عملکرد دانه

Beans are known as an important plant in agriculture and are cultivated in many tropical and temperate regions. The presence of weeds reduces the performance of this valuable plant, which can be compensated by the use of herbicides, but excessive use of herbicides causes damage to the environment, which shows the need to identify the appropriate dose. Nitrogen fertilizer also increases the yield of beans and weeds. Therefore, the present study examines the mutual effect of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on the performance characteristics of broad beans and weeds in heavy and sandy soils of two regions of Dareh Shahr and Malekshahi during the crop year of 2020-2021 in Ilam province (Iran). The experiment was performed as a split plot in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications. The first factor includes 5 levels of Treflan herbicide with EC 48% (no use, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 1 liter per hectare) and 5 levels of haloxyfop armetyl herbicide with EC 10.8% (no use, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 l.ha-1). The second factor included nitrogen fertilizer at 3 levels: 0, 50 kg.ha-1 and 100 kg/ha. The results of the average comparison showed that the highest seed yield was obtained in the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the consumption of 0.9 liters per hectare of haloxyfop in the amount of 2506.3 kg per hectare, which is compared to the lowest amount in the treatment of no nitrogen consumption and no consumption. Herbicide increased by 68%. There was no significant difference between 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the use of 0.9 liters per hectare of haloxyfop with the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the use of 1.5 or 2 liters per hectare of treflan. There was no significant difference between the superior treatment with the treatment of 50 kg of nitrogen per hectare and the consumption of 0.6 liters per hectare of haloxyfop. Also, at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer use, increasing the use of haloxyfop or treflan by 1.2 and 2 liters per hectare, respectively, caused a decrease in this index. Increasing consumption from 50 to 100 kg per hectare caused a decrease in grain yield, which was significant in some treatments. The highest wet weight of weeds was obtained in the treatment of maximum nitrogen fertilizer application and no use of haloxyfop in the amount of 283.7 grams per square meter, which is compared to the lowest value in the treatment of no nitrogen application and the use of 1.5 liters per hectare of Treflan. It increased about 1/4 times. Also, at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer use, increasing the use of haloxyfop or treflan up to 0.9 and 1.5 liters per hectare, respectively, caused a decrease in this index, but in the case of maximum herbicide use; Weed fresh weight decreased. Also, increasing the consumption from 0 to 100 kg per hectare increased the wet weight of weeds. In general, the results of this study showed that with the consumption of 50 kg of nitrogen, the yield can be produced almost equal to the consumption of 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. Therefore, by reducing the consumption of nitrogen, the harmful environmental effects of this type of fertilizer are also reduced and help to maintain the sustainability of the environment. Also, with regard to the two herbicides, Treflan and Haloxyfop, it is possible to produce a good yield and reduce the weight and density of weeds by consuming 1.5 and 0.9 liters per hectare, respectively. Because there was no significant difference with the treatments of 2 and 1.2 liters per hectare of treflan and haloxyfop. On the other hand, this event also reduces the environmental risks of using herbicides.

Grass pea is one of the most important crops and forage plants in the world, which is known for its high protein and lysine content. Due to the importance of this plant among forage plants in terms of livestock nutrition, planting in low-yielding lands, resistance to stresses, and also their role in soil fertility, they are extensively used. To investigate the response of early-maturing grass pea genotypes to salinity stress, 26 genotypes were studied in a factorial experiment based on RCBD with two replications. Salinity treatments were applied at four levels NaCl and various traits were evaluated. The number of plants in each pot after thinning was five plants, and at the end of the growing season, one plant was harvested from each pot every week. In the first harvest, genotype had a significant effect on pod dry weight and leaf length, and salinity had a significant effect on shoot dry weight, leaf number and root length. In this harvest, for the root length, the lowest average was in the first level of salinity and the other three levels were in the same group, that is, in the conditions of salinity stress, the root grew more than the control. In the second harvest, the genotype had a significant effect on the traits of number of pods, plant height, number of leaves, number of grains per pods, leaf angle, leaf length, number of branches and root length. The effect of salinity was significant for root length. In the root length, the least effect of salinity was related to the first level and the second and third levels were placed in the same group, which increased the root length with the increase of salinity. In the third harvest, the genotype had a significant effect on pod fresh weight, leaf length, pod dry weight and number of branches. The effect of salinity on the dry weight of the pod was significant, and other traits had not a significant difference for any of the effects. Also, in this harvest, the fourth level of salinity was removed. The results of the fourth harvest showed that the genotype had a significant effect on the traits of pod dry weight, number of grains, number of grains per pods, plant height, pod fresh weight, number of branches and location of the first branch. Dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of pod, dry weight of pod, number of grains, number of grains per pod, plant height and number of leaves were significant for the effect of salinity. With the increase in salinity, the dry weight of the pod increased and the number of grains and the number of leaves decreased. In this harvest, the traits dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of pod, dry weight of pod, number of grains, number of grains in pod, plant height and number of leaves, which are components of yield, were affected by salinity. The results of the fifth harvest showed that the genotype had a significant effect on the number of branches. The effect of salinity was significant for dry weight of shoot, fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of pod, dry weight of pod, number of grains and number of grains in pod, leaf length and plant height. The effect of salinity on yield was consistent with the results of the fourth week. The genotypes showed different reactions in different weeks, which may be because genotypes are exposed more time to salinity, they show the more different reactions. Also, in the first and second harvests, salinity had a significant effect on root length, and with increasing salinity, root length increased. The dry weight of shoots was affected by salinity stress in the first and fourth harvests, and salinity had no significant effect on it in the second and third harvests. In general, it can be said that in the first and second harvests, salinity had a significant effect on root length, and with increasing salinity, root length increased. The dry weight of shoots was affected by salinity stress in the first, fourth and fifth harvests, and salinity had no significant effect on it in the second and third harvests.

