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Today, water insecurity is considered one of the biggest risks for global prosperity, which has made cities face many issues and problems in social, economic, environmental, and institutional dimensions. Thus, in recent decades, various solutions and perspectives have been proposed to solve the water insecurity challenge and reduce its effects on the level of urban settlements. In the meantime, one of the most important solutions is paying attention to the concept of urban resilience, which has attracted a lot of attention in the field of urban planning in recent years. It should be acknowledged that achieving water security at the level of urban settlements in the context of urban resilience depends on its smaller divisions, i.e. its urban regions. For this purpose, the present research has been conducted to measure the resilience of 13 regions of Mashhad city in facing water insecurity. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Thus, based on the measurement framework, researcher-made questionnaires based on the Likert scale using Cochran's formula and snowball method were distributed among 400 citizens of Mashhad, 40 experts of Mashhad City Water and Sewerage Company and Khorasan Razavi Regional Water Company, and also 40 experts and researchers related to the research topic in Mashhad. The results of this research indicate that the city of Mashhad is also affected by water insecurity and its effects, and most of the urban regions of this city do not have the necessary resilience to face water insecurity. So, only the 13th region of Mashhad city was at a somewhat favorable level. In contrast, regions 1 and 11 were at a somewhat unfavorable level, regions 2, 8, 9, 10, and 12 were at an unfavorable level, and regions 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were at a very unfavorable level in terms of resilience in the face of water insecurity. In this way, this issue requires special attention from the institutions in charge of the city.

Examining spatial disparities and their features in different geographical areas has been the focus of urban planners in recent years and has attracted significant political attention. The existence of spatial disparities in different regions of the world has caused some regions to enjoy an appropriate level of public services and socio-economic prosperity, playing a major role in creating national income and production. This holds other regions back from development and increases the gap and inequality between regions and districts. According to the literature, spatial disparity has caused uneven and unbalanced growth among different regions in Iran. Spatial disparities have led to the formation of imbalances in geographical regions, creating significant differences in social, economic, ecological, and physical indicators . Therefore, the main goal of this article is to extract the components, factors, and indicators that influence this concept and examine the relationship between these components and distance from the center of the region, province, and cluster in the Southern Alborz region. The Southern Alborz region, as one of the national-regional physical regions of Iran, includes seven provinces—Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Markazi, Qazvin, and Zanjan—and 57 districts located within these provinces. By analyzing the factors and spatial components of development in these districts on the one hand and the distance values from the center of the cluster (using the cluster analysis method), the center of the province, and the center of the region (using the OD Matrix method) on the other hand, the relationship between different factors of development and the spatial dimension was investigated using the Pearson correlation method. The results of this research indicate that as distance from the center of the region and the province increases, socio-economic conditions decline, but physical conditions (only for the distance from the center of the region) and ecological conditions improve. Therefore, it can be said that spatial disparity in the Southern Alborz region has led to the formation of a concentrated pattern characterized by the accumulation and formation of growth poles in power centers. It can also be claimed that in the Southern Alborz region, a center-periphery model prevails with regard to socio-economic dimensions, and the marginal and border areas of this region are less developed with respect to these dimensions. However, regarding ecological and physical dimensions, the situation differs. In fact, considering the level of pollution in the surrounding cities of the Tehran metropolis, it is natural that the environmental situation improves as one moves away from this center. Additionally, the concentration of economic and social resources in the Tehran metropolis (without spatial facilities) has caused population movements from surrounding areas to the center, reducing the quantity and quality of welfare services in the center of this region. Therefore, it can be said that the spatial differences in the Southern Alborz region result in the formation of a concentrated social, demographic, and economic pattern characterized by the accumulation and formation of growth poles in the centers and a subsequent reduction in ecological and service quality in the periphery.

Housing is one of the basic social indicators that determines the quality of life and well-being of people and places. Today, the concept of housing plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development. Therefore, housing development as a multidimensional issue is one of the most important goals of urban planning and management. This study has been compiled with the aim of reviewing and analyzing housing quality indicators in the neighborhoods of Amol City. The present study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The required data has been extracted from the statistical blocks of Amol City in 2016 census. The results obtained from the factor analysis method showed that 4 main factors affect the quality of housing in the neighborhoods of Amol City, explaining a total of 86% of the variance. Housing quality zoning showed that, in total, the suitable residential region covering 55% of the area and including 66% of the city population is more concentrated in the western half of Haraz River and along the north-south axis while the unsuitable residential region covering 24% of the area and 21% of the population can be seen in old, worn and surrounding textures connected to the urban area, in the western, northeastern, and eastern zones of the city. According to the cluster analysis method, the neighborhoods of Amol City are classified into five clusters; in the first cluster, there are 4 neighborhoods and 24% of the total housing; in the second cluster, there are 2 neighborhoods and 9% of the total housing; in the third cluster, there are 3 neighborhood and 9% of the total housing; in the fourth cluster, there are 2 neighborhoods and 6% of the total housing; and in the fifth cluster, there are 9 neighborhoods and 50% of the total housing of the city.

