جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آسیب پذیری اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The morphology of the city is focused on the continuity of its physical form and structure, and while it is influenced by the culture, society and activities of the citizens over time, it has a significant impact on the citizens and the local community living in any urban context. Urban morphology is one of the main factors in controlling the urban form, and the analysis of its patterns is the basis of planning the development of the urban environment, and therefore, it has a direct impact on social vulnerability. As one of the old cities of Iran, which has its own historical identity, Kerman has not been immune from the damage of industrial and modern development, and like many other historical cities of Iran, it is experiencing development without considering the context. The purpose of this study is to elaborate and describe the physical-physical morphological factors and the statistics of the influencing factors on social vulnerabilities in the old context of Kerman and to prioritize the contribution of each of them and to categorize the constituent variables under each of the factors. In this study, the logic of reasoning, inference Is. After extracting factors and components affecting social vulnerabilities in historical urban contexts from library studies, data from field researches are analyzed and evaluated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey, and the evaluation, classification and analysis of converging factors have been done through the data collected from the preparation and distribution of the questionnaire. Finally, the data has been analyzed with the exploratory factor analysis test. The scope of the research is in the central core of the historical context of Kerman. The findings of the study of 36 variables in this context show that these variables represent six main factors, which are, respectively, based on the priority of influencing social damage in the historical context of Kerman: physical and physical conditions of the neighborhood with an emphasis on preserving the historical identity of the context, high vulnerability The historical context of Kerman against natural and unnatural hazards such as earthquakes and fires, the occurrence of inequalities and social injustice in this region from the people's point of view, the manifestation of changes in the social context due to new constructions and changes in behavioral patterns and lifestyles in the context, the occurrence of crime in new urban situations which has recently been built in the context and finally causes deterioration, pollution and informal life that may be created as a threat due to new interventions in the historical context.

Iran is a country prone to earthquakes in which so many cities have experienced earthquakes in far and near past. Although there is a high potential for earthquakes to be destructive, the level of losses and damages of them is not solely dependent on the magnitude and the location of the earthquake, or physical aspects of buildings and urban areas. In the analysis of the impacts of natural hazards, three broad categories have been defined: 1) focus on natural hazard's biophysical impacts because of the place it occurs; 2) focus on hazard's impacts on societies that experience the hazard because of the social characteristics of those societies and 3) an approach that takes into account both of impacts. This article takes the second approach to analyze the effects of natural hazards. In this approach, social characteristics of the communities and societies, in which earthquake happens, come to center stage. Social vulnerability is one of the important aspects of earthquake risks and consequences. In addition, the progress of communication and transportation technologies and an increase in agricultural production surplus because of the Industrial Revolution has caused many rural settlers to migrate to cities. The increasing population raise in cities has led to many economic, social and environmental consequences, of which excessive horizontal and leapfrog development (which is called urban sprawl in scientific literature) is one. In this article urban sprawl is defined as: "unplanned, far-from-center and automobile-accessed growth of cities which has environmental, economic and social effects and is characterized by low density, segregation of land-uses and limited accessibility". In this research, at first theoretical literature of urban sprawl and social vulnerability were reviewed and the indicators for measuring them were chosen (13 for urban sprawl and 7 for social vulnerability) and the relevant data for Qazvin was extracted by using national census data and Geographic Information System (GIS). Then explorative factor analysis for eigenvalues bigger than 1 was conducted by using SPSS software and the indicators for sprawl were categorized into 4 factors: “density”, “configuration”, “land-use” and “accessibility” (70.22% of variance explained), and the indicators for social vulnerability were grouped in 1 factor: social vulnerability (66.9% of variance explained). Then the maps for each factor of sprawl and two main topics (sprawl and social vulnerability) were made. The correlation analysis was conducted on four factors of sprawl, social vulnerability factor (which is representative of social vulnerability altogether) and sprawl as a whole. The results show that from 4 factors of sprawl, just density factor has a significant correlation (0.801) with social vulnerability. Sprawl is also significantly (although weaker) correlated to social vulnerability (0.44). In addition, regression analysis showed that four factors of sprawl can explain 67.6% of the variance of social vulnerability. The relation between social vulnerability and density/sprawl is positive/negative, i.e. by an increase in density/decrease in sprawl, social vulnerability increases. Finally, the maps of sprawl and social vulnerability in Qazvin city districts and the map of potential districts for development are shown based on the correlation of sprawl and social vulnerability.

Iran is an earthquake-prone country that many cities have experienced the earthquake. Magnitude of earthquake damage not only depends on physical destructions, but also one of the major dimensions of earthquake hazards is social vulnerability. In this research, after reviewing the theoretical literature, selected indicators for urban sprawl and social vulnerability were chosen and data were extracted from census data of Iran and Geographic Information System (GIS) for Qazvin. Then, using exploratory factor analysis with SPSS software, these indexes were used for urban sprawl overhead in four factors of density, configuration, user and access (with explanation of variance 70.22%) and in one factor for social vulnerability (with explanation of variance 66.9%) and their maps were prepared. It was clarified that among four factors of urban sprawl only density has significant relationship (0.801) with social vulnerability. The urban sprawl phenomenon also shows a weaker but still significant correlation (0.440) with social vulnerability. Regression analysis showed that urban sprawl factors can explain 67.6% of social vulnerability. The relationship between vulnerability and density/urban sprawl is positive/negative. It means that increasing social density /decreasing urban sprawl will lead to social vulnerability decreasing as well. At the end, urban sprawl and social vulnerability maps and potential development map of Qazvin city are presented based on relationship between these two phenomena.