Considering the growing human population and the loss of environmental moderation, it is essential to use effective scientific methods to produce as many crops as possible and create more diversity in them. Sustainable agriculture is the most beneficial way to use the sun's energy and convert it into agricultural products without destroying the soil, water and environment. The global approach to the use of medicinal plants and natural compounds in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic-sanitary and food industries, followed by the attention of the people, officials and domestic industries to the use of medicinal and aromatic plants, creates an urgent need for extensive basic and applied research. It shows in this context. Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran's wide range of natural resources, which can play an important role in society's health, job creation, and non-oil exports if scientifically recognized, cultivated, developed, and exploited correctly. The diversity of climate and different ecological conditions have caused the diversity and richness of medicinal plants throughout Iran. The need for comprehensive research and correct utilization of these plants is very necessary, especially when the world's use of medicinal plants in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic-health and food industries has accelerated. In this regard, in this research, it has been tried to evaluate the ecotypes of the common Dragon's head in the region in terms of performance and performance components, and identify and introduce the most suitable ecotypes for the region and, if necessary, in the improvement programs. be noticed. In order to evaluate the performance and components of performance of 49 ecotypes of Dragon's head (Gare Zarak) collected from different regions of the country, a research was conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications during 1995 and 1996 in the research farm of Tabriz University's Faculty of Agriculture. The most important traits measured were the number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield and harvest index. The obtained results showed that the ecotypes showed significant differences with each other in most of the studied traits. Ecotype No. 37 (Alvar Village, Bostan-Abad) was highly superior in terms of many traits, especially in terms of grain yield. The results of correlation, regression and causality analyzes showed that the number of seeds per plant and the number of seeds per capsule had the highest correlation with seed yield and are considered effective components in increasing seed yield. The highest correlation coefficient (0.879) was observed between the number of seeds per plant and the seed yield of a single plant. Based on the cluster analysis, ecotypes were grouped into two separate clusters based on seed yield and related traits, the second group included 22 ecotypes with the highest value in terms of traits such as number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per capsule. Based on the results of this research, ecotypes No. 37 (Alwar Bostan-Abad village), 23 (Tabriz 4) and 24 (Kalvanagh 14) in terms of seed yield traits and ecotypes No. 14 (Tabriz 3), 44 (Lilab village, Varzeghan) and 37 (Alvar Village, Bostanabad) were recognized as the most appropriate and compatible ecotypes for Tabriz city in terms of dry fodder yield. Based on the average comparison results, ecotype No. 35 (Param 2 Haris village) and ecotype No. 48 (Zanjan) have the highest 1000 seed weight among the studied ecotypes with an average of 5.418 grams and 5.385 grams, respectively. They gave. Based on the results of regression analysis and causality analysis of seed yield, the number of seeds per plant and the number of seeds per capsule had a direct positive effect on the seed yield of a single plant. Based on the Word method and based on grain yield, Dragon's head ecotypes were divided into two groups. The second group includes ecotypes 2, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49. Was. The percentage of deviation from the average for all traits in this group was positive; Therefore, the ecotypes of this group are superior to the first group in terms of performance and traits related to it, and they can be used in breeding programs and selection of suitable ecotypes in terms of seed yield, number of seeds per plant and number of seeds per capsule. According to the results of various statistical analyzes of some important traits with seed yield, it can be said that the selection and cultivation of ecotypes No. 37 (Alvar village, Bostanabad), No. 23 (Tabriz 4), No. 24 (Kluvanq local mass 14), No. 25 (Tashe local mass) Kend 1 Harris) and No. 7 (Kelwanq 6) are recommended to the farmers of Tabriz as the most suitable ecotypes for sowing.

90% of Iran's land area is in arid and semi-arid areas. It is expected that by 2025, about two-thirds of the world's agricultural lands will face a water deficit. The yield also decreases by 50 to 90% under drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. Among the different types of stress, drought stress at the end of the season is the most important stress in Mediterranean areas such as many areas of Iran. Therefore, the yield of small grains cultivated in these areas is affected by drought stress at the terminal of the season. Salinity and drought stress increases the concentration of dissolved solutes in the root environment, increases the osmotic potential of the soil, decreases the absorption of nutrients and decreases the mobility of zinc and iron elements in the soil solution. Elements in the plant can be compensated and tolerance to saline conditions can be increased. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. In stress conditions due to reduction of stomatal conductance and limited access to CO2 for carboxylation reactions, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and increasing stomatal resistance is a suitable defense strategy for the survival of wheat and barley. Due to the cultivation of barley in these moderate areas and the role of the micronutrient element zinc in reducing the effects of drought and salinity stress, this research was carried out in different varieties of barley using different amounts of zinc sulfate. This research was carried out in November of the agricultural year 2017-2018 in two areas: 1) Kobutrabad Agricultural Research Station (drought stress by removing water after spike emergence); 2) Rudasht Station (rrigation with salt water 10 dS/m). Planting was carried out by machine planter in November in both regions. In the dry area of Kabutrabad, the plots containing 6 rows of 6 meters with the distance between the rows of 20 cm (the planting area of each plot is 7.2 square meters) with a density of 400 grains per square meter were done. Data analysis and step-by-step regression were performed using SAS9.1 software and mean comparison was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. If the interaction effect is significant, cutting (slicing) and comparison of means was done by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level. The results showed that barley cultivars under drought stress had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content than under salt stress. Drought stress at the end of the season compared to salinity stress during the growing season had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate had higher grain yield (4763 kg/ha about 34%) and biological yield (4763 kg/ha about 26%) than without foliar application and is recommended. It should be noted that there was no difference in the amount of proline between cultivars in drought stress, but in salt stress, tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars had more proline content than the stress-sensitive line. In drought stress, Armaghan (semi drought tolerant) and Goharan (drought tolerant) cultivars had more chlorophyll a in the application of zinc sulfate. It seems that the mechanism of increasing the tolerance and performance of Armaghan and Goharan cultivars under drought stress conditions is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll a due to the application of zinc sulfate. For this purpose, foliar spraying of suitable cultivars (Armaghan and Goharan) is recommended in drought stress conditions.Grain yield had positive correlation with traits of plant height (p = 0.01, r = 0.33), spike length (p = 0.05, r = 0.31), number of grain per spike (p = 0.01, r = 0.35), biological yield (p = 0.01,  r = 0.96), amount of chlorophyll a (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), amount of chlorophyll b (p = 0.05, r = 0.29) and zinc element (p = 0.01, r = 0.39), which is the highest correlation between grain yield and biological yield (r2 = 0.99). In terms of grain and biological yield, Armaghan and Goharan cultivars are recommended under drought stress and Armaghan and Mehr cultivars are recommended under salt stress with a concentration of 0.5% zinc sulfate. In salinity stress, the minimum and maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained respectively in foliar spraying of 0.1 and 0.5% zinc sulfate in all genotypes. It seems that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate is sufficient for all barley cultivars under salinity stress, and foliar application with a higher concentration of zinc sulfate is not recommended due to the decrease in grain and biological yield in this stress.

 Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is a pseudocereal that is one of the oldest crops in the Americas and a native plant in the Andes region. Compared to other grains, quinoa has more protein and a more balanced amino acid composition with 8-5% lysine and 1.5-2.4% methionine.
Drought, heat, salinity, etc. are types of abiotic stresses that reduce plant growth and cause a sharp drop in crop yield due to various changes at the physiological, morphological, and molecular levels. In addition, drought stress may cause the production of reactive oxygen species in plants, which damage lipid and protein structures and cause the cell membrane to lose permeability and selectivity. Leakage of intracellular ions leads to disturbance in metabolism, chloroplast decomposition, and reduction of chlorophyll content.
Glycine betaine not only acts as an osmotic regulator but also stabilizes the structure and activity of enzymes and protein complexes and maintains the integrity of membranes against the damaging effects of drought. Glycine betaine treatment increases the growth, survival, and tolerance of plants to different stress conditions by regulating different metabolic processes, improving the rate of absorption of pure CO2, maintaining proteins, enzymes, and lipids of the photosynthetic apparatus, and maintaining the flow of electrons through thylakoid membranes.
This research was conducted to investigate the effect of glycine betaine foliar application on agronomic, biochemical, and physiological traits of quinoa under water stress conditions.

