حیاط مرکزی

Determining the range of thermal comfort in the outdoor space is complicated, and since the presence of thermal comfort helps more people to be in the outdoor space, it is important. In the current research, it has been tried to determine the thermal comfort limit of people in the outdoor space of traditional and restored buildings in the hot and dry climate of Yazd city. For this purpose, a field monitoring was carried out in the hot season of the five central courtyards of the Yazd faculty of Art and Architecture as buildings that have been changed from residential to educational use, which includes the measurement of climatic information at the same time as the completion of 389 thermal comfort questionnaires by the students of the faculty; Then, with the help of Ray Man and SPSS software, the obtained information was analyzed and after checking the linear regression charts, the range of thermal comfort for people in the central courtyards of the faculty as a microclimate in the hot and dry area of ​​Yazd city between the range of 16.5-28 degrees Celsius based on the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature index (PET) was obtained. Due to the fact that the combination of climatic and geographical factors for each specific region will lead to a different understanding of the thermal comfort conditions for the people of that community, this comfort range is different from the comfort ranges in other regions that have been determined in numerous researches. From the comparison of the studied yards, it was found that the more the yard has a height-to-width ratio and the more enclosed it is, the more shade it will receive and, finally,more thermal comfort during the day and night for the hot days of the year.

In the Persian language, "Sar Panah" (in English, shelter) is a common word used for house. The purpose of a shelter is to protect humans. This compound word consists of two words: Sar means authentic and up, and Panah means a protector. This means the house mainly protects a person and guards his head and value from the outside, including atmospheric factors such as wind and rain as well as the dangers of the earth and its creatures. The common ground of the two hidden meanings in the word "head" signifies the high spiritual rank, geographical location, and a place of refuge. The concept of "Panah" is also associated with protection and enclosure. Therefore, shelter is expected to be the name of a structure characterized by introversion and isolation to protect others, highlighting perfectionism and meaning-seeking. This output is the structure that derives from the term shelter. This process ends in a dense, closed, and introverted structure that is completely shut off from the outside, whether the neighborhood or the environment. However, the analysis of the evolution of the house in Iran is different from this process. Not much exists on the early samples of Iranian houses and shelters. Scrutinizing early samples of settlement in Iranian caves such as Krafto in Kurdestan shows that the concept of "Sar Panah" has been equated to enclosed space, interconnected, narrow, and separated from the surroundings.Investigation into the oldest archeological site in the prehistoric period, including Shahr-e-Sokhte-y-Zabol (in English, the burnt city of Zabol), with a history of 5000 years confirms that the house and shelter have been conceptualized as before. The houses include narrow and dark spaces attached (for protection purposes), covered, dim, and void of any big opening outwards. The protective role of the house and its enclosure equates to isolation from the outside, which could be apart from the neighborhood or the environment. Examining the houses over a thousand years in different historical periods, including Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanid, based on the documented physical and spatial changes, shows the first philosophical leaps in the definition of home and shelter compared to the previous era. Despite the technical changes in the construction and size of the house, which mirror a perfected achievement over time, the emergence of new organs in the architecture of the house presents a new conceptualization of shelter in this era, among which there is a central courtyard along with iwans. Opening the heart of the house towards the sky, closing it from four sides, and forming its spaces is the most heartwarming reading of the new concept of shelter. In this interpretation, isolation from nature and the sky is not an example of being sheltered any longer. Rather, it represents a special connection with the upper world or heaven, which not only is not misaligned with the concept of protection but also reflects an evolutionary relationship with the sky, which describes the house under its protection. This approach, which has gradually shaped the original pattern of Iranian architecture, has continued until the contemporary period. The initial samples can be seen in the Zoroastrian house in Jandaq and Mazra eh Kalantar in Yazd.The pattern of the central courtyard was improved, and different patterns emerged across Iran. Early samples in hot and arid areas included changes in some parts of Chahar-Soffeh houses, whose central opening, which sometimes includes the stem of an open dome, is a small courtyard that frames the sky.The residents of this house cohabit with the sky in an enclosed space compared to the surroundings. The selection of blue color for the domes in the main space of Iranian architecture seems to be associated with such a landscape. The popularity of the aesthetic combination of khaki and blue colors in Iranian art can also be associated with such space creation.The Iranian aesthetic system hinges on the pattern of the central courtyard, whose idea was linked with living space and home and then was extensively used as an essential and inseparable part of architecture. Shortly, this pattern was adopted in the spatial system of schools and caravanserai, mausoleums and mosques, gardens, and prisons. Iranian architecture is shut off from the neighborhood and open to the sky.Outside the village named Cham near Yazd, at the foot of the hill on which the Zoroastrian Dakhma (tower of silence) is located, a complex has been built to bolster the ceremonies and rites of commemoration of the dead. In a part of this pristine complex, there is a Chahar-Soffeh house, in the middle of which an open dome base connects the four iwans of the courtyard where nothing but the sky alongside the residents can be found. Repetition of such a landscape, while the purpose of a house is to create a shelter with all its complex and perfectionist concepts, has contributed to specific Iranian aesthetics in house architecture, which equates beauty to the presence of the sky in an enclosed space. The contrast created by coexisting openings and enclosures has contributed to the attractions of the Iranian house.

