تغذیه

Vinasse is one of the by-products of alcohol and yeast companies that use molasses as a raw material. The production of this substance is very high in the industry and the release of Vinasse in nature has environmental damage due to the large amounts of organic and inorganic materials. Today, the possibility of using this substance in low concentrations as organic fertilizer in agriculture has been proposed. Using Vinasse as an organic fertilizer is a simplest and most practical way to reduce waste.

In this regard, this experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the use of Vinasse as fertigation on the growth traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in a completely randomized design with four replications. Cucumber seeds of hybrid cultivar (super max F1) with 99% purity were used. In order to seed germination and seedling production, seeds were cultured in cocopeat+perlite (1:1) and placed in the growth chamber. After seven days from seed sowing, experimental treatments were applied. Treatments included 1) hogland fertilizer, 2) diluted Vinasse, 3) hogland fertilizer+diluted Vinasse, 4) ½ hogland fertilizer+½ diluted Vinasse. After 7 weeks, plants were collected and growth parameters were measured. The investigated morphological traits included the number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves, fresh and dry weight of roots, fresh and dry weight of stems, volume of roots, length and diameter of stems, as well as leaf surface. The plant leaf area was measured using ImageJ 1.52v software. Also, physiological traits such as relative water content (Barrs & Weatherley, 1962), electrolyte leakage (Marcum, 1998), pigment content (chlorophyll index, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid) (Dere et al., 1998), protein (Bradford, 1976), proline (Bathes et al., 1973) and leaf nitrogen were measured by kjeldahl method (Page et al., 1982). Statistical analysis of data was done using JMP-8 software and mean comparison was done using LSD test.

The use of Hoagland nutrient solution alone led to an increase in the number of leaves in the plant compared to other fertilizer treatments and recorded the highest leaf fresh weight (4.52 grams) and leaf dry weight (0.35 grams). Meanwhile, the combined use of Vinasse and Hoagland nutrient solution in full concentration was able to increase the leaf area in the plant and the highest amount of leaf area (29.21 cubic centimeters) was recorded in this treatment. Root fresh weight was affected by the combined treatment of Vinasse and Hoagland nutrient solution in half concentration and it increased significantly (1.89 grams) compared to other treatments. The application of Vinasse alone could only lead to the production of the highest dry weight of the stem (0.23 grams) compared to other experimental treatments. Although the complete Hoagland fertilizer treatment showed good results in the development of the root system, the use of the combination of Hoagland and Vinasse nutrient solution in half concentration showed a more appropriate response. Results showed that plants treated with Vinasse entered the reproductive phase faster than other experimental treatments. Vinasse contains significant amounts of potassium and organic matter (Kusumaningtyas et al., 2017). The rapid flowering of Vinasse-treated plants is probably due to the high potassium content of this organic fertilizer and the reduction in nitrogen content. The use of Vinasse as a fertigation in plants leads to the enrichment of microelements in the substrate (Kogani et al., 2018), and due to the abundance of organic matter in Vinasse, it is an important source of nutrients that is suitable for plant growth (Madejon et al., 2001). However, according to the results of this experiment, it was determined that application of Vinasse alone is not able to meet the nutritional needs of the cucumber plant. The use of hogland fertilizer + diluted Vinasse improves the growth traits of the plant such as leaf number, root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf dry weight and leaf area. The use of diluted Vinasse reduced the chlorophyll content and increased the proline.

In general, Vinasse is not a complete fertilizer because of the low nitrogen content. So it needs to be combined with other nitrogen fertilizers. However, this fertilizer can be used in the reproductive growth stage when the plant needs lower amounts of nitrogen.