In an increasingly urbanized world, cities and their inhabitants are facing significant human and economic losses from disasters. Recent disasters around the world reflect the vulnerability of our built environment and show the unfortunate consequences of disasters. In the vulnerability of settlements, only physical factors do not matter, but social elements have an important contribution to the degree of vulnerability. Considering the important role of social factors in reducing and increasing the effects of natural hazards, this study focuses on social vulnerability as one of the dimensions of vulnerability to natural hazards. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and prioritize the social vulnerability of counties of Isfahan province to natural hazards. Therefore, the present study is an analytical descriptive with an applied purpose. So, for estimating and ranking the severity of the vulnerability, the artificial intelligence model and geographical weight regression test have been used. The results show that the three indicators of households with disabled people, disabled people and divorced women had the highest impact on the increasing of social vulnerability in Isfahan province. Also in terms of spatially, the highest vulnerability is related to Falavarjan and Lenjan cities, which have the highest social vulnerability to natural hazards in Isfahan province.

Cities are considered as facilitator of the creation of vulnerability conditions. Due to the social and economic status of different groups of people who are living in the dangerous part of city, their vulnerability would be different in various places. Social vulnerability is the product of social inequality. Hence, social vulnerability can explain why some communities are suffering from environmental hazards while others are not in this situation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social vulnerability of cities over 10 thousand population in Khuzestan province. The VIKOR method was used for achieving to this purpose and the results were presented in the form of a spatial analysis map. The results showed that the cities of Ghaleh Tal (Q = 0.4437), Masjed Soleyman (Q = 0.4455), Mahshahr port (Q = 0.4493), Aghajari (Q = 0.4569), Imam Khomeini port (Q = 0.4766) and Shush (Q = 0.5091) had the highest level of social vulnerability. Also in terms of spatial position, most of the cities with very high vulnerability of Khuzestan province were located in the south of it and the cities of the center of this province had low and middle vulnerability. In the northern part, only the cities of Gotvand, Dezab and Shoosh had high and very high vulnerability

Earthquake is considered as one of the natural disasters that both occurrence and predictability, is of paramount importance than other risks. Therefore, it requires preparation and planning before of crisis to reduce losses and damages. Earthquake have different impacts on social groups and is directly related with people's socioeconomic status, So that the results are consistent with the socio-economic inequalities structure of communities. Therefore, the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) is method that based on the socio-economic characteristics of groups, assess their vulnerability level against earthquakes. This paper aim, spatial analysis of social vulnerability in No 2 Municipality of Tabriz that use of Descriptive analytical method and SVI model. First, defined indicators and variables based on SVI model and then data associated with variations in blocks statistical scale extracted from 2011 census data and data analyzed using factor analysis method. In the end, Results Combined with base map of district and has been identified spatial distribution of Social vulnerability. The final map of social vulnerability shows that 18/9 percent of district area with 98 348 population (31 percent), In other words, nearly one-fifth of the area with about one- third of the population are exposed to high vulnerability.

Most of the multi-criteria decision methods (MCDM), including Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP), use subjective judgments for obtaining the relative importance of the decision elements of a subject matter. This has been considered as one the important limitations of the MCDMs. The F’ANP model, a hybrid factor analysis and analytic network process (F’ANP) model was first introduced by Zebardast (2013) to overcome this inherent limitation of the MCDMs in the process of obtaining the relative importance of decision elements. The proposed F’ANP model uses factor analysis (FA) to extract the underlying dimensions of the phenomenon. These identified dimensions and their primary variables are then entered into a network model in Analytic Network Process (ANP). The ANP is used to calculate the relative importance of different variables of the subject matter, taking into consideration the results obtained from FA and the possible interdependence between variables of the individual dimensions of the phenomenon. The model was first used to measure the social vulnerability as a composite index. In this paper the F’ANP model is modified to overcome one of the inherent limitations of the ANP and thus the original F’ANP as well. This is the lengthy process of computation required by the ANP. In the original F’ANP model after using factor analysis to derive the components of the subject matter and in the ANP part, pair-wise comparison matrices are constructed to obtain the relative weights of the decision elements. In this paper we show that since F’ANP uses the objective measures derived from the factor analysis method to construct the pair-wise comparison matrices in ANP in order to obtain the relative importance/weights of the decision elements, this could be directly obtained by normalizing the original vectors without a need for constructing the pair-wise comparison matrices. This process results in a relative weight computation that is robust and does not need a process of controlling the possible inconsistencies in the decision process. This enormously shortens the computation process, thus making F’ANP an easier model to use. The application of the proposed model to a real world case study show that it is a robust approach for constructing a composite index such as social vulnerability index. Its application to assess the spatial distribution of social vulnerability to earthquakes in the 117 zones of Tehran Metropolis indicates that the southern parts of the city are most socially vulnerable to earthquake hazards. The proposed F’ANP model could be utilized to study any multi-dimensional phenomenon in urban and regional planning and in any other fields of study that are multi-dimensional in nature and for their assessment several indicators are used.