 The experiment of split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was performed at the station of Research in the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 crop years, Agriculture and Natural Resources Center in Kerman province of Iran. The main factor included three levels of irrigation treatment (irrigation to the full maturity stage (control), irrigation to the beginning of the flowering stage, and irrigation to the beginning of the development stage) and the secondary factor included two levels of glycine betaine (0 and 3 mM). Biological and seed yields and harvest index, biochemical traits including proline and total phenol and flavonoid contents, and physiological traits including the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase were measured. Variance analysis of all traits and LSD mean comparison test at five percent level was conducted with SAS software version 9.2.

 The effect of irrigation factor and glycine betaine and their interaction effect on the most measured traits were significant. The highest biological and seed yields were observed in control condition and the application of glycine betaine. The lowest of them were in plants grown under irrigation condition to the beginning of the flowering stage and non-application of glycine betaine. Water stress was increased the content of proline and total phenol and flavonoid and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in both level of glycine betaine. The foliar application of glycine betaine caused an increase in the biological and seed yields and biochemical and physiological traits at all three irrigation conditions.

 Under water stress conditions at both glycine betaine levels, the biological and seed yields decreased while the biochemical and physiological traits increased. These results show that the quinoa plant responds to water stress with enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems. The application of glycine betaine led to the improvement of biological and seed yields and biochemical and physiological traits in all three irrigation treatments. So, glycine betaine can be used to compensate for the harmful effects of water stress in quinoa.  

Carthamus tinctorius L., is a member of the family Asteraceae, cultivated mainly for its seed, which is used as edible oil and as birdseed. This plant originated in the Middle East, due to the deep and extensive root system known for salt as well as drought tolerance. Climate changes and water availability have an important impact in agriculture, food disposal and consequently in human health. We evaluated the agronomic characteristics and drought-tolerant genotypes of safflower for cultivation in saline and low-yielding environments.

This experiment was conducted in the saline lands of Khosrowshahr Station of East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the crop year 2018-2019 using split plots with randomized complete blocks design. The main factor was drought stress with non-stress (control) and stress from flowering to seed maturity and 6 autumn safflower genotypes as secondary factor.

The results showed that the water deficit stress in the studied stages caused a significant decrease in the number of seeds per petal, the number of petals per plant, and the weight of 1,000 seeds. It was also found that the interaction effect of water stress and genotype on seed yield, oil content, oil yield, chlorophyll index and leaf temperature was significant. According to the results, under without water deficit stress the highest and the lowest seed yield respectively belonged to the Padideh genotype (3476.7 kg ha-1) and the Kh 92 genotype (1733.1 kg ha-1) and under water deficit stress to to the Padideh genotype (2162.6 kg ha-1) and the kh 132 genotype (955.3 kg ha-1) was related. The highest and lowest content of oil in the full irrigation treatment corresponded to the Padideh genotype (29.43 %) and kh 92 genotype (22.76 %) and under water stress conditions related to the Padideh genotype (24.3 %) and genotype kh was 92 (16.8 %). The highest oil yield under normal irrigation related to the Padideh genotype (524.23 kg ha-1) and the lowest in the kh 132 genotype (207.22 kg ha-1) was obtained. The leaf temperature of the genotypes in non-stress conditions was significantly lower compared to stress conditions. Based on the results of cluster analysis under normal and stress conditions, in the first group (Padideh and kh 132) due to high seed and oil yield, and also the genotypes of the second group (Kazakhi, kh 92 and kh 97) due to this which in terms of traits such as seed and oil yield had the highest deviation percentage compared to the total average, were known to be resistant to water deficit stress. Also, the genotypes of the third group (Kazakhi, kh 68 and kh 132) due to the fact that they had lower seed and oil yield and also had a lower deviation percentage than the genotypes of the second group, were in the groups They were sensitive to water stress.

Accordingly, it can be understood that the variations among genotypes in terms of oil content, and oil yield and seed yield are important components that could be used to select appropriate genotypes with drought conditions. Padideh genotype had the highest seed yield and oil yield in both favorable and stressful conditions.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is one of the most nutritious plants which can play an important role in human and livestock nutrition due to its unique nutritional properties. Quinoa grain is an excellent source of mineral elements such as manganese, iron, potassium, copper, zinc and phosphorus, and contains group B vitamins such as riboflavin, thiamin and niacin. Determining the optimal planting density is one of the most important effete factors to achieving optimal plant performance. Since the availability of resources needed by the plant such as light, water and nutrients is closely related to the density of plants, therefore it is very important to adjust the density of cultivation in order for the plant to optimally use the resources it needs for growth and development. This research was carried out in order to investigate the planting density on the morphological traits, yield and yield components as well as the qualitative characteristics of quinoa grain in 2022 year as a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Bahonar, Technical and Vocational University (TVU) in province of Tehran. The experimental treatments include five different plant distances (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm) on fixed rows (50 cm) (10×50, 20×50, 30×50, 40×50, 50×50). Due to drip irrigation tape, the distance between the rows was fixed and 50 cm, but the distance between the plants in the cultivation rows was variable (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm).After the land was prepared, the seeds were sown in heaps (5-7 seeds) at the desired intervals and immediately irrigated as drops. Irrigation intervals were done once every five days. After the seedlings reached the stage of 4-7 leaves (height about 10-15 cm), thinning was done. In the flowering stage, two plants were taken from each plot and after separating the leaves, the leaf area was measured with the help of a scanner model leaf area meter and calculated with the help of Image J program.The grain nitrogen percentage was measured by the Kjeldahl method. Crude protein was also calculated by multiplying nitrogen percentage by 6.25 (AOAC, 2005). The amount of grain phosphorus was measured by colorimetric method (Molybdate-vanadate), grain potassium was also measured with the help of a flame photometer, and grain starch was also measured according to the method (Hedge et al., 1962). Analysis of data variance was done by SAS software (version 9.1), data comparisons were done using Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level, and graphs were drawn with Excel software (2016 version). All investigated traits were influenced by the spacing of the plants in the row. The highest plant height was observed in the treatment of 10 and 50 cm between the plants. The highest index of leaf area (903.5 square centimeters per plant), the number of side branches (18), and the length of the main cluster (37.3 cm) were observed in the 50 × 50 planting distance. The low weight of 1000 grain (2.05 g) and harvest index (28.5%) were observed in 50 × 10 treatment. The lowest and highest seed yields were obtained with 348.3 and 394 grams per square meter, respectively, in the spacing of 50 × 10 and 50 × 50, respectively. The highest percentage of seed protein and starch was observed by 19.1% and 71.6%, respectively, at the maximum distance between the plants (50 cm). The content of phosphorus and potassium of seeds (395.4 and 897.9 mg/g dry weight of grain) were also obtained at a distance of 50 cm between plants. In general, according to the results obtained in the current research and the similarity of many traits measured between the 50 × 50 and 50 × 40 cm cultivation distances, it is suggested that under drip irrigation conditions with tape, the planting distance should be 50 × 40 cm.