Studying the housing market at the national level does not necessarily reflect the characteristics of this market at the regional level. Therefore, the concept of submarkets or housing submarkets was proposed by researchers. Housing submarkets are a set of dwellings that have similar characteristics. They are reasonably close substitutes for one another, yet relatively poor substitutes for dwelling in other submarkets. Identifying housing submarkets makes it possible to predict housing prices more accurately. Moreover, it helps planners and policymakers to make better decisions. Despite the importance of this issue, few studies have analyzed housing submarkets in developing countries. In this article, spatial analysis of housing submarkets in 22 districts of Tehran City has been considered. The results of two stages of factor analysis on 22 variables consisting of housing structure and characteristics of housing supply and demand variables show a significant relationship between 21 variables. These variables have been reduced to 6 factors: price and ownership of housing, ability to provide housing, land and housing supply, spatial characteristics, environmental characteristics, and welfare status of households. Then, the districts of Tehran are divided into 5 clusters of the housing submarket by cluster analysis. Comparing the average variables in different submarkets will clarify a huge difference between them. So that the average price of each square meter of residential land and each square meter of residential infrastructure in submarket 1 is 5.7 times and 3.4 times that of submarket 5, respectively. Location indicators also show significant differences between submarkets. It seems that the difference in the level of facilities and services is one of the determining factors of housing prices in Tehran. Submarkets with higher housing prices have higher facilities and services. Therefore, it is not possible to plan for all regions with the same policy, and the difference in housing characteristics in submarkets should be taken into consideration.

Market segmentation is a prerequisite of tourism planning success. Tourist segmentation based on psychological variables is in turn one of the most important, most operational methods in tourism market segmentation. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive-analytical applied study was to segment the tourism market of Tehran, Iran through identification of the travel incentives and lifestyle characteristics of inbound tourists visiting the ancient Grand Bazaar of the city. The research population consisted of inbound tourists who visited Tehran Grand Bazaar from March 2017 to May 2018. A sample of 394 tourists was selected from the population through convenience sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire composed of 67 questions. To assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, content validity and Cronbach’s alpha were used. Data analysis was made in SPSS using factor analysis, cluster analysis, and K-square. To specify the number of samples required for factor analysis, the model presented by Everrit was used. In this study, fifteen incentive and lifestyle factors were identified, and four segments of inbound visitors were demonstrated. Based on the results of the analysis, the four clusters appeared to be appropriate, significant, and interpretational. To interpret and name the clusters, mean values were used. In accordance with the employed five-point Likert scale, mean values above or below 3.00 indicated the significance and insignificance of tourist incentive and lifestyle. The results demonstrated that the 394 respondents could be classified into four clusters: ideal seekers, behavioral fundamentalists, moderators, and special seekers. The cluster analysis indicated that the mean values for the factors relationship orientation, accessibility, special-seeking, self-valuation, conservativeness, cultural heritage, and occupational attachment were higher than 3.00 in all the clusters. This demonstrated that visitors in all the four segments were highly interested in interaction with other people, exploration of the local culture and the way of life therein, and visit to sights that their friends had never seen when traveling abroad. Specifically, ideal seekers would like to visit cultural and historic sites, to socialize with people, to do interesting activities, or to go the movies, the theater, an amusement park, a common party, or a festival or to a restaurant to have local cuisines. Behavioral fundamentalists included sociable, optimistic people interested in healthy, safe routines when traveling. Moderators exhibited moderate tendency to everything, but were unmotivated, careless buyers in their selection of products and services and their shopping behavior. Special seekers, who made up the second largest cluster in this study, were highly motivated and interested in exploration of different culture-nations, exposing themselves to different situations and interacting with other people. The results also indicated a significant positive relationship between demographic variables and clusters.

