انقلاب صنعتی

Research Problem:

 In a glance at human life, it turns out that the desire for beauty is one of the human needs and is always one of his main concerns. Eventually The desire that led him to found the art. Humans have historically used different ways of creating beauty in different ways, such as using ornaments or creating different forms or combinations of both, while anthropologists say that in the early societies decoration Have been used for purposes other than the creation of beauty and have put forward different views on this. The ornament has always served as a complement to architecture and occasionally provided the opportunity for more individual creativity and has been used for many years as a tool in the service of architectural aesthetics. It has a backdrop and has played a vital role, depending on the political and social and economic conditions, such as many of the styles that are entirely related to their "Ornament" type and sometimes as in modern times in isolation. Slave and rejected. “Ornament" is an accessory or detail used to beautify the appearance of something to which it is added or of which it is a part. From the Industrial Revolution to the present day, high-profile developments in architecture have taken place which goes back an important part to the use of "ornament".What is clear up to this point is that the definition of beauty changes with the change in the intellectual structures of societies and the formation of philosophies of each epoch that is affected by the circumstances; This definition has had a direct impact on the ornamentation. Developments from the Industrial Revolution led to a new definition of beauty in which "ornament" had no place. What can be called the Industrial Revolution is the product of a series of political, social, economic, scientific and artistic developments that had taken place before. In the middle of the twentieth century, the world is facing another revolution in technology that is changing the fate of the world at a dramatic pace, a digital revolution in which analog technology is transformed into digital technology and creates a new concept of technology.The purpose of this study was to show the impact of material developments and especially technology on the formulation of theoretical attitudes on architecture "ornament ".Research Question: The main question of the research is what attitudes to the "ornament" category in the history of architectural thinking can be identified, and what do these attitudes have in common or different?

To answer the question, theoretical attitudes about the concept of "ornament" in the three periods before the Industrial Revolution, after the Industrial Revolution, and the Digital Revolution period were compared, and the views of the experts were compared. The research method is library studies and then logical reasoning.

The results of the study show that the existing attitudes can be divided into two general categories: "decorating" as part of the whole and "decorating" as a whole. "Ornament" as a part of its whole is divided into two adjoining and non-adjoining groups.