Past architectures have undergone many tests in their physical structures and have reached stable combinations over the years. Among the climatic solutions of historical houses in interaction with nature, it has been harmonizing the form and the structure of architectural spaces. One of the main characteristics of native architecture in interaction with the natural environment is the components design , patterns and physical proportions based on environmental variables such as sunlight, seasons, etc.; In such a way that creating physical compatibility in historical houses with the natural environment, along with other considerations, guarantees less energy consumption and the benefit of environmental comfort. However, today to environmental problems, paying attention to climate-based characteristics has become more important; Therefore, it can provide specific standards in the process of modernizing and improving sustainability in future buildings. Meanwhile, the houses of the Safavid and Qajar era in Dezful city are valuable examples of architecture that have been well adapted to the special climatic conditions of Khuzestan. Based on this, in the current research, the identification of geometric patterns, proportionality and prevailing standards in the structures of the central courtyard, winter halls and seasonal rooms based on hot and humid climates is discussed. Also, the relationships of spaces are also studied based on physical characteristics; so that by comparing climatic criteria, a sustainable design pattern can be achieved based on structural patterns; Identified the most common spatial proportions in accordance with nature in this region; and used in accordance with today's needs.For this purpose, eleven residential buildings from the Safavid and Qajar eras were purposefully selected, which have gained significant prosperity in the city of Dezful. In the continuation of the investigation process of these houses, the data and information obtained from the study and field investigation were recorded in a table and with the help of calculation methods, logical reasoning of the data and their quantitative and qualitative analysis, a set of geometric proportions and spatial relationships were obtained. Finally, results were obtained that expressed the most common and practical dimensions, areas and geometric ratios and emphasized the relationship between spatial patterns and climatic and environmental data of hot and humid weather.

Abstract
Problem statement: Flexibility is considered one of the aspects of sustainability in buildings, as flexible spatial structure and configuration are required to meet their variable needs. Mosques, as one of the most significant spaces for the presence and collective activities of people, have always been used in different cultures and generations and accepted by various social activities. The main structure of Iranian mosques was formed during the Seljuk era, and they have kept this pattern until the present. The in-between spaces are one of the most important features of this structure, which have central roles in providing spatial organization and qualities.
The question raised here is as follows:What connection is established between the spatial quality and the configuration components of the in-between spaces on the one hand, and the quality of flexibility on the other hand by considering the quality of adaptability in the Seljuk mosques?
Research The research aims to signify the in-between spaces, their spatial definition, characteristics, and place in providing the quality of flexibility in the Grand Mosques of the Seljuk era.
Research This research is descriptive-interpretive with a quantitative-qualitative approach and inferential reasoning. The research statistical population includes all Grand Mosques that belong to the Seljuk era based on the ideas of relevant experts and researchers.
The spatial flexibility of the mosques in the Seljuk era was investigated based on the quality of spatial integration. The results were evaluated and compared by using two indicators of ‘spatial connection and integration. The research outcomes showed that there are some factors including spatial characteristics and the quality of layout, besides the area factor, that affect the mean-value of spatial integration and connectivity in the Grand Mosques of the Seljuk era. The more in-between spaces (the central courtyard, porch, and entrance space), the higher the spatial integrity and better quality of flexibility.

The architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities had a significant influence on the architecture and culture of Arab countries around the Persian Gulf. One notable example is the influence on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood in Dubai, which was a result of the migration of Iranian merchants to the Bastakiya neighborhood. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of the local architecture and culture of southern Iranian cities on the architecture of the Bastakiya neighborhood. The research method was descriptive-analytical and involved comparing and studying six case studies of old-fashioned houses in Bushehr and Bastakiya. The results show that, in addition to environmental issues, culture and lifestyle had an significant influence on the layout and structure of houses in both regions. The migration of Iranians to Bastakiya caused the culture and lifestyle of Iranian immigrants to influence the structure of houses, and similarities between the architectural design of houses in both regions were observed in issues such as spatial planning, integration, privacy, construction methods, and internal circulation of space. In both regions, different spaces were defined for men and women as private and common spaces, and there were also spaces for guests and male visitors that were separate from the private space of the house. The central courtyard and windows and windcatchers were used as tools to create natural ventilation and cooling. Additionally, different spaces such as public, semi-public, and private spaces were defined in each house for various activities.