Despite the desirable nutritional profile of sesame and the appropriate adaptation of this crop to the country's climatic conditions, the cultivation of this crop is not given that attention compared to other oilseeds. Because of its highly variable seed yield further agronomic research and management strategies are critical to improve sesame quantitative and qualitative yield. Planting arrangements and planting density are the most important agronomic practices that need attention. In addition, like many other sesame-producing countries, Iran has numerous local sesame populations adapted to their respective production regions' climatic and soil conditions. However, these populations are not suitable for large-scale cultivation and mechanized farming. In 2016, a sesame genotype resistant to seed shattering was imported into the Iran suggesting its potential contribution to sesame cultivation programs in the country. Due to the lack of comprehensive information to answer the questions rose regarding the planting arrangement and suitable planting density of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes, this research was planned and executed.

Field experiments were conducted in Sistan and Baluchistan (Zabol) located at 61° 41' longitude and 30° 54' latitude, with an elevation of 492 meters above sea level and Kerman (Jiroft) located at 57° 51' longitude and 28° 32' latitude, with an elevation of 1100 meters above sea level provinces in 2021 and 2022. In this study, the effects of row spacing (30, 45, and 60 cm) and plant spacing (5, 8, 11, and 14 cm) were investigated on growth characteristics (plant height, number of sub-branches), seed yield, yield components, oil percentage and oil yield of a shattering tolerant sesame genotype. In each location, the experimental design was a randomized complete block design arranged in split blocks (strips) with three replications. The collected data were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.4), and Bartlett's test confirmed homogeneity in the variance of all studied traits. The mean values for both years were presented since the data were consistent. It is important to note that the data from each region were analyzed separately due to inconsistent variances between regions. Statistical significance was determined using an F-test, and protected LSD was used to separate the main effects when necessary. Furthermore, significant interaction effects were separated using the slicing method.

The results showed that seed yield was not affected by experimental treatments in the Zabol region. In the Jiroft region, the results indicated that in all the treatments of plant spacing, cultivation in row spacing of 30 cm was significantly superior compared to other row spacing (45 and 60 cm). The maximum seed yield in this area (1430 kg ha-1) was obtained from the planting arrangement of 14 × 30 cm, which was 10 and 29% higher, compared to the same treatment in the row spacing of 45 and 60 cm, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the seed yield in Zabol did not show a specific reaction to the increase or decrease in density. In contrast, seed yield in the Jiraft region increased up to the density threshold of 33 plants per square meter, and after that, seed yield was reduced with a further increase in planting density.

This research showed that the yield potential of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotype in the Zabol region was lower than the average yield in this region. Therefore cultivation of this genotype in the Zabol region is not suitable. In the Jiroft region, the maximum seed yield obtained from this genotype was up to 300 kg ha-1, higher than the average yield of sesame in the Jiroft region. Therefore, the shattering tolerant genotype, especially in the 30 × 14 cm cultivation arrangement, has a good potential for cultivation in the Jiroft region.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the Pedaliaceae family with high quality yield, which can be said to have originated in some developing countries in the world due to the need for labor, and high rural harvest. Sesame is an edible plant that contains odorless oil. In addition, it is also a good source of protein and fat for humans and pets.Crops are grown underwater in dry and semi-arid regions where water pressure is great. Furthermore, it is sensitive to the dry season, mainly in the vegetative stage in all growing districts, and its production potential is low in semi-arid areas due to water stress. Since much of Iran's land is located in arid and semi-arid areas, this has led breeders to enhance water or drought tolerance traits, which is one of the main goals of the program crop improvement. However, genotype × environment interaction poses a major challenge in studying quantitative traits because it reduces yield stability across different environments and also complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments, and makes prediction difficult. A stable genotype has performance that remains constant or little changed regardless of any changes in environmental conditions. Several stability analyzes have been proposed to determine the linear relationship between genotype and environment performance. Among these, Eberhart and Russell (1966) proposed a method in which the environmental index is the average performance of all inputs in an environment. Therefore, further research into sesame's genetic differences and breeding is needed to progress and stabilize its yield under different environments. These findings may be applicable in detecting how sesame genetic resources may be used to develop novel cultivars suited to dry settings or enhance remaining cultivars. In this regard to analyze genotype × environment interaction and determine the grain yield stability of 104 sesame genotypes in the tropics and subtropical climates of Iran, an alpha lattice design with two replications during 2019 in two stations, including Kerman and Jiroft were evaluated under two conditions, normal irrigation, and drought stress at the end of the season (irrigation interruption in 50% of flowering). Then, the univariate statistics of regression coefficient (bi), mean squares of deviation from regression (Sdi2), Shukla’sstability variance (σi2), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wi2), Environmental variance (Si2), determination coefficient values (R2) and coefficient of variability (C.V) were used to evaluate the stability of the grain yield of genotypes. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of genotype, environment × genotype and genotype × environment linear on grain yield were significant, suggesting that genotypes differ in response to changes in environment. In order to study the interactions of genotype × environment more precisely and to determine genotypes with stable and high yields, different stability parameters were calculated for each genotype. Calculating stability parameters showed that genotypes G14, G19, G42, G80, G46, G69, G44, and G43 were recognized as genotypes with stable yield and suitable adaptation, respectively. Different parametric and non-parametric stabilization procedures can be proposed to select drought-tolerant genotypes under different environmental conditions; these procedures can be used to identify the best genotypes under drought conditions. Therefore, yield stability analysis can be used in combination with parametric and non-parametric methods to evaluate and identify drought-tolerant genotypes. In this research, the studied genotypes indicated various environmental responses and proved a high genetic ability to adapt to water-deficient stress conditions. According to the findings of this research, the genotypes Jiroft local cultivar, Dezful local cultivar, TN78-84, SG90154-137, JL18 (82), SG90154-71, TN78-369, and, Halil had the best at adapting to environments with water stress. Therefore, according to the above analysis results, these genotypes can be introduced to low-water areas of Iran.