Askari grape is one of the dominant cultivars and main sources of income for the people of Dana city. The usage of this grape cultivar is as table, unripe grape juice, juice and raisins. Lime over 60% of the soil is one of the main problems of vineyards in the region. High lime increases the amount of grape leaf chlorosis and reduces the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grapes. Iron deficiency is one of the main problems in calcareous soils. In order to investigate the effects of different fertilizer sources on quantitative characteristics of grapes and iron concentration in leaves, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with four repetitions during two successive growth season. The treatments included control (distilled water), urea 5000 mg/liter, ammonium sulfate 5000 mg/liter, 50 gr of iron chelate as soil application. The results of the composite variance analysis of yield, cluster length, cluster weight and total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit showed that the effect of fertilizer treatments and also the interaction effect of year and fertilizer treatment on these traits were not significant, but according to the comparison of the means , iron chelate increased yield, cluster weight and leaf iron content by 8, 3.6 and 61% respectively. Also, ammonium sulfate increased yield, cluster length and leaf iron content by 25.3, respectively. 5 and 30.8 percent. The results of the variance analysis of the iron content in leaves showed that the effect of fertilizer treatments on this characteristic is significant at the probability level of 1%. Iron chelate treatment increased the iron concentration in grape leaves by 61% compared to the control. Iron chelate in the amount of 50 gr as soil is recommended to increase the amount of iron in leaves and the quantitative and qualitative

The mulberry tree can grow in a variety of climates. Mulberry leaf is a food of silkworm and plays an essential role in silk production. Therefore, improving the quality and quantity of mulberry leaves is very important in terms of silk production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria and municipal waste compost on morphological and physiological characteristics of mulberry tree. To conduct this research, 27 mulberry seedlings were prepared from the National Silk Research Institute. This research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments used included two levels of municipal waste (2 and 4 percent), two levels of Pseudomonas (106 and 5×106 cells per gram of soil) and control. Some physiological properties such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, protein and sugar were measured in the leaves. Also, some morphological characteristics of the plant including fresh weight, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf length, etc. were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of protein and leaf area in the combined treatment of the second level of compost and bacteria were 22.57% and 2005 mm2, respectively. The results showed that with increasing the amount of compost and bacteria in the soil, leaf quality increased significantly physiologically and morphologically. In general, the results showed that the combination of organic and bio-fertilizers can be used instead of chemical fertilizers to provide the elements needed by the mulberry plant.

With the aim of investigation of Humic and biological fertilizer sources together with nitrogen fertilizer on corm production on Torbat Heydarieh landrace, an experiment was conducted in research farm of University of Torbat Heydarieh in 2015-2016. The experiment consisted 18 treatments in which main factor was three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50 kg/ha as urea) and sub factor was application of Biumic (micronutrients and acid humic), Super humic, Superhumic+Biumic, Humiful (acid humic), Nitrokara (nitrogen, phosphorus-soluble bacteria) and control. The experiment performed as split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results demonstrated that application of nitrogen had the significant effect on fresh weight and fresh yield of replacement corms. In 25 kg nitrogen treatment the fresh weight and fresh yield of replacement corms increased 5.6 and 8.2 percent in compared to control, respectively. In Super humic+Biumic treatment the fresh and dry weight of replacement corms increased 61.5 and 60.2 percent in compared to control, respectively. All of resource treatments significantly enhanced number of replacement corm. Overall, it seems that nitrogen fertilizer using had not considerable impact on corm traits, but employing of Humic and biological fertilizer could be very important on saffron corm production.

An study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of poultry and chemical fertilizers on vegetative and reproductive traits and the total yield in field cucumbers in Hamedan province of Iran. The research project was conducted in a strip factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were Haiek and Royal cultivars, poultry manure including 0, 6 and 12 tons per hectare and chemical fertilizer including 1- 50 kg urea without micronutrient fertilizer (regional custom), 2- 109 kg ammonium sulfate without micronutrient fertilizer, 3- combination of urea, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrient fertilizers according to the soil test and 4- combination of ammonium, phosphorus, potassium sulfate and micronutrient fertilizers according to soil test. Analysis of variance of the data showed that the interaction effect of different levels of poultry manure with different levels of chemical fertilizer and cultivar was significant on male to female flower ratio, number of pickling cucumber yield, fresh cucumber yield and length of fruiting period. The mean comparison of the data showed that the use of six tons poultry manure cause a significant increase in total yield by 4.68 tons per hectare in both cultivars only when urea, phosphorus, potassium and complete micronutrient fertilizers were applied according to the soil test. However, with the use of poultry manure at the rate of 12 tons per hectare in all levels of chemical fertilizers, there was a significant increase in the yield with average of 4.29 tons per hectare in both cultivars. Totally, the use of poultry manure at two levels of 6 and 12 tons per hectare increased the production of cucumber fruit by 3.09 and 4.13 tons per hectare, respectively. Chemical fertilizer application based on soil test and in combination with micronutrient-complete fertilizer by spraying solution enhanced the growth traits as well as cucumber yield (at the rate of 2.02 tons per hectare) as compared to consumption of 50 kg urea without micronutrient fertilizer.