Size and proportion have a significant effect on the elements and composition of architectural design components. Many architects create a harmonious and balanced effect by using Peymun and creating harmony between different structures and organs of a house. The yard is one of the main spaces of the building and is placed in the center of the building as the heart of the house. Knowing more and more about the proportions of the courtyards in the historical houses of different periods of Iran helps to understand the geometric features of vernacular Iranian architecture more deeply. The purpose of this research is to investigate the numerical proportions of the central courtyard of five examples of houses with historical context in Shiraz (municipality area 8) that have significant historical and architectural importance. By examining the effect of these proportions, two questions are answered: 1. What is the effect of numerical proportions of the main central courtyard in Qajar houses on residential spaces? 2. How has the ratio of indoor to non-covered areas of native houses in this study influenced the arrangement of spaces and their color palette? The nature of the current research is quantitative and its study method is analytical-historical. The study values are numerical and optical quantities (color) and data collection has been done in the form of field collection, observations, library studies and comparative comparison. The results obtained from the data analysis have been influential in many cases of the characteristics of the residential space of these houses.

The yard has played a much more prominent role than ever. After the changes in the structure of the community, the house and yard changed. The present study investigates these changes and the reasons for their occurrence during the contemporary period.

The data collection is a documentary.

The results of the study indicate that in the past, the yard has been an organized element to the home, an element of light and ventilation of the spaces, a connector with nature, and providing a convenient space for family comfort and celebration. But the yard’s role today is merely the space between the house and the passage, the car movement, and sometimes the small gardens to make optimal use of the remaining areas of the motorway.

Due to society's changing social and cultural structures, resurrecting the same way traditional courtyard for today's society is in vain. The same traditional courtyards in the new urban design where the houses are overlapped have been changed to roof gardens that need to be in sight. These changes can be attributed to the developments in the Qajar era. Given these developments, the relationships and assumptions of the world of tradition were not capable of living in the contemporary world. All in all, modern man’s environmental perceptions changed. As the most relevant space to man, the house has undergone significant changes, and the yard, one of its most important spaces, has not been immune to these changes.

Research Problem:

 Living in the context of nature has led vernacular peoples to invent spaces in line with it. Therefore, their creativity and rich mind created elements that are compatible and responsive to the climate. A central courtyard, with a combination of water and plants, created a microclimate that influenced culture and climate; they created a semi-open space like a porch to take advantage of the optimal ambient temperature.Research Question: Based on the main problem of this research, key questions have been raised, such as; what effect do the physical proportions of porches and courtyards have on the thermal comfort index in semi-open and open spaces? Which of the physical parameters had the closest correlation with the thermal comfort index in the porches? What has been the role of the porch-yard variable on Indicators affecting environmental com-fort in open and semi-open spaces?

Aims of Research: 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical proportions of open and semi-open spaces on the thermal performance of microclimates in traditional houses of Shiraz historical texture with the approach of thermal comfort in those spaces.

The research method of this work is a quantitative-comparative approach. Field measure-ment method (experimental; which includes measurements used by portable instruments in the targeted build-ings), climate data was collected with the help of instruments such as thermo-Hygrometers and Thermo-pyrometers. Then, the climatic data were retrieved and analyzed using simulation software, Envi-met (Climate Analysis Software), and the thermal comfort index PET (Physiologically Equivalent Temperature, an indicator for determining the temperature of comfort in open and semi-open spaces) was measured using Bio-met. Final-ly, the correlation (linear Pearson between 1 and -1) of SPSS23 software with climatic variables along with the physical characteristics of the porch and the central courtyard were validated. It should be noted that in this study, in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, data analysis was performed, and an at-tempt was made to evaluate the differences between several statistical societies. Due to the dispersion of the whole data, analysis of variance between different groups is possible. In this way, the equality of the mean be-tween different groups can be tested.

