اقلیم گرم و خشک

Determining the range of thermal comfort in the outdoor space is complicated, and since the presence of thermal comfort helps more people to be in the outdoor space, it is important. In the current research, it has been tried to determine the thermal comfort limit of people in the outdoor space of traditional and restored buildings in the hot and dry climate of Yazd city. For this purpose, a field monitoring was carried out in the hot season of the five central courtyards of the Yazd faculty of Art and Architecture as buildings that have been changed from residential to educational use, which includes the measurement of climatic information at the same time as the completion of 389 thermal comfort questionnaires by the students of the faculty; Then, with the help of Ray Man and SPSS software, the obtained information was analyzed and after checking the linear regression charts, the range of thermal comfort for people in the central courtyards of the faculty as a microclimate in the hot and dry area of ​​Yazd city between the range of 16.5-28 degrees Celsius based on the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature index (PET) was obtained. Due to the fact that the combination of climatic and geographical factors for each specific region will lead to a different understanding of the thermal comfort conditions for the people of that community, this comfort range is different from the comfort ranges in other regions that have been determined in numerous researches. From the comparison of the studied yards, it was found that the more the yard has a height-to-width ratio and the more enclosed it is, the more shade it will receive and, finally,more thermal comfort during the day and night for the hot days of the year.

Considering the share of about 35% of energy consumption by buildings, energy consumption management requires special attention from architects. Building form is one of the most influential parameters on energy consumption, and the Yazd city, as an example of an arid and warm climate, is the focus of this research. The purpose is to provide a solution to produce the optimal form of independent vernacular building as a basic policy in the conceptual design phase in Yazd city.

Using parametric modeling and energy simulation by suitable computer tools, multi-objective optimization of the building form was carried out considering two indicators of thermal and visual comfort by genetic algorithm for the arid and warm climate of Yazd city. Several subsurface area values were considered as input and the results were presented in four general forms: cube, L, U and O.

In this research, the optimal options were analyzed and compared, and a general model for the optimal form and orientation of the building was presented. The results of the research showed that the most optimal form, considering the thermal comfort index as a priority index for all the investigated areas, is a rectangular cube form with a shape factor of about 1.8 and a north-south orientation.

Using the form and optimal orientation of the building as a passive policy that is the basis for other active and passive policies can have an Appropriate effect on creating comfort and reducing energy consumption in a combined manner.

The hot and dry climate of central Iran is home to historic farmsteads from the early centuries of Islam up to the 13th century. In the course of recent studies, 42 types of farmsteads have been identified and documented around cities such as Qom, Isfahan, Kashan and Yazd. These farmsteads enjoy unique physical and functional capabilities and have formed a part of Iran's livelihood system and agricultural heritage. The moot point of the research is the lack of research about the shape characteristics and diverse forms of historical farmsteads. The research aims to get a deeper understanding of the historic farmsteads in the hot and dry climate of Iran, and to this end, two questions have been raised about the shape-forming elements and their classification.According to the findings, each farmstead has three zones on the scale of the zoning system: physical, agricultural, and customary. In terms of the distribution pattern and coexistence of forming elements, there are two patterns: linear and centralized, and in the scale of the variety of forming elements, farmsteads are divided into two categories: small and great. Accordingly, historical residential farmsteads in Iran can be divided into two ways: a) Agricultural castles with a centralized pattern and b) Agricultural complexes with a linear pattern. Most of the farmsteads identified in this climate have the form of "agricultural complexes with a linear pattern" and are significantly related to the historical period of their formation.

The Pavilion, as the main built element in the Persian garden, is considered the only extroverted residential space in Iranian architecture. The main reason for its extroversion can be found in the possibility of viewing the garden from all its fronts, as well as its location in the microclimate of the garden as a closed ecosystem. In many Persian gardens in hot and arid regions, pavilions were used as the only extroverted residential spaces, often for temporary accommodation or for holding ceremonies. Considering the importance of the pavilion in the Persian garden, the present research aims to explain the climatic factors that are effective in the creation of pavilions in Persian gardens located in hot and arid climates and to investigate the climatic parameters of pavilions design. The selected pavilions are Chehelsotoun, Dolatabad, and Shazdeh, as three valuable examples of gardens and pavilions built from the Safavid era to the Qajar era, which is considered as an important period in Persian gardening. The research method of this paper is qualitative, with a descriptive-analytical approach based on library research. while introducing the physical characteristics, elements and spaces that make up pavilions in Persian gardens and compiling climate design strategies in hot and arid regions, this study recognizes these criteria in selected pavilions using a comparative and analytical method. By analyzing and evaluating the climate design parameters in the selected pavilions, different passive cooling strategies are identified in historic gardens' pavilions in arid areas of Iran.

