جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نفوذپذیری » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

Agriculture is not only the largest user of groundwater resources throughout the world but also its economy is highly dependent on these sources. Thanks to having more effective parameters and subsequently more accurate results, the classification methods in many fields, such as sustainable agriculture has been taken into consideration. Discriminant analysis models are more complex, more accurate and more efficient in comparison to modern methods. In current study, the areas with infiltration potential located in some parts of Khomein, Shazand, Azna, Aligudarz and Durood areas (Marboreh watershed) were went under investigation using the mixture discriminant analysis (MDA) model. For this purpose, the infiltration samples gathered by double ring test, with the environment-effecting layers on infiltration, were prepared and then introduced to R_studio, employed to run MDA. In order to assess the results, validation indices (ROC curve, CCI, TSS, Recall and Precision indices) were used. According to the results, 6.2, 6.1, 12.7, 13.3 and 15.9% of areas of Shazand, Khomein, Durood, Azna and Aligodarz respectively lie in highly potential infiltration, whereas 1.1 16.5, 14.3, 19.6 and 10.8% of those areas were found to have extremely potential infiltration. Most of these areas have sandy soil texture and Quaternary formations with agricultural and range land uses. The accuracy indices that obtained as 0.89%, 76.66, 0.53, 0.91% and 0.73%, witnessing the acceptance and excellence of model performance. The results of this study can be useful in the decision-making for managers and planners regarding to the groundwater recharge in accordance with urban and agricultural needs, because groundwater resources and ensuring their stability are the main factors for sustainable agriculture.

Protection, restoration, development, and optimal use of soil, especially in natural areas such as forests, pastures, deserts, and natural groves, for sustainable development, are possible through scientific and comprehensive management. In the present research, some physical and chemical properties of soil were investigated in two locations reclaimed wetlands through flood spreading operations and the control area (degraded wetlands). In both places, 16 profiles were dug and due to two sampling depths of 0-25 and 25-50 cm, 32 soil samples were collected. In the samples, the percentage of silt, clay, sand, permeability, electrical conductivity (EC), soil acidity, absorbable iron, manganese, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, percentage of carbon and organic matter were measured. Then, the average of mentioned characteristics was compared using the T-test between the two restoration areas and the degraded control area at the level of 5% and 1%. According to the results the difference between the two places in the first depth of 0-25 cm, was more evident, so in the first depth between the two places in terms of silt, clay, sand, permeability, apparent specific gravity, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity and percentage of organic matter, soil carbon, absorbable phosphorus, iron, zinc, and manganese there is a statically significant difference at the 95% level (P≤0.05). It was also found that the percentage of soil organic matter and carbon increased significantly and the permeability of the soil decreased significantly at the level of 95% with the implementation of flood spreading restoration operations. Also, the results showed that in the control the rain-fed amount of soil phosphorus was higher which can be explained by the continuous fertilization of phosphate fertilizers by the farmers in the degraded rain-fed lands.

Accurate estimation of water infiltration into the soil is important for the design of irrigation systems. Therefore, calibration of different models is necessary to estimate the permeability in different regions. The aim of the present study was to calibrate and evaluate the models of Kastiakov, Kastiakov modified, Philip, SCS, Novell, and Horton in different soil textures. To evaluate the accuracy of the models, error indicators including RMSE, MAE, MR, PE, and R2 were used. The models were calibrated using an Excel software solver. Evaluation of evaluation indicators showed that the Novell penetration model with average RMSE, MAE, MR, PE, and R2 equal to 0.021, 0.068, 0.999, 0.126, and 0.98, respectively, has better performance than the five models. The other is in the whole range of studies. In contrast, the analysis of the variance of different models showed no significant difference between the calculated and measured values. The performance of the models in different textures showed that Horton, Novell, Kastiakov, and Kastiakov models were less sensitive to changes in soil texture.