One of the important issues in regional planning is the lack of attention to the inner strengths of the region and, therefore, its dependence on neighboring areas, while it itself has the power and capacity to be an environment for different activities such as tourism. Studies show little equilibrium in regional development in Iran in the last 50 years and this has created certain problems and issues for the spatial structure of cities and villages. The first step to face this problem is to evaluate a region according to its capacities and the way it benefits from them and then to provide a plan for enhancing or creating regional equilibrium, to help ordering the spatial structure of settlements in the region and to prevent some of the cities to grow unreasonably large. Sustainable tourism is a powerful tool for developing the regions and balancing them to an equilibrium point. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how to use the sustainable tourism potential of a region in combination with the Core-Periphery planning theory for examining the region and, as a result, bringing it to a regional equilibrium. To this end, the conceptual model of this research and the indicators were developed using the meta-analysis method and then, they were rated using two methods of factor analysis and cluster analysis of Khorasan-e-Razavi province. The regional equilibrium is measured based on the sustainable tourism potential and is presented using the GIS software on the map of the province. The results of the research include providing a conceptual model for measuring regional equilibrium and paying attention to sustainable tourism potential. The research findings in the sample section show that Khorasan-e-Razavi Province does not have a sustainable balance for using the sustainable tourism potential of the province. Positioning Mashhad in the first place and 18 other cities at the lowest levels of tourism indicates an imbalance of the region which acts as a major factor in the collapse of the spatial order of the province on the one hand and causes the rapid and unpredictable growth of Mashhad on the other hand. In other words, tourism acts as an important factor in the collapse of the regional balance. Finally, in order to enhance tourism equilibrium in the province it is suggested that, first, all wealth gained for the province must be distributed in a balanced way, and second, development spread in the Core-Periphery theory is not sufficient on its own and the intervention of planners is also required. Therefore, through proper intervention and planning, planners can help to transfer tourism revenues from core to periphery to balance tourism development all over the province. So, the cities' rating and its spatial map provided in this paper are proper guides for finding the needs of the province by showing the parts in need of more consideration and those that are fertile and will flourish with a brief attention. Moreover, based on the results, some specific suggestions are put forward for enhancing the province equilibrium.

The aim of this paper is to determine the level of Tehran metropolitan areas in terms of sustainable development indicators using factor analysis and cluster analysis. The research method is descriptive-analytic and quantitative models have been used. To understand the levels of access to the 22 areas of Tehran, using statistics and census data of 2011, 47 indicators have been used in economic, social and cultural infrastructure and housing, and the results have been obtained using the model The factor analysis has been evaluated and finally, cluster analysis has been used to divide the regions into homogeneous groups. For evaluation of data, Excel software and SPSS software were used, and ArcGIS 10 software was used to draw maps. The ranking of Tehran's 22 districts based on the level of welfare and utilization of urban facilities and services indicates inequality and a significant difference between the physical expansion of the city and economic, social and cultural development in the capital. Since the facilities and services in the areas of Tehran have not been distributed in a coordinated manner. Zone 6 is the most developed and the 20 and 22 regions are the most deprived.

Social capital as a social merit has an important role in mobility and growth of urban places by considering urban di strict and study of existing capacities in order to reinforce and revive of important applications of social capital elements. We can provide a point support for social-base development. In this study we analyses space distribution of social capital in urban districts of sari and evaluate impressive indices in identify of public places of sari. Study method is descriptive action analytical which its data are collected by questionnaire. Statistical population consists of 383 families from 20 districts of Sari. TOPSIS models were used for ranking and valuation of district enjoyment amount (score) Hierarchical – cluster end analysis model with ward algorithm were used for scrutiny of findings. Used models were weigh teal by Shannon entropy and map of urban districts ranking was drawn by ARC GIS software. Results show that there is a difference among sari districts in terms of social capital in dices enjoyment. TOPSIS method show that district 9 has the most and district 11 has the least one located in homophonous clusters that 11 districts are in first, second and third, cluster and 9 districts are in second and third cluster. Also among social capital indices, citizen satisfaction (23.95) has the most and feeling of security index (51/15) has the least amount in urban districts.