The conscious use of plants in the design of buildings is one of the low-cost solutions for optimization that is expanding. Therefore, as one of the most effective foundations and concepts of sustainable development in architecture, the vertical greenery system plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption. In this study, considering the structural diversity of the vertical greenery system, the effect of the green façade with six types of climbing plants on the thermal performance of the conventional residential building in Isfahan province has been investigated. For this evaluation, the parameters such as plant leaf area index (LAI), distance between plant and wall (zero, five, ten, fifteen and twenty cm), thermal conductivity coefficient and plant placement height (ground floor, second and fourth floor) have been measured. At first, by testing selected climbing plants (six species), the leaf area index was collected with a photographic camera and Photoshop software, and the thermal conductivity coefficient was collected with an infrared thermometer and the Lux-Lightmeter program. Then, with the data obtained from the coefficient of thermal conductivity, simulation was done in Design-Builder software to determine the effect of the green façade in the summer and winter solstice on the thermal performance of the building. After classification and data analysis, Lonicera Japonica plant with leaf area index of 10, thermal conductivity coefficient 0.21 w/m2.k and air layer of 20 cm on the ground floor was selected as the optimal condition. Other findings include the direct relationship between the leaf area index and the thermal performance of the building and the inverse relationship between the air layer between the green façade and the external wall. Also, the height component of the plant in the floors compared to the ground floor reduces the penetration of heat into the indoor environment.

Natural ventilation is one of the most important factors in creating thermal comfort, and Wind-catcher, which are considered important and historical elements of Iranian architecture and are known as a static cooling system, provide air conditioning by means of renewable wind energy. Nowadays, due to the increase in environmental pollution and the importance of non-renewable energy, the role of natural ventilation in the building is important in terms of the compatibility of the building with the environment. The wind-catcher of Kerman city are an example of energy saving by buildings in a hot and dry climate, therefore, a detailed, quantitative and numerical study and understanding of the functioning and behavior pattern of wind-catcher can be an effective step in achieving climate-compatible design solutions. to help Assuming that in the spaces where natural ventilation is done by means of wind-catcher, a significant relationship can be found between the proportions and the shape of the space on the speed and performance of the wind flow, the present study investigates and compares the performance of the wind-catcher in the selected samples which in terms of The form, dimensions and proportions are different, so that the optimal form can be used in natural ventilation in contemporary architecture. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, which was firstly done by means of library sources and taking pictures, then taking pictures of the studied buildings and finally by means of CFD analysis by Design Builder software. The results of the analyzes show the difference in the speed and performance of the wind flow in the studied samples that are different in terms of form and proportions, and after performing the calculations, the most optimal form in terms of performance and behavior of the wind has been determined.

Architecture has always been a physical and spatial expression of social, cultural, climatic and economic conditions in the society. The architectural structure of the historical houses of the Qajar period has not followed the physical and psychological needs of the user depending on the background conditions in the same way and extent. Components such as house orientation, composition, decorations, hierarchy, function, scale, light and illumination are among the indicators that have been influenced by various factors and have shaped the form of architecture. This article seeks to analyze the effectiveness of the physical and spatial configuration components of historical houses of the Qajar period from culture and climate factors through a comparative comparison in two climates with a common feature including the hot and dry and hot and humid climates of Iran. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical, and the collection of materials was done by library method and field observation. In the process of analyzing the subject of the research and in order to index the factors affecting the physical and spatial components, four Qajar houses with two different forms including the central courtyard and block forms were selected in the key cities of the mentioned climates to compare the contrasting forms in one climate and the same forms in different climates, the manner of effectiveness of the physical and spatial components of different factors should be determined. The results of the research indicate that in hot and dry climates, the cultural factor has the greatest impact on the scale of the house and the performance of the spaces, and the materials, composition, facade and decorations are most influenced by the climate, while in the hot and humid region, the components of hierarchy, facade and decorations, lighting are more influenced by culture and climate has the greatest impact on house form, orientation, materials and performance.

