea), Iran. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The levels of water availability were placed in the main plots and nutritional resources in the sub-plots. The measured traits included plant height, number of leaves and number of tiller per plant, fresh and dry weight of plant, number of spikes per plant, number of seeds per spike, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield, percentage and yield of mucilage. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS, version 9.4 and the means were compared using the protected LSD test at the 5% probability level. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect of fertilizers application on most growth and yield indices, while the effect of irrigation management (except for number of leaves per plant) and interaction of studied factors was not significant on the evaluated traits. Application of all fertilizes, especially seaweed, improved the vegetative growth of the plant. The highest plant height (21 cm), number of leaves (16 per plant), number of tillers (4.8 No. per plant) and fresh weight of the plant (9.6 g) were gained from the seaweed extract, which were 31.2, 29.2, 39.9 and 78.1%, superior to the control treatment (no fertilizer application), respectively. The highest number of spikes (13.24 No. per plant) was obtained from humic acid application, which was 2.1 times more than the control treatment. Number of seeds per spike in seaweed, humic acid, fulvic acid and control treatments were 45.1, 44.3, 44.9 and 29, respectively, and 1000-seed weight was 1.63, 1.60, 1.62 and 1.55 g, respectively. Fertilizers application improved biological yield and seed yield, but in terms of these two traits, irrigation levels were in a same statistical group. The highest and the lowest biological yield (1942.2 and 1225.7 kg ha-1, respectively) and seed yield (763.4 and 456.1 kg ha-1, respectively) were gained from seaweed and control treatments, respectively. The percentage of mucilage was not affected by irrigation and nutritional managements, but the mucilage yield by the use of algae extract, humic acid and fulvic acid was increased by 56.4, 31.4 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to the control. In general, consumption of all organic fertilizer types improved the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of Isabgol, while reduced water availability had no negative effect on the plant growth and yield, which indicates that isabgol is well adapted to semi-arid regions.

Conventional agriculture has altered the dynamic balance of agroecosystems by decreasing soil fertility, reducing biodiversity, and putting human and animal health at risk due to chemical residue in agricultural products. To reduce these negative environmental impacts, sustainable agricultural systems have been promoted to protect resources and biodiversity. One of the effective strategies is the integrated management of organic and chemical fertilizers in sustainable agricultural systems. Flax is an oil plant of the Linaceae family, which is extensively used in the modern pharmaceutical and food industries. Flax seeds contain protein and oil. Considering the negative effect of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers on the quality of medicinal and oil plants, most food and pharmaceutical companies prefer materials derived from sustainable and organic systems. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield components, yield, and oil content of flax.

The field experiment was laid out in 2018-2019 growing seasons at the Research field of the University of Kurdistan, Iran (longitude 47° 18' E, the latitude of 35° 19' N and 1865 m altitude). The region has a semi-arid climate according to the Köppen climate classification. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments and three replications. The experimental treatments included control, chemical fertilizer, farmyard manure, digested fertilizer, humic acid, farmyard manure + humic acid, digested fertilizer + humic acid, chemical fertilizer + humic acid, farmyard manure + chemical fertilizer, and digested fertilizer + chemical fertilizer. Each experimental plot consisted of six rows, 4 m long and at 35 cm row spacing. The amount of manure, urea, superphosphate triple, and digested fertilizer was 10 ton/ha, 150 kg/ha, 50 Kg/ha and 4 ton/ha respectively. Fifty percent of fertilizers were applied in the integrated treatments. The concentration of humic acid was 0.5 per thousand. The site was irrigated immediately after sowing the seeds and a drip irrigation system was used once a week. Weeding was done by hand as required. Quantitative traits were measured at the maturity stage.  Seed samples were collected after the harvest process. To extract the flax oil, a Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane solvent was used. The obtained data underwent analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS statistical software (SAS Version 9.1), where means were compared using LSD.

The results showed that treatments had a significant effect on the most measured traits in this study. The integrated treatments significantly increased plant height, capsule number per plant, sub-branches number, biological yield, grain yield, oil percentage, and oil yield. The traits consisted of grain number per capsule, primary branches, and 1000 grain weight of flax were not affected by the treatments significantly. The highest value of biological yield (2440 kg/ha) and grain oil content (30%) was recorded in the integrated treatments of digested fertilizer + chemical fertilizer and digested fertilizer +humic acid, respectively. The integrated treatments of digested fertilizer + humic acid, farmyard manure + humic acid, chemical fertilizer + humic acid, humic acid, and digested fertilizer + chemical fertilizer significantly increased grain oil content by 36.66, 34.84, 29.63, 28.73, and 26.92 % compared to control, respectively. The highest value of grain yield (688.3 kg/ha) and oil yield (185.9 kg/ha) was obtained in the integrated treatment of humic acid + chemical fertilizer. The lowest of mentioned characteristics belonged to the control treatment. The integrated treatments of humic acid + chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure + chemical fertilizer significantly increased grain yield by 30.46 and 29.43% compared to control, respectively. The integrated treatment of chemical fertilizer + humic acid increased oil yield by 19.39, 33.69, 30.01, and 19.64 % compared to chemical fertilizer, farmyard manure, digested fertilizer, and humic acid, respectively. Environmental conditions and plant nutrition are effective factors on the growth and yield of crops. It can be said that combined treatment increased the positive effect of organic fertilizers and there were synergistic interactions between them.

The integrated treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers improved the flax characteristics compared to chemical fertilizers application singly. Overall reasonable management of fertilizers not only improved flax yield but only protected environmental safety.