One of the problems that most of the developing countries encounter with is the regional disparities or spatial inequalities. Regional disparity means divergence or inequality of characters، a phenomenon or a process of having specific territorial allocation that occurs at least in two entities of the territorial structure. Increased regional disparities lead the society to political unrest and cause irregular immigrations. Therefore، spatial inequality leads to many negative consequences. Thus reducing regional inequalities in order to achieve justice should be seriously considered by policy-makers and planners. Therefore، countries are seeking for development based on justice and equality. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran، eliminating regional disparities has been emphasized in national policies like Vision 1404، Islamic Republic of Iran''s Constitution، 5-year development plans etc. The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of regional disparities in Hamedan and Markazi provinces in Iran. These two neighboring provinces have many differences with one another. Hamedan is one of the country''s agricultural hubs and Markazi province is a major industrial pole in the country. Moreover their population density، rate of urbanization، share of GDP، migration flows، environmental status etc. are different. This research tends to measure regional disparities among these two provinces. Identifying regional disparities as a multidimensional phenomenon، enables governmental and non-governmental organizations to identify backward areas and consider programs to fill the gap among the different areas of these regions. Sustainable development has been chosen as research''s theoretical framework and regional disparities indicators have been extracted based on economic، social and environmental dimensions. For evaluation of disparities، multivariate statistical methods such as factor and cluster analysis have been applied. Economic indicators have been divided into two categories: employment structure and economic potentials. Socio-cultural indicators have been divided into three categories: demographics، socio-cultural infrastructures and health conditions. Environmental indicators have been divided into two categories: environmental potentials and environmental hazards. In sum، based on the conceptual model، in order to measure regional disparities، 40 indicators were selected from the review of related literature and taking into account regional characteristics and also data availability. These indicators were entered into a factor analysis model and 32 indicators and seven factors، which were highly correlated with regional disparities among these two provinces were extracted. These seven factors include: economic potentials and employment in economic sectors، employment structure، demographics and literacy status، health conditions، cultural characteristics، environmental features and forest lands. Then counties were clustered into five levels by cluster analysis. Mahallat county in Markazi province is the most developed township while Kabudar Ahang county in Hamedan province is the least developed one. Based on the outcome of the development level of Hamedan and Markazi’s counties، disparities among the two provinces were analyzed. The result showed that in three dimensions of development (economic، social and environment) Markazi province is more developed than Hamedan and their disparity is significant. It can be said the counties with their economy based on industry and services are more developed than agriculture-based counties.

Due to the fast growing trend of urbanization in the third world countries and the disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of income, employment and the availability of basic infrastructure and services, it is important to pay more attention to the rural settlements to create a balanced development across each region. This will pave the way for a kind of sustainable urban community in future. Since the development is a multi-dimensional concept which includes reorganization of the entire economic and social system, it is essential to investigate its different levels and identify the rate of development across the regions as important step in such reorganization and planning. Apart from rural areas, this is more important from regional point of view. Regarding this, the following research questions became a starting point to organize the methodology and the sources of information: 1. Does the distance of rural settlements from the centre of province affect the rate of development? 2. Does the frontier location of the province affect the rate of rural development? 3. Is there any link between the rural settlements development and mountainous features of the province?The research commenced with a comprehensive literature and document analysis and due to its major approach, is in line with applied research to recognize differences between the regions. For this, different indices have been characterized and used regarding different Social, economic, physical, health, and cultural aspects of development from two National Population and Housing Census of 1996 and 2006. Considering these indices, the level of development across the rural areas ofKurdistan province has been identified using factor and cluster analyses and the results classified and mapped by GIS. The research results show that there is an inequality in the level of development across the rural areas of the province. In this regard, the rural settlements of Kamyaran, Bejar and Saqez can be classified as Middle-developed and Marivan and Baneh as less-developed areas in 1996. In 2006, the rural settlements of Bejar, Qourveh and Sanandaj have been classified as developed, Kamyaran, Devandareh and Sarvabad as Middle-developed and Saqez and Baneh as lessdeveloped areas in Kurdistan province. This inequality is mainly associated with the level and amount of agricultural land ownership, distance and proximity to the main roads, distances to theborder, geographical and environmental conditions and situation of the villages. Therefore, the counties of eastern part of the province which are close to the main roads had better conditions than other counties of western part.