The function of the double-skin facade with natural ventilation is based on the thermal performance and airflow of the cavity. Structural features of a naturally ventilated double-skin façade that affect its thermal performance and fluid dynamics include geometric features such as cavity dimensions, airflow path, air inlet, and outlet areas, shading devices material and their location in the cavity, and material properties that are optical and thermal characteristics of transparent skin. In this research, Fluent Software was used to simulate the computational fluid dynamics, and by sensitivity analysis, the effect of changes in structural properties on thermal performance was evaluated. For this aim, 144 simulation scenarios with cavity depths of 30, 60, 90, and 120 cm, inlet and outlet cross-sections of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 m2, louver shadings with 0, 30, 45, 60, and 90 degree angles located at one third distance close to the exterior wall of the façade, the model without shading, exterior glass with regular and low emission layer were investigated, and the following results were obtained:- Cavity Depth: It was observed that as the depth increases, the velocity of airflow in the cavity decreases. Changing the width of the hole changes the surface temperature of the inner glass up to a maximum of 0.80 ° C (up to 2%). As the depth of the cavity increases, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface decreases in most cases (up to 6.5%).- Cross-section: As the cross-section increases, the air velocity in the cavity increases the temperature of the inner glass surface changes irregularly but, in most cases, decreases. In addition, the heat flux passing through the inner glass surface often increases (up to a maximum of 16.3%).- Shading: In the case without shading, the air velocity in the cavity is 0.30 to 0.70 m/s, and in the case with 45 degrees of shading, the air velocity in the cavity is between 0.30 and 0.92 m/s. In the case without shading, the temperature of the inner glass surface changes from 39.3 to 41.0 ° C, and in the case with 45 degrees, changes are between 38.65 to 39.5 ° C. In the case without shading, the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes from 78.0 to 120.0 W/m2, and in the case with 45 degrees shading, differences between 43.0 to 48.2 W/m2. The sensitivity of the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface to the presence or absence of shading can lead to a reduction of the heat flux transmittance through the inner glass surface by up to 61.0%.- Exterior glass type of DSF: In the case without shading, the reduction rate of heat flux from the inner glass surface is 19.44% to 29.78%, and in the case with 45-degree shading is from 17.71% to 24.44%. By changing the exterior glass's material (low emission or regular), the heat flux transmitted through the inner glass surface changes by 32.2 and 120 W/m2.

The energy crisis has become one of the most important issues these days. In our country, with very high energy consumption per capita, the primary energy source is fossil fuels, which produce high pollution. Meanwhile, the issue of pollution has become The most critical environmental issue in Iran. This is why the issue of optimizing energy consumption has become a vital issue for saving the environment in Iran.Throughout history, the pit yard has been an inseparable part of traditional houses in hot and dry regions of Iran and plays an important role in making habitats livable in this harsh climate. In this research, the writer attempts to make a step toward reviving an old solution for today's life by examining the impact of this traditional architectural element on energy-saving. In the first step, Kashan City was selected due to the number of pit yard projects and its hot and dry climate. After selecting three samples of these houses, the author searches for Specificationsof the house's different parts including their physical information and their sizes. then the houses were simulated in two scenarios, on the ground and under the ground, in Honeybee. According to the results, the pit yard has had the greatest impact on cooling energy demand and It has reduced EUI by 9.4%.According to the results of this research, the pit yard in houses built in a hot and dry climate can lead to energy savings, especially in the cooling sector, which is the primary demand of this climate.