One of the dimensions of revolutions in addition to the social practices, can be the development of technology and strengthening the foundations of a society based on upgrading the education. The industrial revolution in the Victorian period in the eighteenth century has been called the biggest change in human history due to the variety of inventions and mass production of goods. The industrial revolution was a profound social and economic process that changed the agricultural society into an industrial one. The enormous advances of the industrial revolution had certain social consequences. Workers from the densely populated villages were attracted to industrial cities, and the general measures of life advanced prominently. Social rights and a tendency to protect women and children led to the development of public education and literacy. Previously, the experience of aesthetics had exclusively belonged to a privileged minority community, but the industrial revolution brought color images into homes and gave it to all people in the community. Structures were changed for children and women in the society with affectionate treatment to children. At the end of the eighteenth century, child’s literature flourished and an increasing part of the publishing industry in the UK. The growth of such a process is due to the rising technology of the British community. There were 50 books per year in cities such as London, Edinburgh, and Newcastle.According to modern standards, these books seemed very dry and their contents were centered on ethical and behavioral axes for children. But they were welcomed by the public because of their innovation. Gradually, by expanding the spread of publishing facilities and the growing awareness of artists, fun stories were written by authors and illustrated in parallel with it. The sweet voice and sweet images were added to the elements of the Victorian era. The Industrial Revolution with growth of the middle class, technological advancements in the production of books, the influence of new educational theories and the change of attitude to the psychology of child development, brought increasing numbers in the production and publishing of books for children by the middle of the eighteenth century.The achievement of this period was effective in the changes in the social life of England. But the factors that cause industrial revolution and its nature to accelerate industry and economy are factors that affect the child’s book and the importance of the child. The queen’s wife, Prince Albert, performed the idea of setting up international exhibitions at the crystal palace in London. International exhibitions brought various products to the market so that the masses could enjoy their prosperity. Mass of industrial objects revealed manifestations of material and technique of rotation and then the middle class of society faced with new processing and facilities. The transition from medieval conditions to the modern state of applied art came to fruition in the late eighteenth century. A sudden mutation was observed in technical improvements. This emerged without hesitation due to deep thought changes that began with the reforms of the 17th century and prevailed in the 17th century. Rationalism and empirical sciences are the most important fields of European activity in the age of reason. William Morris, the leader of the movement, was under the influence of the splendor of the east art, especially Islamic art, and was widely used in his works on the forms of natural herbs that have Iranian origin.On the other hand, with the advent of machine printing, traditional printing was gradually abolished and more possibilities were provided for illustrators to create elegance and image sensitivity. Iranian art showed an artist’s interest in imitation of Iranian decorations. Hence, he found the rhythmic movements. The Industrial Revolution was a double boon in England that brought with it a cultural stimulus. Victorian illustrators turned to the past for inspiration in their work, blending Victorian tastes with the virtues of the medieval past. The expansion of productions and the desire for knowledge and knowledge of the new world also increased competition among publishers and made them try to acquaint children and parents with the possibilities and benefits of picture books. Advances in the process of printing text and images simultaneously developed a new way of illustrating for children. The Golden Age refers to a period from 1880 to 1930, some of the best works of literature and art among the children’s literature. The golden age was the culmination of a progressive movement based on the developments of the Industrial Revolution, which first relied on literature dedicated to child literature, and is now regarded as a source of inspiration for young writers and illustrators. During the Golden Age, the literature for children was illustrated, although some of them exceeded the criteria of the child age group and included an understandable image for adults, but they were a turning point in the child’s education and development during their time period. They were represented in their works because of the paradigm of visual components that included realistic visions. The themes in which he was received included poetry books, childish stories, education, humor, mother and child, the words of the alphabet, the teaching of the alphabet. As a result of the industrial revolution and the improvement of living conditions, child mortality was reduced and the number of children’s books increased with the picture of the education bill and the way to find a larger number of children. In this period, some artists tried to spread simple and simple books for children.Most of the early books were printed in white and in the style of wood printing or lithography. on the other hand, the inauguration of the crystal palace and the museum of natural garden of England and British politics, brought the arts of the tribes, and the variety of animal discoveries and typology to British society. Features such as characters, humor, wit and the presence of decorative motifs and return to intricate and intricate motifs were studied in illustration. With the rapid increase of readers and economic development stemming from new technologies, illustration is known as the golden age in the history of the child’s book, which moved to America after England. The elaborate show of the images of the three illustrators of the era, inspired young generations and continues to the contemporary era. One of these changes is the attention given to child literature and education. In the meantime, three artists on the battlefield opened windows to the world of childish imagination. According to the importance of the book for children, the present study is about the way that the industrial revolution affects the illustration of child books. This study aims to show that the industrial revolution has changed the mind and social approaches and causes tremendous changes in the child’s book. It was concluded that, at first the child’s picture books were ethical and educational, then with the advent of print technology and the development of vision and insight into society, illustration was turned into a childlike humor and an active presence of women and children.

This research studies how the industry in Iran emerged under the influence of industrial revolution and it tries to determine, by exploring the history and process of new industries’ formation within 19th and 20th centuries, the valuable role of these structures, particularly railway as an integral part of the historical memory of this land. As part of heritage, railway and its values underlie forming other development forms in country. Introducing efforts and referring to governments and individuals that played a fundamental role in national railway during this period, this paper intends to introduce railway’s engineering and architectural values along cultural-historical significance as a part of national industrial memory. Among symbols of industrials Communities at the beginning of the era of the Industrial Revolution can be development of communication networks which play an essential role in Influence and goals, as well as reduce production costs and improvement of the socio-economic and political influence in the process of progress and development. The most important factors affecting transportation, formation and development of the railway network as the engine revolution can be cited. Nowadays, through the industrial revolution and change of means of production and the rapid growth of new technologies and the production of many industrial past have been metamorphosed and changed. The past plants function has lost its role in the community and the destruction of the outcome of that era has faced a lot of changes. . This leads to the formation of the new definitions of cultural heritage and the recognition of the history and culture during the presence of the machines under concepts such as industrial and modern heritage. Among the most prominent signs of industrialization in Iran the formation and establishment of railways can be cited. As regards of the difficult history of thinking and construction of railway lines that lasted from the middle of the Qajar to the Pahlavi and played a main role in the development of economic-political history of the country and the world; Understanding and familiarity with the areas and its formation and its initial recognition and the introduction of a historical and cultural elements of architecture that is the national values and heritage. The study in this part identifies the country’s industry, presence of effects, equipment and historical facilities that are directly or indirectly associated with the categories and the need to pay attention and efforts to preserve and present the historical memory and Technology and recognition wealth unknown in this field is highlighted. It is recommended to introduce inherent and global values of railway industrial heritage by adopting flexible strategies and protection methods in accordance with environmental conditions and national development programs; further, it is also suggested to make protection efforts by creating specialized railway museum and tourism areas along historical line ways such as Tehran-North road and like. Finally, using documents and images presented in the form of tables Examples of valuable works of historic railways index fields to provide greater recognition and attention to preserving cultural landscape and these works.