Arid and semi-arid regions with highly variable rainfall and periods of drought or unpredictable floods have severely affected residents' water shortages and they are often living in insecure areas. Rainwater catchment systems are one of the available solutions to overcome water shortage and runoff management in these areas. Surface runoff is a potential source of water that, with proper management and rainwater extraction methods, can be used to meet demand in various sectors, including agriculture and drinking. This study was conducted with the aim of introducing suitable places for establishing rainwater catchment systems in Latyan Watershed. Essential maps of the watershed for this study included land cover coefficient, permeability of formations and soil, average long-term rainfall, slope, land use, and drainage network were prepared. The mentioned maps were each divided into five categories and by overlaying in ARC/GIS 10.7.2 environment, finally suitable places for runoff production of the watershed were obtained to create catchment levels. The results showed that slope percentage, type of land use, NDVI and climate in this watershed were effective factors for runoff production. In addition, the map of runoff production potential classes showed that the frequency percentages related to runoff production potential classes were very high, high, medium, and low, respectively 3.2, 22, 33.6 and 23.5%. For the construction of these systems, priority is given to areas that have the potential and frequency of upper class in terms of runoff production, which areas with medium runoff production potential have this feature. Introducing suitable places to establish rainwater catchment systems can maximize the probability of success of rainwater harvesting projects.

Soil infiltration is one of the key processes in the design of irrigation systems, water resources management, soil conservation, and erosion control in watershed management. As to the importance of the mentioned subject, infiltration changes and modeling were investigated on the surface soil of geological formations in this study. The double-ring infiltrometer was used to measure the infiltration rate in the surface soil of some geological formations on the Alashtar Watershed due to the flooding potential of the area. The performance of the modified Green-Ampt, Philip, Kostiakov, the US Soil Conservation Service (SCS), and the Horton models were evaluated in estimating the infiltration rate in the surface soils formed or deposited on those formations. The results indicated that the Asmari Formation (Oml) had a higher cumulative infiltration, average infiltration rate, terminal infiltration rate than other formations. This was followed by the Quaternary Formations (Q and Qt). The results indicated that the modified Green-Ampt model had an acceptable accuracy as compared to other models in estimating infiltration in the Pabdeh (EL), the Khami Group (Jk, Mz), the Gachsaran (M), the Aghajari (Muplaj, Mpaj), and the Bakhtyari (Plb) Formations with efficiency coefficients of 93.9, 94.4, 95.9, 97.6, 87.7, and 92.7%, respectively. The Kostiakov model was more suitable for the Q and Oml Formations, and the Horton model was the best for the Qt Formation (C.C= 0.925), which may be used to quantify the amount of infiltrated water and to estimate the runoff volume for the soils formed or deposited on those formations different on the mentioned geological formations.

Statistical modeling methods are based on multivariate regression methods and require the presence and absence location of data for the construction of the model. In most cases, there is no trustworthy absence data. Therefore, other methods that are based only on the presence of the phenomenon are used. Considering the importance of modeling - saving time and cost and the probable prediction of the process - in this paper three sampling methods, Bootstrap, cross-validation (CV) and subsampling, were investigated to estimate areas with groundwater recharge potential using the maximum entropy model in the Marboreh watershed. The information about percolation points in Marboreh watershed, which was gathered using the double ring method and soil sampling, included the location of the samples, soil texture, and percolation rate. Due to the extent of the catchment area and the cost of the sampling process, information from previous studies in the study area, which were gathered from the Regional Water Authority (RWALP) and Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization of Lorestan province (AREPOLP), was also used. The ROC index was used validate model predictions. The validation index indicated that the bootstrap had the best performance (ROC=0.955%). The results showed that each factors in these three methods was somewhat different, which was more than other factors in the drainage density, land use and soil texture. Based on the results of performance index, there is a very slight difference between the three sampling methods, so that they can be differentiated in relation to their different strategies, and this difference in the outputs, is not related to the diversity of the phenomenon studied. In this paper, according to the results and assessments, the Bootstrap method is recommended for the modeling the groundwater recharge areas due to the small number of sampling data compared to the very large area of study. Due to the large extent of the study area, it is suggested that this simulation be performed for more precision at smaller extent large areas with further data to study similar studies. Despite the increase in the number of pixels of high infiltration areas in the Bootstrap sampling method, compared to the other two methods, the performance of the recharge zoning increased slightly.

The study area is located north of Urmia lake and Tasuj plain. The average height of 1700m and average rainfall in the area about 363mm. The average annual temperature 10/65°C. Investigations on the surface penetration of flood deposits are important for the implementation of artificial recharge aquifers. In this study, soil permeability changes from Plain to lake were measured using double cylinders. One of the objectives project is permeability monitoring in the plain geomorphology units. Quaternary deposits Were classified of three classes (Q1, Q2, Q3) with using wells log and geophysical sections showed, Q3 is the youngest deposition. The results showed that the amount of surface cumulative penetration and the rate of penetration of the base was decreasing from the plain to the lake. Plain deposits are mixed clay, sand and gravel. The texture analysis contains 13 percent clay, 18 percent silt and 69 percent sand. The highest rate of penetration of the base with 8.5cm/h corresponds to the north of the plain. The rate of base infiltration from the beginning of the plain to the lake has decreased from 1.3cm/h to about 0.22. The analysis in this unit contains 73 percent of sand in the upper plain and 46 percent on the margin of the lake.