The concept of vernacular architecture for humans has always been subject to climatic conditions if health and comfort were of concern. For this purpose, it is necessary to assess the constitutive component thereof. One of the basic components of vernacular architecture is the open spaces or courtyards with different dimensions subject to the climatic conditions of the reign. The rational spatial orientation of these spaces determines the architectural nature of vernacular structures and highly contributes to the axiomatic aspect and the identity of such structures. The existing general patterns of these spaces are assessed in two, hot and humid, and arid climates in the two cities of Yazd, located in central, and Bushehr, located in the south-west regions of Iran. In each city, four structures of the Qajar era (1796-1925) constitute the subjects of this article. The subject structures belonged to the wealthy and elite, where the courtyard was located in the middle of summer and winter dwellings. The method adopted in this article is comparative-qualitative. An attempt is made to compare the findings of the subject structures through field observations and library documentation. The objective is to answer the following this question : " How is the climatic performance of the yard in two arid climate and hot and humid climates ? " . In general, the findings indicate that the shape and dimensions of each courtyard are proportionally subject to the geometry and physical characteristics of the entire structure. As to the proportion of the structure height, Vertical component to the dimensional horizental components of the courtyard in Bushehr, with an average depth-to-height ratio of Z at 1.24 is evident, indicating a standing position . Consequently, the airflow in the courtyard follows a circular pattern, something essential for this unique climate in providing natural vertical ventilation. This phenomenon is reversed in Yazd where the airflow follows a flat pattern, with an average depth-to-height ratio of Z at 0.51 is evident, something essential for this unique climate in providing natural horizontal ventilation. In both climates, the courtyard orientation is N-S to control temperature rise with an average of 16% and 29% of the entire structure area, respectively. It is found that in Yazd the existence of a water pond area with a 73 m2 average and a vegetation area at 56 m2 in the courtyard provide the required humidity for the area. The courtyards in Bushehr are covered with less vegetation with an average area of 5 m2, and the existence of a water pond there is an almost new phenomenon with an average area of 7 m2 because in the traditional architectural plans water pond non- existence. The courtyard area in Bushehr is square with an average of length to width ratio1.07 and smaller than the rectangular courtyards of Yazd with an average of length to width ratio1.43. Therefore, the yard has also had a climatic approach in both cities. The findings of such studies can contribute to the planning and construction of modern buildings with vernacular architecture if necessary.

Bank buildings are considered as one of the most energy consuming centers despite its important role in urban sustainable design and architecture. This research has attempted to investigate the effectiveness of utilizing Green Architecture characteristics and the principles of climate compatible architecture on reducing the amount of energy consumption in a central bank building. In pursuit of this purpose, the building was renovated by considering the principles and characteristics of green architecture and hot and dry climate-compatible architecture, for example, changing the plumping systems, replacing the old cooling towers with low consumption, high life span towers, creating concrete pools to save water and collect rain water, constructing the necessary foundations for using solar panels, building and providing green spaces, and using intelligent lighting system, insulating panels, and local materials and resources. In the next stage, Design Builder software and other field studies such as monitoring energy bills were used to measure the effectiveness of this renovation on the matter of decreasing energy consumption of this bank building were studied. The findings of Design Building and the analysis indicate that the performed renovations have led to a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, have decreased the annual consuming fuel and the consumption of electricity and gas. Moreover, the climate related findings show that the annual fuel breakdown have improved in the renovated building in comparison with the old building. As a result, it can be said that applying the characteristics of green architecture and observing the principles of climate compatible architecture leave significant influences on reduction of energy consumption and leads to the comfort and welfare among the bank staffs and customers.

The yard, as one of the most important elements of indigenous architecture, has taken on different physical patterns in different climates, observing the principle of adaptation to the environment. These features and differences can be assumed as variables and criteria for climate analysis of the central courtyard of native houses between the climates of the study area. Criteria are determined according to the common physical characteristics of the samples, the degree of influence of environmental conditions and spatial organization. Therefore, the present study, with the aim of physically examining the central courtyard and identifying the influential factors of hot and dry climate, tries to provide a new perspective in achieving a common design for the inhabitants of this climate. The type of research is fundamental-applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The sample size is focused on the climatic and environmental role of the yard and its walls and the selection of twenty samples of historical houses in Yazd, which are in the climatic zone of the hot and dry region of Iran BWhs, has been used. The collected data were analyzed in the form of graphs and tables using SPSS software. The results of this study show that the orientation and physical-climatic components are of great importance and can be used as effective factors in the design of houses. Also, based on the results of the analysis, the best relationship between the length and width of a yard was obtained with three linear equations for designing yards based on geometric ratios. Considering the results of the design results, significant effects of sustainable architecture can be achieved.

An important part of the annual energy consumption of countries is related to the building sector. Accordingly, saving energy and finding solutions for annual energy consumption in this sector are of great importance given the issue of the energy crisis in the current century and the position of environmental protection. Although different methods have been used in this regard in the traditional architecture of our country, energy consumption regarding the building sector has received less attention in today’s architecture due to various reasons such as population and urban growth and the lack of attention to spatial quality. Due to the high share of energy consumption in the house, the physical elements of the house can play an important role in reducing energy consumption. In addition, the semi-open element of Iwan is an efficient model in terms of function and climate, including temperature adjustment and provision of thermal comfort conditions. This element is semantically space-creating, which brings a wide variety of valuable experiences regarding understanding space and nature, the role of which has been greatly diminished in today’s architecture.