Housing is one of the most important human’s requirements and also one of the geographical phenomenon of a region. Geographical factors (which are different in each area and have special traits of the region) alongside with physiological، historical، and ethnical factors have important role in housing classification. Human has mutual relations with his surrounding environment in small or large scales and tries to improve it for profit or on force and innate flexibility to adapt to environmental conditions، and intends to show this improvement in different parameters of housing and help determining housing conditions. Providing suitable places for settlement is one of the most important problems in our country and is considered as one of the emergency and most basic issues in the society. For this reason، it has been on focus in the Islamic Republic Constitution to provide suitable housing for all classes of the society as an indisputable right for each individual. The use of housing indices is one of the important ways to be informed of the housing situation in rural planning process. These indices represent qualitative and quantitative condition of rural housing on the one hand and help improve housing planning for a long-term perspective on the other hand. The purpose of this study is at first step، giving an overview of the concept and status of rural housing indices and identifying the characteristics of rural housing of the country. Then، by using the most important components and indices of housing، the situation of rural areas in the counties of Ilam Province will be studied and finally the rural regions of the studied area will be classified by using of these indices. Therefore، the present research according to its purpose is analytical descriptive which has been conducted by using documents and library studies. Among the variables that are related to housing، 22 indices have been extracted and reduced to 5 factors by using factor analysis method. Factors obtained from the factor analysis totally include 97. 60 percent of the variance. Among the 5 extracted factors، welfare factor covers 25. 406 percent alone which is the most effective factor in this study. In order to classify rural homogeneous regions، cluster analysis method has been used and Ilam rural settlements have been classified in 4 homogeneous groups. Based on the results، rural areas of Shirvan and Chardavol counties are ranked at the highest level and rural areas of Dehloran، Dareshahr and Abdanan counties are rated at the lowest level in terms of enjoyment of housing indices.

City of Yazd has experienced various forms of expansion and development in recent years. In general, various forms of urban expansion and development in the city of Yazd can be divided into three areas: the inner area ()central-historical zone)(, the middle area development occurred in the late Qajar and Pahlavi I and II eras)(and the peripheral area development in the last 40 years)(. These three areas generally include different physical-environmental characteristics that can form their own environmental quality. The purpose of this study is explaining the factors effecting on the living environment quality as well as the satisfaction of the residents. There for, the main factors that can affect the environmental quality have been, identified and the quality of residential environment has been evaluated in each area. The methodology of the study is based on Analytical – Exploratory method, using factors and cluster analysis technique. The research hypothesis stated as follows: “the quality of residential environment and satisfaction of residents in the inner city of Yazd are the worst among the other parts of the city, while they are better in the peripheral”. To achieve the factors affecting the quality of residential environment, 28 indicators have been defined. For evaluation and analyzing these indicators, first of all two neighborhoods were selected from each area for applying a multi-stage sampling technique and a simple random sampling method has been used too. Then a number of samples have been selected for the field research and interview, based on simple random sampling (proportional allocation) of the total households in each neighborhood. Dispersion of the selected samples covered the entire neighborhood area. Findings of the study showed that the indicators of the quality of residential environment and satisfaction could be divided into five factors, including (with the order of importance) “qualitative – quantitative potentials of living environment”, “easy movement and displacement”, “quality of public space”, “access to essential services” and “social – economical diversity of residents”. In fact, it could be said that the mentioned factors had important key roles in increasing satisfaction of the citizens of Yazd city. Cluster analysis of the data showed that ()among three areas of Yazd city- inner, middle and outer areas)(, the inner or central historical zone faced the lowest satisfaction of residents from environment quality point of view, and the middle zone faced the most satisfaction. Furthermore, the rate of outer zone of the city is between inner and middle section. Indeed, the conflict between current needs of residents and physical conditions of the historical zone is the main reason that satisfaction of the residents in this zone has been at the lowest level. While the middle zone of the city satisfies its residents because of the environment quality, through a rational and slow growth, adapting traditional criteria and efficient plan and design. Accessibility of the middle zone of the city to the existing services and facilities available in the CBD has been the most important factor in increasing people’s satisfaction, making it the best and most suitable area as a residential environment. However, the rate of resident’s satisfaction in the outer zone of the city has been less than the middle zone, because of its inaccessibility to the services.

Any planning for agricultural sustainable development requires a realization of sustainable agricultural indices standings. Because of many farms in Shirvanchardavol County allocated to rice cultivation and also for the necessity of moving these farms in the direction of agricultural sustainability, the purpose of this research was chosen to analyze the ecological sustainability of Rice Farms in this county from farmer's viewpoints. A survey method was adopted to do the research. Using Stratified Proportionate Random Sampling technique, 136 farmers were selected. Instrument of data collection for the study was questionnaire. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was used to determine the main scale of questionnaire's reliability which it was found to be equal to 0.87 and considered as favorable. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by an expert's panel. Data analysis was accomplished using SPSS. Results of Cluster Analysis indicated that 35.48 percent of ecological sustainability (subjective) indices were sustainable; 29 percent of indices comparativly sustainable; and 35.48 percent unsustainable, so a majority of the ecological sustainability (subjective) indices of the studied rice farms were among the sustainable