Soil degradation and erosion caused by human factors is the main threat to the functions of soil resources. The consequences of this phenomenon are reducing the sustainability and quality of production as well as environmental problems. Also, moisture stress, especially in rainfed lands, is a major limitation to improve productivity in these lands. The use of subsurface water harvesting is one of the options that is prevalent in Zagros provinces, due to topographic and geological conditions. This research was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the operation of the traditional system of land use change of dryland to grape, almond and alfalfa cultivation with supplementary irrigation using subsurface water harvesting system in improving soil permeability and inhibition of soil degradation and erosion in the Razin Watershed of Kermanshah Province. To do this, after selecting the study area, some of the diagnostic features of selected area including the soil permeability with the disk permeameter and the soil degradation and erosion condition with GLADIS method were measured by field measurements in the study area as well as the control area. In the laboratory, soil texture, bulk density, saturation percentage, lime, acidity, salinity, nutrient concentration and organic carbon storage were measured the soil samples collected in the operation and control area. The results showed that the hidden form of erosion, the gradual washing of fine particles and the coarse grains of gravel and pebbles remaining known as Armor, is the most important form of erosion in the region. In the long term, the construction of this system was able to remove this form of erosion and loss of soil from the region. Also, exploitation of the underground dam system and extraction of subsurface water harvesting within its scope, in addition to enhancing all soil quality indicators (including its organic carbon accumulation), resulted in a 23% increase in soil permeability capacity and soil erosion has inhibited 5.56 tons per hectare.

Infiltration is the most important process in soil hydrology. As the early Miocene Gachsaran Formation (GF), and the late Miocene to Pliocene Aghajari Formation (AJF) cover a substantial area in western and southwestern Iran, it is very desirable to investigate the effective factors that determine their infiltrability, particularly in different land uses. Therefore, two sub water-sheds of the Margha (AJF, 1609 ha) and the Gach Mountain (GF, 1202) in the vicinity of the City of Izeh, were selected. Infiltration rate (IR) was measured in seven plots on the AJF and in six plots on the GF, both with three replication (rangeland, farm field, residential areas). A comforts’ (?) rainfall simulator, which delivered the intensities of 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mm per minute was used on both formation. The 0-20 cm of soil was sampled at each plot on which the IR had been determined. Percentage of the very fine sand, sand, clay, silt, pH, EC, soil moisture, %CaCo3 and %OM were determined using common laboratory procedures.A multivariate regression was performed to identify the characteristics which affect the determined IR. It was observed that silt, very fine sand, EC, pH, %OM and %CaCo3 demonstrated the most important roles in the runoff production. However, the CaCo3 content of each formation had the highest positive role in the IR.

One of the main challenges of land degradation management in arid and desert areas of Iran is the stabilization of sand as well as the control of dust; therefore the use of mulches, particularly eco-friendly mulch, is one of the ways to stabilize sand used. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of using residues such as black liqueur and malass as mulch to stabilize the sand. To prepare the substrate for treatments in the laboratory environment, Rig Boland sandy of Kashan was used. Metal trays with dimensions of 100 × 30 × 2 cm were used for the experiments. For spraying of malass, black liquor and control treatments in a single layer and double layer of 2.5-liter sprinkler were applied and a completely randomized design with three replications was performed. To evaluate the performance of these materials, the shear strength, saturation, and dry strength and water permeability were measured and the data were analyzed by appropriate statistical software. In vitro results showed that the penetration resistance of molasses and black liqueur mulches were 9.8 and 7.8 kN/m2, respectively. These two types of mulch have significant differences with each other and with control (water) treatment. The highest penetration and shear strength were related to Malass treatment, which increased the penetration resistance by 9.8 times and the shear resistance by 14 times. The infiltration rate in one-layer liqueur mulch was significantly different compared to Malass and control (water) mulches, while the infiltration rate decreased with increasing thickness.