What is the optimal model of Iwan with regard to saving energy consumption in old houses in Isfahan?

Older houses with passive solar systems are more energy-efficient than the new ones. To direct architects toward using the elements and physical proportions of traditional houses, the present study seeks to find the most optimal Iwan pattern in the traditional houses of Isfahan in terms of energy saving. Further, the study aims at achieving the optimal shape and location of the Iwan through communication with side spaces such as halls, Shahneshin, and rooms, followed by providing suggested solutions for improving the energy efficiency of contemporary housing according to the results of simulating different forms of Iwan.

To this end, different patterns of Iwan in the traditional houses of Isfahan were identified and common patterns were obtained accordingly. Next, theoretical foundations were examined and the theoretical framework was presented using the descriptive-analytical method. Then, different types of Iwan and their analysis were comparatively analyzed through library and field studies of all types of Iwan, halls, and side spaces in the houses of Isfahan built from Safavid to Qajar periods, as well as typing and using reality modeling and simulation. Finally, the results of simulations were compared with each other after validating DesignBuilder software with a real sample using the dynamic simulation.

The results showed that the patterns of the Iwan of the Dehdashti and Alam’s Houses are the most efficient ones among other models in terms of energy efficiency. Given that Dehdashti House is more affordable in the summer and the cooling load in Isfahan is more important in this season compared to winter, the model of Dehdashti House is the most optimal Iwan model. In this study, the optimal Iwan is located in front of the Sedaris room on either side of the building and is connected to the room and the hall through a retaining corridor (the unconditioned space) while the length of the corridor covers half of the length of the hall.

Today’s world has been forced to perform actions based on the principles of sustainable development to compensate for the damage caused by industrialization and the mechanization of nature. However, In Iran, a country with an ancient civilization, ideas based on thoughtful interaction with nature had existed before the emergence of modernism. One of the effects of this interaction is the construction of buildings suitable for local climates without using fossil fuels for cooling and heating. This would result in environmental protection. Coping with the climate in the hot and dry desert regions of Iran has long been one of the most important concerns of Iranian architects. Iranian houses are one of the most durable Iranian buildings. Describing the architecture of the house has a wonderful meaning for everyone and they are aware of its important role in life. Since a significant amount of time in a human’s life is spent at home, thus energy consumption in this area is very thought-provoking. This survey aims to investigate the old houses of Kashan city from a climatic perspective and energy consumption. The study examines each space and compares the min terms of passive energy factors to identify climate-friendly designs and to save energy consumption in Kashan homes. In this survey, Kashan city was selected as a sample of a location with a hot and dry climate. The physical features of houses in this city were examined to understand how they deal with climatic conditions. The data associated with the characteristics of twenty historical houses were collected through field surveys and library and documentary studies. The descriptive and analytical method was examined after creating a questionnaire to achieve passive energy solution factors in selected samples. This article first describes and introduces the different features of each house in Kashan, such as courtyard, porch, types of chambers, basement, etc. Then an adaptation between these places and passive energy is done. In the next step, each of the components of passive energy is defined so that it can be used in contemporary architecture to optimize energy consumption. Like traditional architecture in this climate, houses can be designed by the climate with the current climate technology.

Global climate change and its effects are a matter of concern today. Climatic resilience has been proposed by many researchers as a solution to sudden climatic events. Since buildings emit a high percentage of greenhouse gases, and based on studies conducted on the growing trend of climate change, the issue of climatic resilience in cities and subsequently, the resilience of buildings has been raised. Therefore, it is necessary to address practical resilience strategies in the design of future buildings to respond to climate scenarios. By strategies, we mean components, factors and practices that are considered in the field of climate resilience in the construction se ctor. The present study aims to provide a complementary study to express the resilience strategies of future architectures. It is necessary to pay attention to the compone nts and strategies of resilience of future constructions according to the global climate ch ange trend in order to be used in design standards in construction. This study first deals with external and internal factors to express the resilience strategies of the building and then their subsets based on the impacts of climate change, and finally, by a descriptive-an alytical and qualitative method, the findings are presented as general strategies in the form of a table. The results are that all the components of a building from the beginning of design to the end of construction in different parts of the building are effective in its resilience and th e negligence in the building sector in terms of resilience affects various climatic events.