ادبیات عامیانه

Cultural phenomena are formed within the structures of society, have evolved as rules for collective life and cultural patterns, and have helped nations to grow social sustainability. Studying these phenomena without examining their social roots would look like making reports with only informative value. Exploring the origin of, and conditions for the formation of cultural phenomena from a historical perspective, and their functions in the past and present, can uncover the attempts for cultural growth and sustainability. This study used participant observation and field study method as well as documents and written sources to investigate the social causes and conditions of formation of popular literature especially songs and lullabies and their structural changes in culture. Descriptive and analytical approaches were used to explore the changes in cultural values and beliefs. The results showed a strong correlation between social environment and way of living with nature and popular literature.

Visual art of the Qajar era was inspired by both the new technical developments such as photography and printing as well as the tradition of Persian painting of the previous schools that had developed new visual features. Along with this visual quality, the exposure of the artists to western traditions and the popularity of modernity caused the Iranian society to experience changes in its artistic identity and thus, new types of visual features emerged. These features depict a series of particular changes which distinguish them from the dominant worldview of the Persian painting in terms of appearance. This type of visual art creates different visual forms in comparison to previous instances of Persian painting by using different designs, new techniques and tools. Illustrated manuscripts of the Qajar era are a collection of unique documents that incorporate the art and culture of this period of time and are the readings of an authentic artistic statement of aesthetic aspects and identity layers. This paper mainly aims at classifying aesthetic features prevailing in the illustrations of the lithographed manuscripts as well as recognition and retrieving of the identity layers and presenting the priority of the identities in these illustrations. Considering the features of Iranian-Islamic art as well as the Western artistic characteristics prevalent through the Qajar era painting, it could be hypothesized that due to exposure to modernism, the visual art styles of the Qajar era are different in lots of visual and technical aspects as compared to the Persian painting tradition; however, due to the presence of some aesthetic features of Iranian-Islamic art, they might be considered the continuation of the same visual tradition. Study of the visual qualities and aesthetic aspects of a selection of Qajar-era individual documents and manuscripts which are considered as original artistic statements in this essay leads to the reading of the identity layers of this era which could be found both in art and culture of this period. In all cultures and countries, the definition of the concept of identity is associated with religion, ideology, political and social relations and history. In artworks, the identity has different layers and each layer has different aspects. Such identity might be examined in a different manner for each work of art which, in its own turn, might have several layers: one of them being stronger and more obvious than the others. Nonetheless, all the hidden layers of identity leave their trace on the outward manifestation of the identity layer in the artworks. Due to the specific social and political ambience of the country, popularity of Archaism (approaches to ancient Iran periods) as well as widespread relations with the west (through business, education, politics and etc.), Qajar reign is considered as one of the important eras of Iranian art; therefore, we can find several identity layers in the artworks of this Era. This paper chiefly intends to categorize the main aesthetic features in the illustrations of the lithographed manuscripts of Qajar era and also recognize and retrieve the identity layers therein. Subsequently, the priority of the identity layers of these illustrations shall be studied.  The study makes effort to answer these questions: What are identity layers in the visual art of Qajar Era and which identity layers appeared more frequently than others in Qajar Lithographed Folklore Manuscripts? The research has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method through the desk study of library sources as well as other valid ones such as the manuscripts. The statistical population includes 7 Lithographed Folklore Manuscripts created during the Qajar Era using a selective procedure (11 pictures were selected). The analyzed results indicate that the identity layers of the artworks of this era might be categorized into four: archaic, Persian-Islamic,westernization and Islamic-Shiite. Moreover, in each type of artworks created during the Qajar Era, some layers play a more important or a special role. In this case study (Folklore Manuscripts), the first and the most important layer is westernization to be followed by Persian-Islamic. The other layers (Islamic-Shiite and archaic) are less important and thus, imperceptible.

Since the curios and creative mind of the human always attracts to unknowns and wonders, issues of this kind are interesting all the time. Thus, the footprint of the supernatural creatures and humans can be found in the beliefs, legends and folk tales abound worldwide. With the arrival of the Lithographic Printing Industry in Iran and the widespread availability of books for ordinary people, particularly those legends, folk tales with strange and wonderful events became so popular and brought great prosperity. One of them is Iskandarnāma Naghali. The story of Iskandar has got a special place among folkloric literature due to the various versions of its in prose and poetry and numerous narratives of it in Greek, Pahlavi, Farsi and so on. Thus, the vast and combined flavor of this book, which reflects the Islamic and Shiite thoughts of the late Safavid dynasty and, on the other hand, the Iranian and pre-Islamic myths, is a good platform for studying the visual art and changing culture of this era of Iranian history. The tumultuous story line of the book is full of historical, heroic and magical motifs. Although it has historical and epical content, it is also full of strange people, creatures and supernatural events. In describing some creatures such as demons and giants in this book, mythological term Metamorphoses can be used. This means that the appearance and capabilities of such phenomena has been changed especially by supernatural means. The aim of this study, in addition to introducing Iskandarnāma Naghali manuscripts to date1856-57 AD, is describing and analyzing the transformed samples and study their mythological roots. The research questions are as follows. What are the characteristics of these phenomenons in appearance and ability? What are the similarities and differentiating of such beings with their counterparts? How to describe and categorize them according to the mythological term of Metamorphoses?
The method of this research using library resources is descriptive-analytiacal and the images are analysed by Panoffsky’s iconography. The results of this study shows that the demons portrayed in this manuscript are classified into three different types of Metamorphoses which are partial, complete and healing. More over, comparative study of the three copies showed the similarity between two versions which revealed the influence of prior manuscript on later one, whereas the last copy is completely different.