Considering the increasing population and the growing need for food and drinking water, it is essential to explore and understand the factors of crop production, especially water resources. Today, the removal of undiluted water from underground water sources has produced qualitative issues, in addition to a few shortcomings. These issues are more significant in arid and semi-arid regions, which are more dependent on these resources. In these areas, due to lack of water resources, access to appropriate quality resources is important. The quality of groundwater undergoes spatial and temporal scales and cannot be assumed to be constant over time and place. Therefore, for the purpose of using groundwater resources and targeting for future uses, it is important to consider changes in the quality characteristics of resources over time and place. Therefore, studying the temporal and spatial variations of water quality is essential for properly and efficiently managing the use of these resources. In order to determine the process of time variation, different methods are used. One of the most common non-parametric methods is analysis of the trend in time series using the Mann-Kendall test. It is necessary to know the spatial changes of resources, to collect parameters in different locations, which requires a high cost and time. In such a situation, geospatial interpolation methods can be very efficient. Land use methods can reduce costs and increase the accuracy of estimation, due to the ability of reducing the number of samplings, application of the combination and providing more accurate estimation of variables location. The purpose of this research is investigation of groundwater quality in terms of agricultural use and its effect on permeability in Borujerd-Doroud Plain.

Boroujerd-Doroud Plain with an area of ​​2545.8 km2 is located in northeast of Lorestan province and northernmost part the large Karon Basin. the trend of changes in the parameters of electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate of plain resources during the period of time (1994-2016) was investigated by the Mann-Kendall test and for qualitative maps prepation based on the Permeability Index, Sodium Percentage, and Wilcox, the data of 41 groundwater resources in 2016 were used. The accuracy evaluation of any interpolation or selection of the appropriate parameter is necessary. In the present study, the RMSE index was used to determine the appropriate method. Among different methods, each one with less RMSE is selected as the appropriate method. Different methods of interpolation were compared for the zoning of the quality parameters. Regarding the results of this comparison, the conventional Kriging interpolation method was chosen as the most appropriate interpolation method due to lower RMSE. The permeability index is a parameter that is used to evaluate the quality of irrigation water. Sodium levels of water are important parameters for using water in irrigated agricultural land. Increasing of sodium in water decreases soil permeability. Wilcox classification is one of the most important classifications for determining the quality of agricultural water based on two parameters of electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio as alkalinity risk.

The results showed that the trend of changes in all parameters was reduced, which showed that the trend of changes in bicarbonate content was significant at 95% confidence level. In terms of permeability index, 85.84% of the plain has excellent irrigation water quality. Based on this classification, the water quality in northwest of the plain is poor, in southeast is moderate and in other plain areas is excellent for irrigation purposes. Based on the qualitative map of the percent of sodium, the irrigation water quality in northwest and southeast of the plain is excellent, and in the central area of the plain is allowable. The irrigation water quality in other areas of plain is good. The irrigation water quality based on Wilcox's method was classified in two C2S1 and C3S1 classes, which included 90.91% of the studied sources of C2S1 and 9.09% of the C3S1 grade.

The quality map based on this classification showed that 85.94% of the plain area has a good water quality. The Investigation of EC and SAR changes effects on soil permeability showed that the variations of these two parameters are not negative across the plain, and the region has a good and moderate permeability status, which is 26.8%.

Investigation of desertification trend needs an understanding of phenomena creating changes alone or action and reaction together in the manner that these changes end up in land degradation and desertification. In investigating pedological criterion affecting on land degradation in alluvial fans, first, maps of slope classes, land use and geology were created, then a map of units was founded by overlaying and crossing these maps and grid layer created by extension of ET GeoWizards in ArcGIS 10.3 software. In this research, three indices of erodibility, salinity and permeability of soil were considered, finally each was shown in the shape of classified map. Then, weights of criteria and consistency ratio were calculated by AHP method. In this research, VIKOR method was used to prioritize the options. Results showed that the VIKOR index obtained from AHP-VIKOR technique alters from 0.002 to 1.000. Units of V1 and V10 with VIKOR indices of 1.000 and 0.002 have a maximum and minimum of desertification potential, respectively. The alluvial fans in research area were classified in two classes of I and IV from the view point of pedological criterion affecting on desertification using AHP-VIKOR technique, in the manner that 74.18 % of the area is in the low desertification potential, and 25.82 % is in the very high desertification potential, respectively.

