توانمند سازی

The growing decay of Iran’s historical fabrics and the technical and executive incapability by official institutions (the government and municipalities) of restoring and reviving them led the present study to develop a sustainable restoration and revival model of historical fabrics via direct public participation in restoring and reviving these historic sites. The most important variable influencing citizen participation in social contexts is social capital which is always associated with the three variables of social participation, trust, and cohesion. These three variables have always directly influenced each other and helped to strengthen social capital, with the proposed model of the study following this principle. Methodologically, the study was qualitative and had a descriptive-analytical design, as it also had an applied goal. Here in this study, the data from the related literature were analyzed deductively, i.e., moving from the whole to the parts, as social capital variables and the relevant components were extracted, categorized, and weighted. Later, the inductive method, i.e., moving from the parts to the whole, was used to develop the proposed model to strengthen these components based on the local culture of Iran’s historic neighborhoods. It was found that the variables of social participation and trust could be strengthened by establishing unofficial sustainable systems in Iran’s traditional society; in contrast, the variable of social cohesion could be strengthened by the complete knowledge of the subject, education, the exchange of information, and developing shared values, as well as creating equal opportunities and alleviating common challenges and shortcomings in historic neighborhoods. The proposed model, also called an empowerment model, would, on the one hand, delegate power to the public and local trustees (unofficial institutions) to engage in decision- and policy-making, executing, assessing, and controlling plans, while, on the other hand, help official institutions resolve problems and shortcomings to eventually provide a development model of sustainable restoration and revival for Iran’s historic neighborhoods.

Due to the fact that today's world has undergone changes and transformations in various fields, the growth and expansion of informal settlements and its consequences have also changed. Today the process of forming informal settlements has changed and this change itself necessitates the analysis of the factors influencing this phenomenon. Informal housing communities can be examined from two aspects, first, the unconventional structure of houses is in conflict with the rules of architecture and urban planning and do not have any of the appropriate housing standards, as a result, they are considered as an unconventional phenomenon in the urban system. Secondly, from organized and empowered aspect, the residents of these communities are people who do not own suitable housing compatible with human dignity and identity. From this point of view, demolition is not the final solution therefore urban planners are looking for solutions to organize these communities through empowering the residents in order to evoke a sense of participation in people. The aim of this research is to analyze the influencing factors on the formation of informal settlements in Tehran 19th district. Also, among the many approaches in order to organize the formation of these settlements, the empowerment approach has been chosen as the chosen research approach with emphasis on the three axes such as residents, management structure and upgrading neighborhoods. This research is an applied research and based on descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population was formed by the municipal experts of Tehran 19th district and the sample was distributed randomly. The data collection method is a library documented and all data was collected from questionnaire. TOPSIS model has been used to analyze the criteria influencing the formation of informal settlements. Based on the findings, it can be noticed that high migration to Tehran 19th district with a score of 0.504, has been able to be at the top of the examined criteria and reach the first place. In this regard, the criterion of high unemployment rate among the job seeking population, especially women, with a score of 0.484, took the second place, and the criterion that took the third place pointed out that the high population density is more than the average population density in the region, and finally, criteria such as the low participation of residents in the prepared development plans in the region, the existence of social anomalies in some localities, the existence of abandoned and unsafe spaces inside and around the urban context, etc. are in lower ranks. The informal urban settlement in the 19th district of Tehran has economic, social and physical characteristics specific to car settlements, whose formation is mainly due to migration to this area, lack of job opportunities…, and all stages of formation, including primary core has gone through the stages of transition and integration. Therefore, by emphasizing community-oriented planning and paying serious and deep attention to the stages of formation and special social, economic, cultural and political conditions in the creation of this settlement, an effective step can be taken in organizing the neighborhood and empowering its communities.

Informal settlements as a phenomenon with physical, socio-economic and spatial dimensions, are caused by modern urbanization and progress discourse in the enlightenment era present challenges for sustainable city development. Since the late 1980s, empowerment approach by patronage of the World Bank has been searching for transformation and regularization of these types of communities by fiscal policy making based on local assets such as social capital, physical capital and low financial capital with a process-oriented approach, a holistic view of place and people’s happiness as well as capacity building of informal settlements in order to replace a culture of entitlement and of libertinism which is the outcome of need-based policies of community development. This article is based on the internal relationship between empowerment and asset based policy making. The aim of this article is to find the effect of social, physical, and local assets on the empowerment of informal settlements of Tabriz. Asset is defined as the financial, social, economic, and physical capabilities of humans. Its appearance on the local scale is in a network format. Asset based approaches have three characteristics: (1) since it focuses on extending capacity, it is process-oriented, (2) as it focuses on all assets, it is social-oriented, and finally (3), it is an instrument. This view tends toward the congruence of “people’s happiness and place”. This paper is based on the following essential question: what is the role of local financial, physical and social assets in the empowerment informal settlements of Tabriz? Tabriz Metropolitan area is situated the northwest of Iran. Many informal settlements populations in Tabriz are especially in the northeast, south and southeast zones of the city. The physical and socio- economic situation of the informal settlements in the diverse city zones have varying characters. However, the subject of this study is how the empowerment approach can be used best in Tabriz’s informal settlements. Research method is descriptive – analytical. In the conceptual model we have tried to present how asset-based policy-making can lead to empowerment. The following indexes were selected to represent empowerment: a sense of competence, autonomy, effectiveness, being meaningful and a sense of trust. The research was carried out in the informal settlements of Molazeynal, Seylab, Gushkhane and Khalil Abad quarters are the research clusters. The sample size was 224 people. In conclusion, the components of asset based policy, namely social capital, physical capital and financial capital, in a community's development have a significant impact on the empowerment of informal settlements.