This research was conducted in order to introduce a conservation tillage method suitable for dry seeded rice in Golestan province for one year and in the form of a completely randomized block design in three replications in the residues of the previous crop (wheat). The independent variable of the experiment included 5 treatments, which include no-tillage with a direct seeding machine, minimum tillage with a combination tillage machine at a depth of 15 cm + leveler + planting rice seeds with a seed drill, minimum tillage with a chisel packer at a depth of 15 cm + leveler + planting rice seeds with seed drill, minimum tillage with disc at a depth of 10 cm + leveler + planting rice seeds with seed drill and conventional tillage at a depth of 25 cm + transplanting (control). The parameters that were measured and calculated in this research were: the time required for tillage and planting operations, the field capacity of tillage and planting machines, the number of established plants, yield, yield components (number of clusters per square meter, plant height, spike length, number of healthy seeds in a spike, number of effective and ineffective tillers), dry biomass, dry harvest index and 1000 seed weight. The results showed that the minimum time required for tillage and planting operations is 1.4 hours per hectare and the highest field capacity belongs to no-tillage treatment with 3.7 hectares per hour. The maximum time required for tillage and planting operations in the conventional treatment is 456.7 hours due to considering the time of preparation of rice seedlings as well as manual planting of seedlings. Although the effect of tillage in the preparation of the seedbed to obtain the yield is significant, but among the conservation tillage methods, apart from no-tillage, due to the non-significance of the results of the yield components, the yield is also was not significant and its values ​​were lower than the grain yield in the conventional treatment. Therefore, among the treatments, the highest average grain yield and harvest index were obtained in the conventional treatment, equal to 5238 kg/ha and 51.4%, respectively.

Medicinal plants have a significant contribution in the production of existing medicines. Yarrow plant is one of the most important medicinal plants. The goal of the global community is to move towards sustainable agriculture, in order to reduce or eliminate chemical inputs and achieve performance stability and reduce adverse environmental effects. Sowing date is one of the factors that play a fundamental role in achieving the right conditions during the growth period to obtain the maximum yield of the plant. Finding the right level of fertilizer and the best sowing date it will help farmers to grow it as well as possible Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sowing date and fertilizer levels on some growth characteristics of yarrow. This research was carried out in the organic agriculture form in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University in 2019-2020. The experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on complete blocks design in three replications. Experimental treatments included four levels of farmyard manure (zero, 10, 20, 30 ton ha-1) as the main factor and three sowing dates (April 15, May 4, and May 24) as sub factors. The examined traits included leaf area index, total dry weight, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and grain yield. Traits were measured in two ways: destructive and final sampling. Destructive traits started about 50 days after planting the seedlings in the ground. To calculate the crop growth rate and relative growth rate the derivation method from the total dry weight equation was used. At the time of harvest, in order to measure the yield after removing the marginal effects, 5 plants were randomly picked from each plot and then the plants were transferred to the laboratory. After drying the samples, the grain yield was measured. Finally, data analysis was done using SAS software version 4.9 and Duncan's multiple range test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the mean of the data. The results showed that with the increase in the levels of animal manure application, the leaf area index, the crop growth rate and the total dry weight increased in all three sowing dates. So that the highest (3.15, 5.83 g m-2 d-1 and 810 g m-2, respectively) and the lowest leaf area index, crop growth rate and total dry weight (1.185, 0.44 g m-2 d-1 and 87 g m-2, respectively) were observed the treatment of the first sowing date and 30 ton ha-1 animal manure application and the treatment of the third sowing date and 0 ton ha-1 animal manure application, respectively. Animal manure had a significant effect on grain yield so the highest (1.7 g m-2) and the lowest (0.2 g m-2) grain yield were observed in the treatment of the first sowing date and 30 ton ha-1 of animal manure application and 0 ton ha-1 animal manure application and the third sowing date, respectively. The results showed that for the yarrow plant, with the increase of sheep manure up to 30 tons per hectare and the sowing date of April 15, the studied growth characteristics such as leaf area index, total dry weight, crop growth rate, and relative growth ratio increased. Also, the sowing date of April 15 and the use of 30 tons of manure per hectare had a significant effect on the seed yield. According to the obtained results, the sowing date of April 15 was suitable which increased the growth period of yarrow plant. Therefore, using animal manures instead of chemical fertilizers can be a suitable alternative to increase yield and avoid the environmental harm of chemical fertilizers.

This experiment was conducted to to evaluate effect of sowing date and seed hydropriming on, seed cotton yield, lint and seed oil of two cotton cultivars using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replications at the Research Farm of Shahid University's Faculty of Agriculture in the spring of 2018. The first factor was sowing date with three levels: April 25, May 10 and May 25, the second factor was hydropriming in two levels of control (without priming) and hydro-priming application and the third factor was cultivar with two levels of May344 and Sajidi cultivars.the Results of this study showed that hydropriming had no effects on weight of single boll. The weight of bolls on the sowing date of May 25 compared to April 25 was higher in the condition without priming in both cultivars. But hydropriming increased seed yield. The highest seed yield was obtained with average 11.07 ton/ha in the primed seeds of May344 variety on April 25, which were more 26% increase compared to the non-priming treatment and compared to May 10 and May 25, respectively 9.7 and 28.8 percent. The comparison results of the average sowing date and priming showed that the planting date of 10 May had the highest percentage of seed oil. Highest percentage of oil with an average of 23.4% was observed on this sowing date and in without priming treatment.

Salinity is one of the main obstacles to increasing crop yield. The most severe problems in soil salinity occur in arid and semiarid regions. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely planting in the arid and semiarid regions. It is the fourth most important cereal crop worldwide, and it has a long history as a model for genetic studies. It is the most salt tolerant cereal. Salt tolerance in crop plants is a genetic and physiological complex trait and is controlled by several quantitative trait loci. Both genetic diversity and the adaptation to a broad spectrum of micro-ecological conditions including water availability, temperature, soil type and altitude have strongly influenced the development of salt tolerance in barley.

In order to identify genomic regions controlling the agro-morphological characteristics and markers linked to them under normal and salinity stress conditions, an experiment with 136 double haploid lines of barley and their parents (Nure and Tremois) was conducted based on alpha lattice design with two replications at the Agricultural Research Center of Zabol, during 2020-2021 crop year. Agronomic traits were including tiller number per plant, spike number per plant, grain number per spike, awn length, internode length, node number, plant height, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. The combined analysis of variance, correlation coefficients between the traits and descriptive statistics calculated for normal and salt stress conditions. The data were analyses by the SAS (ver. 9.2) statistical software. QTL analysis was conducted by composite interval mapping (CIM) method using QTL Cartographer v2.5 for each of the normal and stress conditions and their averages separately (with threshold value (LOD) 2.5, minimum distance 2 cM between QTL).

The combined analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits. This indicates high levels of genetic diversity in this population. Since the population is double haploid lines, therefore, the diversity observed in this population is often caused by additive effects. Maximum correlations were observed between grain yield with tiller number, as well as spike number per plant. The high correlation between the traits may be due to the similar loci controlling QTLs or due to their linkage. According to the table of descriptive statistics, the studied double haploids are representative of all the possible double haploids resulting from the crossing of Tremois and Nure, and the studied traits are controlled by the additive effects of genes. In total, 24 QTL loci were identified for the studied traits: 9 QTLs were obtained under normal conditions, 8 QTLs were identified under stress conditions, and 7 QTLs were identified in the average of the two conditions. These QTLs explained 8 to 16% of the phenotypic variance (R2). The LOD value ranged of 2.5 - 5.04. The highest and lowest LOD values were related to QTLs of number of seeds per spike on chromosome 2H and number of nodes under stress conditions. Regarding marker-assisted selection, the stability of QTLs across different environments and genetic backgrounds is of utmost importance. Out of the 24 identified QTLs, only the QTL associated with the thousand seed weight trait (Qtgw1H) demonstrated stability, making it suitable for marker selection. The markers identified for this trait not only exhibit close linkage with the gene responsible for the thousand seed weight trait but also possess high heritability and are easily detectable. The markers associated with stable QTLs can be utilized in future studies.