Strawberry fruit has a high nutritional value and is cultivated worldwide. In recent decades, due to the lack of water resources, low-quality water is used for plant irrigation. This research was conducted in two separate experiments as a completely randomized design with three replications. In first study the effects of four salinity levels of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mM sodium chloride were studied on Kurdistan, Camarosa and Selva strawberry cultivars. In second experiment the effect of four culture mediums including perlite, cocopeat and two combination levels of perlite and cocopeat under salinity conditions on yield and leaf area index in Kordistan cultivar were studied. Leaf and fruit nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium contents were measured in three replications. In general, there was no significant difference between strawberry cultivars in absorption of most nutrient elements under different salinity conditions. The lowest Na accumulation under 60 mM salinity stress was recorded in ‘camarosa’ leaves. In all three cultivars, the highest reduction in nutrient absorption rate of the fruit was related to potassium content with amount of 41.74% under all salinity conditions. The highest fruit yield was seen in perlite medium. With increase in salinity level, the fruit yield was decreased, and the lowest decrease was recorded in perlite medium.

Use of plant growth regulators and mineral nutrition may affect the fruits yield and quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application of naphtalin acitic acid (at 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg.L-1) and potassium and sulphate (at 0, 0.5 and 1%) on yield and quality of Pearl tangelo (Citrus Paradisi Macfad × Citrus reticulata Ten.) fruit. A randomized complete block with three replications comprising 12 treatments on 16 years old Pearl mandarin trees grafted on sour orange rootstock was conducted in a commercial orchard located in Dezfool during 2014. The trees were sprayed with the solutions on 3 June and fruits were harvested on 6 December 2015. Harvested fruits were then transferred to Horticultural Sciences laboratory at Shahid Chamran University for the quality and yield measurements. The results showed that the treatments significantly enhanced the vitamin C content of the fruits. The trees received 100 mg NAA showed vitamin C content of about %19.45 higher than the untreated trees. Potassium sulfate significantly enhanced soluble solids; whereas the fruits from the trees which sprayed with 0.5 % of K2So4 showed 5% higher soluble solids compared to the control. The results indicated that the interaction effect of NAA and potassium sulfate was significantly different on fruit weight, water content, acidity and yield. According to the results, 150 mg.L-1 NAA and 0.5 % potassium sulfate was the best treatment combination for enhancing the quality and yield of fruit.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary Phytogenic combination (Biomin PEP 1000) on nutrition and growth performance and survival rate of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fry which has done for 56 days. The experiment was completely randomized design consisting four levels 0 (Control group), 1, 2, and 3 g of Biomin PEP 1000 kg-1 diet in four treatments with three replications. Twenty five specimens of grass carps fry with initial mean weight 0.51 ±0.02 g were distributed in 12 small tanks with 100 liters volumes filled with 80 liters water and fed up to satisfy. Growth parameters such as final weight, body weight increase, specific growth rate, daily food intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were measured. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test. According to the results, phytogenic combination (Biomin PEP 1000) addition had no significant effect in Feeding, growth performance and survival rate in any experimental levels (P>0.05).

In this study, the effect of bovine lactoferrin (Lf) on growth parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Fish with mean body weight of 40±5 g were fed for 30 days on three feeding regimes (1) commercial diet supplemented with 200 mg Lf/kg (2) commercial diet supplemented with 100 mg Lf/kg, (3) commercial diet without Lf. Growth and nutritional parameters were measured at the end of the experiment. Results revealed that the fish in all experimental treatments fed by LF, had significantly higher SGR, weight gain and lower FCR compared to the fish in control group (P <0.05). Fish fed on the diet containing 200 mg LF/kg exhibited higher growth parameters except condition factor, but no significant differences were observed with the group fed on diet supplemented with 100 mg LF/kg (P>0.05). The results indicated that use of 100 mg Lf/kg diet is highly recommended for feeding rainbow trout.