The findings of the study indicate that the average amount of PET in the yard is higher than the porch. And the porch-yard component has increased the impact of climate data on this index. Among the climatic data, humidity has no effect on the PET index. The lowest mean radiant tem-perature recorded was in the north porch of Saadat House which was 2.38 degrees Celsius different from the west porch and 2.92 degrees Celsius different than the Manteghi nejad House. The north porch of the Saadat House showed the most optimal comfort index. Among the physical factors of the houses, it was seen that the height of the porch from the yard, the width and the area of the spatial opening of the porch in the facade had the closest correlation with the thermal comfort index. However, the north porch of Saadat house, with all the introduced coordinates, had a lower temperature. According to the results, it was observed that with increasing the width and area of the spatial opening of the porch in the facade and increasing the height of the yard on one hand and the amount of shading, on the other hand, we will see a decrease in radiant temperature and im-proved thermal comfort index.

The yard, as one of the most important elements of indigenous architecture, has taken on different physical patterns in different climates, observing the principle of adaptation to the environment. These features and differences can be assumed as variables and criteria for climate analysis of the central courtyard of native houses between the climates of the study area. Criteria are determined according to the common physical characteristics of the samples, the degree of influence of environmental conditions and spatial organization. Therefore, the present study, with the aim of physically examining the central courtyard and identifying the influential factors of hot and dry climate, tries to provide a new perspective in achieving a common design for the inhabitants of this climate. The type of research is fundamental-applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The sample size is focused on the climatic and environmental role of the yard and its walls and the selection of twenty samples of historical houses in Yazd, which are in the climatic zone of the hot and dry region of Iran BWhs, has been used. The collected data were analyzed in the form of graphs and tables using SPSS software. The results of this study show that the orientation and physical-climatic components are of great importance and can be used as effective factors in the design of houses. Also, based on the results of the analysis, the best relationship between the length and width of a yard was obtained with three linear equations for designing yards based on geometric ratios. Considering the results of the design results, significant effects of sustainable architecture can be achieved.

The historical architecture of Iran is one of the prominent examples of vernacular architecture in the world. The central courtyard, which represents an ancient pattern in the construction of Iranian houses, has been used significantly in different cities of Iran, and its frequent use has contributed to the country's vernacular architectural features. Shiraz is one of the historical cities of Iran, where the historical context with valuable architectural works from the Zand and Qajar periods have been left. The Qavam al-Mulks, Mushir al-Mulks, Il Begis, and nobles such as Nasir al-Mulks families are considered to be one of the influential families of Shiraz in the Qajar and contemporary eras, whose works such as the houses of Forough al-Mulk, Nasir al-Mulk, Zinat al-Mulk, are among the valuable buildings of this family. In this research, two-hundred-year-old vernacular houses located in historic neighborhoods in Shiraz city have been studied, in which the geometry of the yard has played a significant role in creating spatial order. This research aims to investigate the central courtyard's proportions, geometry, and components and their use in semi-hot and dry areas such as Shiraz. The nature of the present research is qualitative. It has been carried out by a combined research method, including descriptive-analytical, which has been carried out using methods and data collection in the form of field sampling, observations, library studies, and comparative comparison. According to the research topic, the obtained data has been analyzed, and the results of the analysis are expressed in the form of components for the architecture of the yard in contemporary houses.