Based on the findings of this research, significant statistical differences were observed among all genotypes. Transgressive segregation, both high and low, was evident across all traits. Two traits, namely the number of tillers per plant and the number of spikes per plant, exhibited QTLs at the same location, indicating a linkage and correlation between these traits. Among the 7 major QTLs identified in this study, the most prominent one was associated with the number of spikes per plant (Qng2Hma) on chromosome 2H, linked with marker E42M38_235-2H, which accounted for 16% of the phenotypic variance. Only one QTL (Qtgw1H) for 1000-grain weight, linked with marker WMC1E8, was identified as a stable QTL. These genomic regions, once validated across various genetic backgrounds and environments for salinity tolerance in barley, can be utilized in marker-assisted breeding.

Drought stress or water deficit has been known as one of the most important abiotic stresses so it considerably is decreased crop production. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop in the world after wheat, rice and corn. Among cereals, barley is the most tolerant crop against abiotic stresses and due to this capability is cultivated in a wide range of climates. The objective of the current study was to identify the superior drought-tolerant genotypes using grain yield and several yield-based indices of tolerance and susceptibility by applying various multivariate selection models.

In the present study a set of promising genotypes of barley including 17 new genotypes along with a Jolge cultivar (as a check) was investigated through two separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Cereal research station, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran during two consecutive growing seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) cropping seasons. After sowing, the number of irrigations was one time in autumn and five times in spring. Drought stress treatment was applied after anthesis, and irrigation was stopped for all stressed plot until seed repining stage. After collecting experimental data and estimating grain yield, several yield-based drought tolerance and susceptible indices were calculated. A heatmap-based correlation method was used to investigate association among calculated indices and grain yield data. Then three selection indices such as multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), factor analysis and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP), and Smith-Hazel (SH) were exploited to identify the most tolerant-genotypes. All statistical analyses were computed using iPASTIC and R softwares.

Based on combined analysis of variance for grain yield data showed significant differences for year, environment, and genotype main effects, as well as, the interaction effects for year × genotype, and year × environment × genotype. The result obtained from screening barley genotypes using drought tolerance and susceptible indices revealed good repeatability so that some of the investigated genotypes appeared in the same pattern in each year of experiments. Based on the Spearman’s correlation coefficients, grain yields (Yp and Ys) positively and significantly correlated with MP, GMP, and STI indices in the first year. In the second year, a positive and significant correlation was observed between grain yields with STI, MP, GMP, and HM indices. Based on the averaged two-year data, grain yields significantly and positively correlated with HM, STI, MP, and GMP indices, supporting the repeatability of our findings. To identify the most tolerant genotypes based on multi-indices, we used three multi-trait selection indices such as MGIDI, FAI-BLUP, and SH. Accordingly, genotypes numbers G7, G9, and G16 for the first year, G4, G13, and G17 for the second year, and three genotypes G7, G13, and G16 over two years were selected as superior genotypes using the MGIDI index. Based on the FAI-BLUP index, the following genotypes were identified as the most tolerant genotypes: G7, G9, and G17 in the first year; G4, G9, and G13 in the second year; G7, G13, and G16 in over two years. The result of screening genotypes using the Smith-Hazel index showed that three sets of genotypes including G4/G7/G13, G13/G14/G16, and G2/G3/G18 were identified as the high-yielding and most tolerant genotypes in each year and averaged two years, respectively. The venn-plot rendered based on three selection indices revealed that genotype numbers G7 and G13 were superior genotypes in the first and second years.

In conclusion, our results indicated that G13 “Comp.Cr229//As46/Pro/3/Srs/4/Express/5/D10*2” with the highest grain yield in both control and drought stress conditions as well as the best ranking pattern for all drought tolerance indices can be a candidate as a superior drought-tolerant genotype for further studies before commercial introduction.

Wheat is the most important source of carbohydrates in a majority of countries. It provides more nourishment for people than any other food source. Limited rainfall and drought stress occur frequently during the grain filling stage of wheat in many areas. Accumulation of photoasimilates in the stem of wheat and remobilization of theses storages could be considered as important adaptive traits to environmental stresses and are important in breeding cultivars with improved grain yield. Previous published researches on carbohydrates accumulation and remobilization in wheat were studied. The results of these articles were summarized systematically and then critically analyzed. Approaches for future works in terms of carbon accumulation and remobilization were also presented. Water-soluble carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans) accumulate in the stem of wheat plants. The accumulation of reserves in the different internodes started near the end of extension growth. That is to say, the accumulation of reserves in the lower internodes takes place over long periods of time compared to the upper internodes. Accumulation of stem reserves, depend on environmental conditions and cultivars, continues until 10-25 days after anthesis when maximal amounts are reached. Wheat cultivars with optimum stem length and stem specific weight (stem dry weight per unit stem length) have higher potential for stem storages. Under optimal conditions, where photosynthesis takes place over long periods of time, storage of assimilates is high. In contrast, stress conditions such as drought reduce the amount of accumulated carbohydrates. Typically, remobilizations of stem reserves are started at the second half of linear grain growth when the current photosynthesis is declined. Physiological bases for remobilization initiation have not been understood well. It is probable that sucrose level as well as abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in the stem are involved in this process. The amount of remobilization in each cultivar is determined by stem reserves and remobilization efficiency. The later factor is affected, in turn, by grain number and grain weight (sink strength). That is to say, cultivars with higher stem storage do not necessarily show higher carbohydrates remobilization. Abiotic stresses (such as drought, salinity and heat stress) have pronounced effects on the amount and initiation of carbohydrate remobilization. However, wheat cultivars respond to such conditions differently. Researches on 81 Iranian wheat cultivars showed that drought stress increased stem dry matter remobilization from 2 to 45% whereas this trait was decreased from 1 to 72 percent in the remaining cultivars. Interestingly, the response of each stem segment (internode) to imposed stress conditions may be different with respect to remobilization amount. The flow of carbon (carbohydrates) to the grain from stored stem materials has been classified to pre- (All the carbon in the grain which is derived from photosynthesis prior to anthesis) and post-anthesis (All the carbon in the grain which is derived from photosynthesis after anthesis) remobilization. The contribution of stem dry matter to grain growth is not consistent and varies depends on the cultivar, environmental conditions, and grain weight changes. Clear association is not found between grain yield and remobilization. No clear relation was found between stem reserve mobilization and year of cultivar release. Weather conditions have pronounced effects on carbohydrates accumulation and its subsequent remobilization in wheat stem. Therefore, when breeding for these traits are considered, special attention should be paid to the environmental conditions. Typically, the lower internodes of wheat stem have higher potential for carbohydrates accumulation and remobilization when compared with the upper internodes (peduncle and penultimate). Clear relations were not found between grain yield and remobilization. This suggests that manipulating of this trait (remobilization) in wheat breeding program is a challenging task.