I order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in the production process of fruit and increase the quality and yield the use of organic fertilizers is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a number of organic fertilizers on some morpho-physiological traits of grapes. The experiment included the application of organic fertilizers which were applied in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in three locations (garden) during two consecutive years. Animal manure (at three levels of 0 (control), 10 and 20 kg / ha), humic acid (at three levels of 0 (control), 5 and 10 kg) and folic acid (three levels of 0 (control), 5 and 10 kg) were the treatments. The results showed that the main effects and interaction effects of organic fertilizers were significant on all measured traits (18 trait) including fruit dry matter, sugar content, pH of fruit juice, leaf area index, berry weight, number of berries, berry size, cluster size, and cluster weight. According to the results, higher concentrations of all three organic fertilizers used in this study had higher positive effects on final yield and yield components, especially the number of inflorescences per cluster and the number of spikes.  Simultaneous application of 20 ton/ha animal manure, 10 kg/ha humic acid and 5 kg/ha folic acid is recommended as a desirable combination in vineyards. Due to the effects of location on measured traits under organic fertilizer treatments, it is necessary to investigate the stability of these results through standard methods and tests.

An experiment based on CRD design with three replications was conducted in 2014 year, in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experimental treatments included 7 types of eco-friendly inputs: Humic acid, Fulvic acid, Nitroxin (contains Azotobacter spp. And Azospirillum spp. Bacterias), Biophosphorous (contains Bacillus sp. And Pseudomonas sp. bacterias), Biosulfur (contains Thiobacillus spp. Bacteria), Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices, and control. The results showed that organic acids of humic and fulvic increased germination percentage 25 and 20% and germination rate 58 and 33% compared to control, respectively. Germination percentage was 20, 25, and 24% more in biofertilizers of nitroxin, biophosphorous and biosulfur compared to control, respectively and germination rate under application of this fertilizers added 59, 24, and 50% compared to control, respectively. Humic acid, fulvic acid, nitroxin, biophosphorous, biosulfur, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices reduced mean germination time 33, 35, 38, 19, 36, 36, and 16% compared to control, respectively. The highest radicle and plumule length obtained in treatment of humic acid and the highest radicle to plumule length observed in treatment of biosulfur. Fulvic acid increased radicle and plumule dry weight 51 and 38% compared to control, respectively. The highest and the lowest radicle to plumule dry weight obtained in treatments of Glomus intraradices (0.199) and control (0.124), respectively.

With the aim of investigation of Humic and biological fertilizer sources together with nitrogen fertilizer on corm production on Torbat Heydarieh landrace, an experiment was conducted in research farm of University of Torbat Heydarieh in 2015-2016. The experiment consisted 18 treatments in which main factor was three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50 kg/ha as urea) and sub factor was application of Biumic (micronutrients and acid humic), Super humic, Superhumic+Biumic, Humiful (acid humic), Nitrokara (nitrogen, phosphorus-soluble bacteria) and control. The experiment performed as split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results demonstrated that application of nitrogen had the significant effect on fresh weight and fresh yield of replacement corms. In 25 kg nitrogen treatment the fresh weight and fresh yield of replacement corms increased 5.6 and 8.2 percent in compared to control, respectively. In Super humic+Biumic treatment the fresh and dry weight of replacement corms increased 61.5 and 60.2 percent in compared to control, respectively. All of resource treatments significantly enhanced number of replacement corm. Overall, it seems that nitrogen fertilizer using had not considerable impact on corm traits, but employing of Humic and biological fertilizer could be very important on saffron corm production.

Arctium lappa is a medicinal plant of Asteraceae. Seeds have a little germination due to seed dormancy. In order to break dormancy and increase the germination of its seeds an experiment with 28 treatments in a completely randomized design with four replications (25 seeds). Treatments were consisting of chemical scarification with sulfuric acid solution 98% for 10 and 20 min, hormone treatments of 24 and 48 hours of Gibberellic acid (GA3) (300 & 500 ppm), moist prechilling for 7 and 14 days at +5 °C temperature, and combined moist prechilling and hormonal treatments, hot water (70 °C, for 10 and 15 min.) humic acid (54 kg/L). Results showed that the effect of treatments on percentage and rate germination of Arctium lappa was significant (P≤%5). The maximum coleoptile length, radicle length, seedling length, germination percentage and germination ratio was related to 14 days moist prechilling treatment with GA3 (500 ppm- 48h) (98/78 %). On the basis of the results and with regard to the negative effect of H2SO4 and hot water on the consequential growth of seedlings, usage of 14 days moist prechilling accompanied with application of GA3 was appropriate.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of time and integrated application of urea and humic acid on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in rain-fed condition in 2013 at Joghatai, Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Iran. Treatment was arranged as factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. Factors were fives combination of urea and humic acid (100% urea, 25% urea+75%humic acid, 50%urea +50%humic acid, 75%urea+25%humic acid and 100% humic acid) and times of foliar application (vegetative and vegetative+flowering). Urea 1% and humic acid (2 lit.ha-1) was used for foliar application. Result showed that interaction between time and integrated application had significant effect on number of lateral branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, plant height, economic and biological yield. The greatest economic yield was achieved in combination of 75% Urea+25% humic acid at vegetative stage and combination of 25% Urea+75% humic acid at vegetative+flowering stage. Increasing of urea fertilizer at combination in vegetative stage increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, plant height, seed weight and number of lateral branches while it decreased these traits on vegetative+flowering stage. In both times, integrated application of humic acid and urea fertilizer had greater yield and yield components compared with two fertilizers alone. Overall results indicated that once spraying with the mixture of 75% nitrogen and 25% humic acid is better than other treatments to achieve good economic yield in dry conditions.