Study of sedimentation trend in artificial recharge projects and flood spreading on the aquifer (Aquifer management) can be effective in designing structures and network management. Literature review shows that most studies in the flood spreading area shave been conducted in networks that have a low life span or low flood numbers. Since 1997, the flood spreading station on the Jajarm aquifer in North Khorasan province has recorded 37 floods. Events In this study, in order to investigate the surface sedimentation and soil texture changes in the flood spreading area, sampling of sediments were done in the main canal and 9 secondary canals. In the next step, three soil profiles inside the grid and a profile outside the field were drilled (as a control sample) and samples were taken at three depths of 0-30, 60-30 and 60-90cm. Sediment and soil samples were prepared by using standard sieves. The fine particles were gained by hydrometric testing. The results show that the sediments in the flood spreading network have silt and texture clay. The sediment aggregates become smaller toward downstream flood spreading region. Although the changes in tapes 4 to 9 are much less. The results of soil profiles show that fine-grained sediments are deposited on the surface of the soil at a depth of 0 to 30cm and a small portion of the sediments penetrates into the underlying layers. Based on the results, it is suggested in the implementation plans, the initial strips should be considered as sediment traps and the dimensions and distances of the structures should be designed in accordance with these conditions.

Given the importance of having data on vegetation and soil in different geographical aspect, the aim of this study is the assessment the geographical aspect's impact on Functional Potential and soil surface indicators in Chhar-Bagh Summer Rangeland, Golestan province. For the study used the method Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) and main Geographical aspect. For this purpose, in the four main geographical aspect, three transects 100,m were established and along the transects type, length and width patches and interpatches were measured. To calculate the Functional Potential (Soil Stability, Infiltration and Nutrient Cycling and and Vegetation Organization Index). To investigate the functional significance potential of SAS Software and ANOVA, for mean potential functional classification of Duncan Test used. To investigate the soil surface along each transect, 5 plots and 11 indicators way quality and using the scoring tables and to check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. To investigate the significance Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test and classification of soil surface indicators grouped Duncan test was used. The results showed a significant difference between the functional potential in different geographical aspects (P> 0.05), So that the highest percentage of functional potential to the north and lowest in the East was estimated. Vegetation organization index for geographical aspects North, South, East and west were respectively 0.53, 0.43, 0.38 and 0.51. The results showed that except cryptogam cover and Micro-topography indexes, all indicators were significant in different geographical aspects (P> 0.05).

Evaluation of important characteristics of soil and vegetation can inform us of the potentials of rangelands and determine the range condition. Soil surface characteristics directly affect vegetation. On the other hand, factors such as plant species, vegetative form and density affect soil characteristics. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of woody plants on soil characteristics using rangelands soil classification method (SSCC) in Khashab rangelands. Eleven soil surface indices within the plant patches of Ziziphus spina cristi and Ziziphus nummularia and Astragalus fasciculifolius as well as a mixture of trees and shrubs (Ziziphus spina cristi Ziziphus nummularia) and interpatches (bare soil litter) were measured along three transects of 70 m in five replicates. Then the factors measured in terms of three indices of stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling for each patch were classified. The results showed significant differences for stability index among the study patches, so that Ziziphus spina cristi Ziziphus nummularia could improve soil stability. Infiltration index did not show significant difference between Ziziphus nummularia and a mixture patch (Ziziphus spina cristi Ziziphus nummularia). More soil stability in the mixed patch of trees and shrubs (Ziziphus spina cristi Ziziphus nummularia) could be promising for biological control in south winter rangelands of the country.

Abstract: (91 Views)
Quantitation and evaluation of infiltration models are used in soil conservation, irrigation systems, hydrology investigations, watershed and watershed management systems. The purpose of this study was to estimate the infiltration by using statistical and experimental various models in two soils of plowed and without plowed in Haraz Technology and Development center paddy fields of Mazandaran province. The infiltration value was measured by the double rings in plowed and without plowed soils and then was compared with Kostiakov, Kostiakov-Lewis, Philippe, Horton and Soil Conservation Service (SCS) models. The results showed that the final infiltration rate in plowed and not plowed soils were 0.12 and 0.21 cm/min, respectively. The comparison of the estimated infiltration from each of the models with real amounts was done by the average normal root mean square error (NRMSE). The results showed that NRMSE values in plowed and not plowed soils were 21.53 and 6.45 %, respectively. With optimization of models in Solver Excel, amount of NRMSE reduced to 2.48 and 1.9%, respectively. Also according to comparison of infiltration models in both plowed and not plowed soils, the SCS and Kostiakov-Lewis models showed better fits than other models. So that, SCS model for not plowed soil was I=0.8459t1.0417 .6985 and for plowed soil was I=0.891t1.026 .6985. In general, could be said that fitting of physical and empirical models had good accuracy on Mazandaran paddy fields. Another finding of this study was the better results in the plowed soil based on NRMSE. Therefore, this method can use in paddy fields.