To investigate the effect of different stages of seed maturity at the time of harvest, on emergence indices, physiological and functional characteristics of borage, the seeds of maternal plant were used and an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. The experimental treatment was the different stages of maturation of the seeds of the maternal plants at the time of harvesting, which were harvested from the maternal plants at three times (23, 32 and 38 days after flowering). The results showed that the effect of maturation stages at the time of seed harvesting from maternal plants on all measured traits (emergence indices, photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll, secondary metabolites and grain yield components) was significant. The seeds obtained from the second stage of seed harvesting (32 days after flowering), due to the favorable maturation of seeds, with an increase in the percentage and rate of germination, improvement in the growth and rapid establishment of the plants, an increase in the amount of photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll and the formation of a favorable plant density in the field, compared to the two masses of seeds obtained from the first and third stages of seed harvesting, had the greatest effect on increasing flower yield, grain yield, 1000-seed weight and other components of Grain yield. The highest amount of phenol and flavonoid was observed at the time of planting the seeds with harvest time 38 days after flowering,

The increasing use of medicinal plants and their products has elevated the importance of these plants in the global economy. The global consumption of these plants is rising rapidly. The guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is an annual herbaceous and medicinal plant. This plant is suitable for arid and semiarid climates, including Iran, due to its short life cycle. This plant's extracts are used in the cosmetics and health industries to create moisturizing creams. In addition, this plant's products are utilized in the medical, food, and petrochemical industries. In Iran's arid and semiarid regions, the optimal use of water in the production of agricultural and pharmaceutical products is one of the foremost concerns of researchers. In Iran's arid and semiarid regions, the optimal use of water in the production of agricultural and pharmaceutical products is one of the foremost concerns of researchers. Utilizing compounds that reduce the effects of stress, such as salicylic acid, is one of the suitable agricultural practices during drought conditions. In these conditions, it is also advised to plant at a suitable density for optimal use of light and other resources, and to avoid interplant competition. This research was conducted to determine the impact of irrigation and salicylic acid at various densities on guar yield and some of its characteristics.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation, plant density, and salicylic acid on guar, an experiment was conducted in 2018 in Mashhad as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of irrigation levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% evapotranspiration of the reference plant), while the sub-plot consisted of factorial levels of density (4.4, 6.7, and 13.3 plants per square meter) and salicylic acid (non-application and application).

The comparison of means revealed that the application of salicylic acid resulted in a 6.9% increase in plant height. Salicylic acid regulates various physiological processes, such as plant growth and development, through the synthesis of special proteins called protein kinase, which regulates cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis, and has a significant impact on plant height. The full irrigation treatment produced the highest leaf area index (6.1) and plant density per square meter (13.3) compared to all other treatments. Under conditions of water stress, the decrease in photosynthetic capacity of the plant due to stomatal closure and the decrease in cell turgor and cell division cause the plant to have small and underdeveloped leaves, resulting in a decrease in the leaf area index in the field. Results indicated that providing 100% of the reference plant's evapotranspiration resulted in the highest average grain yield of 937.28 kg ha-1. By decreasing plant density at 100 and 75% of the reference plant's evapotranspiration, seed production in pods increased significantly, whereas increasing plant density decreased grain yield. The highest number of pods per plant, number of pods per square meter, 1000-seed weight, and biological yield were obtained under conditions of providing 100% evapotranspiration and application of salicylic acid. Additionally,, poor irrigation practices in the absence of salicylic acid application decreased guar's biological yield.

Due to limited water resources, it is recommended that this plant receive irrigation equivalent to 75% of the evapotranspiration of the reference plant in Mashhad conditions. In addition, intensive cultivation of this plant is not advised due to the impact of high densities on reproductive processes. Due to the lack of effect of salicylic acid on grain yield, its use in this plant, is not recommended.

Oilseed crops play a vital role in ensuring the food security of human societies and are the constant focus of agricultural sector researchers. Due to its favorable agronomic characteristics and high oil quality, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important crops in the agricultural sector. Given that successful crop production depends on the climatic conditions of a given region, the degree to which plant growth stages adapt to the climatic conditions is a determining factor in achieving acceptable yields. In order to determine the optimal sowing date in each region, it is essential to keep in mind that during the crop's growing season, environmental conditions should be optimal and the crop should be unaffected by environmental stresses. The addition of micronutrients could enhance plant growth and development under various environmental conditions. In light of the importance of cultivating oilseeds, including rapeseed, it is necessary to increase the cultivated area and quality of rapeseed through the use of appropriate management strategies. Consequently, the purpose of the present study was to determine the response of rapeseed genotypes to foliar application of zinc and selenium at various sowing dates.

An experiment during the 2015-2016 growing season was performed at the Research Field of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), in Karaj, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Three sowing dates of 7 (well-timed sowing), 17, and 27 October (delayed sowing dates) and four levels of foliar application with pure water (control), selenium (1.5%), zinc (1.5%), and selenium+zinc (1.5%) were factorial in the main plots and five genotypes of SW102, GKH2624, Okapi, Ahmadi, and GK-Gabriella were randomized in the subplots. Notably, sodium selenate (as a source of selenium) and chelated zinc (as a source of zinc) were applied in two stages of (i) 4-leaf (ii) and stem elongation for each sowing date and genotype, respectively. In this study winter survival, collar diameter, leaf relative water content, relative collar water content, proline content, carbohydrate content, chlorophyll content, seed yield, and oil content were measured.

The delayed sowing dates decreased winter survival, collar diameter, leaf relative water content, and chlorophyll content compared with the optimal sowing date, whereas relative collar water content, proline content, and leaf carbohydrate content increased under these conditions. When compared with the 7-Oct sowing date, the seed yield and oil content of rapeseed genotypes decreased by 44 and 6% on 17-Oct and by 51 and 14% on 27-Oct. The foliar application of selenium+zinc had the greatest effect on reducing the relative collar water content and increasing winter survival, collar diameter, leaf relative water content, and chlorophyll content. The selenium+zinc treatment increased rapeseed seed yield by 23% and oil content by 6% compared to the control treatment. The reduction in yield of genotypes sown on delayed planting dates can be attributed to a reduction in collar diameter, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll content, and the number of surviving plants, as well as an increase in relative collar water content. Correlation analysis also revealed a significant positive relationship between rapeseed seed yield and winter survival (r=+0.87, p value<0.01), collar diameter (r=+0.95, p value<0.01), leaf relative water content (r=+0.79, p value<0.01), and chlorophyll content (r=+0.96, p value<0.01), and a significant negative relationship with collar relative water content (r=-0.79, p value<0.01).

The Gk-Gabriella genotype produced the highest seed and oil yield on the optimal sowing date (7-Oct), while the GKH2624 genotype had the highest seed and oil yield on the delayed sowing dates (17 and 27-Oct). These genotypes are recommended for arid and semiarid regions. Our findings indicate that foliar application of selenium+zinc during the rosette and stem elongation stages increases seed yield and oil content in rapeseed genotypes sown at optimal and delayed sowing dates.

Environmental stress limits the yield of crops, and as a result, a significant difference is observed between the potential yield and the actual yield of crops. Due to their resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought stress and salt stress, quinoa plants are extremely valuable. In addition, due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, groundwater contamination, and soil salinization, nano fertilizers are highly efficient and effective.

This study was conducted at the Bahoklat Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center Station in the city of Chabahar during the two crop years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 using a split factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design and three replications. Irrigation at three levels (control every 14 days (regional custom), 21 and 28 days) was the main factor, while three levels of nano fertilizer (no fertilizer (control), silicon chelate nano fertilizer, and complete micro-chelate nano fertilizer at a rate of two parts Per thousand) and two cultivars of quinoa (Q12 and Q26) were sub-factors.

The results of the comparison of means indicated that the use of nano-fertilizers under full irrigation conditions increased the efficiency of element uptake and, consequently, the production and transfer of photosynthetic material to grain and grain yield components through the availability of microelements. Increased number of seeds per spike (15.6), weight per 1000 seeds (2.44 g), and grain yield (923 kg.ha-1).It appears that in the treatment of watering once every 21 and 28 days, the reduction of irrigation through the reduction of leaf area index and disturbance in the absorption and transfer of nutrients has decreased the supply of cultivated materials and caused alterations in yield components and a decrease in grain yield. There are numerous reasons why insufficient watering inhibits the development of flower stem cells. Due to the loss of pollen grains, reducing irrigation during the pollination and fertilization stages reduces the number of seeds. Typically, the number of seeds on a spike determines the capacity of a plant's reservoirs. any factor that increases the number of seeds also increases the yield.The increase in yield during the second year of the experiment at the full irrigation level is attributable to the increase in yield components such as the number of spikes per plant and the weight of one thousand seeds at this irrigation level. It may be possible to attribute the increase in the weight of 1,000 seeds in the second year of the experiment to the increased efficiency of water consumption brought about by the use of complete micro nano chelate fertilizer, through the provision of microelements and the enhancement of the production and transfer of photosynthetic materials to the grain and grain yield components.Under the conditions of using a complete micro nano-chelate fertilizer, the greatest weight per thousand seeds was achieved. It can be stated that the amount of seeding is determined by the photosynthetic materials stored during the flowering period, and that the lack of nutrients reduces the weight of the seeds by reducing the photosynthetic materials.Quinoa cultivar Q12 yielded the greatest number of seeds per spike. This can be attributed to the prolonged flowering stage. The number of seeds in a spike is primarily determined by the genetic potential of the plant before the spike emerges. After the seeds have been fertilized, the continued growth and development of the plant depends on the delivery of photosynthetic materials from the source that produces the grown materials. Due to the availability of photosynthetic materials during the flowering stage, it is evident that more flowers were inoculated in the quinoa variety Q12, resulting in more seeds.It appears that the higher seed yield of quinoa variety Q12 compared to quinoa variety Q26 is the result of a greater number of seed yield components in this variety. Given that the weight of one thousand seeds is one of the most influential factors in grain yield, this trait has the potential to increase the grain yield of the Q12 quinoa variety. By increasing the green area of the plant and lengthening the seed filling period, the Q12 quinoa cultivar was able to transfer more photosynthetic substances to the seeds and increase the weight of 1,000 seeds.

To achieve maximum grain yield, it is recommended that the quinoa Q12 cultivar be grown under irrigation conditions every 14 days (regional custom) and with the addition of a complete micro-nano-chelate fertilizer.

Wheat's economic significance and contribution to human and animal nutrition are indisputable. This makes it the third most important crop in terms of global production. The rising global demand for wheat is due to its ability to produce specialized foods. In particular, the unique properties of the gluten protein allow wheat to be processed into bread. Wheat contains and consists of numerous healthful components. Therefore, plant breeders should be able to select for both increased crop yield and improved health benefits. Wheat landrace genotypes are more genetically diverse than the majority of breeding programs, and this diversity includes adaptation to a variety of local conditions. Wheat breeders face the challenge of maximizing genetic productivity gains while minimizing yield gaps and ensuring environmental sustainability.Wheat's efficiency and utility in plant breeding programs are determined by its genetic diversity. Improving grain yield is regarded as the most important objective of wheat breeding and the most efficient method of increasing production. The estimation of genetic variation in crops is indispensable for breeding programs and the conservation of genetic resources. Hybridization and subsequent selection is one of the most essential wheat breeding techniques. Selecting the parents is the first step in a hybridization-based plant breeding program. The purpose of this research is to identify wheat genotypes with superior agronomic traits, classify them using cluster analysis, and reduce the measured traits using principal component analysis.

To evaluation of genetic diversity of rain-fed wheat genotypes, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 24 genotypes and four replications in Research Station of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Maragheh) at 2015-2016. This study evaluated plant height, grain filling period, days to physiological maturity, days to spike emergence, vigor, grain yield, straw yield, number of spikes per m2, weight per 1000 grains, number of grains per spike, spike weight, number of spikelet per spike, spike length, biological yield, and harvest index. Before conducting an analysis of variance, assumptions were examined. Analysis of variance and comparison of means (Least Significant Difference) was performed. The relationship between the studied traits was determined using Pearson's coefficient of correlation. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to reduce the data, and cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance coefficient and Ward's algorithm was employed to classify the genotypes under study. The SPSS software was utilized for data analysis.

Difference between rain-fed wheat genotypes were significant for the majority of traits, indicating a high degree of genetic diversity. The genotypes 1 and 23 have the highest and lowest grain yield values, respectively. Positive and significant correlation exists between grain yield and vigor, straw yield, harvest index, number of spikelets per spike, spike weight, and number of grains per spike. Cluster analysis categorizes 24 genotypes into four groups based on their evaluated traits. The first cluster contains genotypes 22, 24, 1, 15, 7, 13, 3, 21 and 17. The second group included genotypes 2, 6, 20, 11, and 19. The third group consisted of the genotypes 9, 18, 14, 10, 8, and 16. The fourth group consists of extra genotypes. In principal components analysis, five main components account for 83.80% of the variation. High positive coefficients were observed for grain yield (0.702), harvest index (0.714), and vigor (0.797) in the first component. The initial component can be identified as the grain yield component.

Based on the results, the yield component was determined to be the first principal component. These genotypes are appropriate for selection and breeding programs and objectives in rain-fed environments, and can be used to boost wheat grain yield.