Dwelling settelments in each domains are formed according to their climates, cultures, and also historical events of area. It is clearly that the first experience of human is layout from his residental being living. According to this notion some parameters as same as identity, collective memory, quality of life and so on are the most important charactrist of life style in architectural spaces. This paper is an account of studing of traditional- vernacular houses in Kerala using the frameworks of Typo- Morphology and vernacular architecture. This research yielded eight general types of residential buildings with regard to structural, spatial arrangements and their nature of development and culture. Rectangular hall with veranda or porch turns out to be the basic form for the more elaborated design. The study also yield a glimpse of the living culture and the characteristic feature of the vernacular and traditional architecture. This study confirms the existence of different spaces of courtyard houses according to their culture and vernacular climate events. Using a very old pattern in the central courtyard housing construction and are substantially different in Indiavis being used is a very old pattern in traditional Indian houses, and consequently used in different Indian cities. Residential spaces also utilizes in various syncretic round the courtyards. measures have formed .around the yard. The central courtyard space (environment), yield a glimpse of responding to respond to the problems that the climate of each region according to the aesthetic and functional requirements, in harmonies with its climatic patterns.consistent with the climate of your bed is formed. The central courtyard with intertwined and integrated structure, appropriate responses to the both mortal material and spiritual life of the people to be lost.According to climatic patterns, courtyards also confirms both synthetic and syncretic phenomenology characters of usres in the best accumulated. manipulating the environment, gave the maximum benefit to the users. Assess the appropriateness of the central courtyard of the house, played an essential major role in determining the amount of radiant energy absorbed at different levels of visual and thermal comfort conditions for residents, in being living of the yard and play. To achieve this goal, seven samples of traditional houses in the cities of Aleppo and Damascus in India is has been studied. Elements include physical factors in the formation of the house, such as the influence of climatic causes factors, social and cultural factors causes. The findings showed that determined the correlation between the geometry of the central courtyard, the house special orientation with respect to the climate and the influence of Arab culture on the formation of the central courtyard, have a significant role. based on documents and vouchers from the historical city center of India, every home has usual two parts. One has been built and surrounded by atmosphere and the other open space. With regard to the hot and dry climate India, A part of the activities related to the residence time in suitable years in open space. Role despite being phenomenon of the climatic and environmental conditions in the formation the open houses completely obvious, cultural factors as well as the main cause of informant the courtyard is forward. The aim of this research in the first place with the structure of the houses and traditional India study space structure And in then second feature is a kind of cathedral and diagrams for the yard and their relations in the home . Based on this, seven home study which in historical center of Kerala and after Comparing the main elements and Secondary Houses of culture, climatic and kinship structure to index the results i got: One of the characteristics of nationalism within prominent houses and structure of the family is important and the most great room, The royal family is devoted . in case of need to another room, room is built behind the quid room. guest room always is near entrance. Portico, entrance of the transverse and hierarchy with direct are cause of confidentiality.Human interaction and the subject of much attention in the past century, scientists have been different. Historical background - cultural and social relations - economic, environmental, always in the context of human settlements have been able to shape.

The use of pavilions and geometric principles in the design and construction of buildings in Iran is one of its architectural principles, so that in most buildings from the past to the present it is well considered and buildings that lack it are considered worthless. The house is one of the most important man-made structures that meets various human needs. In the architecture of the center of the Iranian plateau, the house is composed of various components, the most important of which is the central courtyard as a small garden in the heart of the house. The central courtyard, while connecting all the spaces, meets a variety of needs as well. The city of Kashan is several thousand years old and has a rich historical context with valuable houses. According to research, it is likely that these houses have been formed with their beautiful and coherent architecture with special geometric thinking and systems, and geometric principles have been used to build them. Now the main issue of this research is what geometric proportions and architectural systems have been used in the design and implementation of the central courtyard and its walls. The purpose of this study is to extract the architectural systems and geometric proportions used in the design of the central courtyard of the Qajar period houses in Kashan and to investigate the frequency of each of them. This research is based on the method of analysis of architectural systems and geometric proportions of the courtyard and its walls in ten houses of the Qajar period in Kashan in order to extract the architectural systems and its geometric proportions. The statistical population has been selected based on the index of the building and the existence of sufficient data related to the research objectives. Also, in selecting the houses, an attempt was made to consider different scales of houses, from large-scale to small-scale in different parts of the historical area of the city. In terms of time, the studied samples are limited to the Qajar period. First, by examining the architectural systems and geometric proportions, three architectural systems, four, five, six and three geometric proportions √2, √3 and √4, were selected as the index geometric principles. Then, according to these principles, the map of the central courtyard of ten historical houses in Kashan was analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the entire yard is built with the previous design and follows the above architectural systems and geometric proportions. These systems and proportions can be seen in part and in general in the plans and wall constructions around the yard. Of course, this does not mean that all houses have all these six architectural systems and geometric proportions, but in some houses, some of these proportions and architectural systems have not been used. Architectural systems four and six with a frequency of 15 and proportion √3 with a frequency of 9 have been the most used and the courtyard of the Abbasid house with 14 architectural systems and geometric proportions is the richest house in terms of applying geometric principles.

Traditional house yards in the desert cities of Iran play an important role in balancing and subtilizing the house's air. Its overall composition varies somewhat across Iran due to climatic and cultural reasons. Esfahan central courtyard houses also have a special combination. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of central courtyard airflow (natural ventilation), influenced by the prevailing wind in late Qajar period houses in Isfahan (statistical population of research) and Labaf House as a random sample. The present study is an interdisciplinary research and uses a mixed method to conduct the research. In the first step (after selecting Labaf's house as a case study), using an empirical strategy, the independent variables were identified, and the dependent variables (velocity and direction of airflow) were measured by digital devices and smoke tests. The data were then analyzed using a simulation strategy. The simulations were performed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using Gambit and Fluent software. The results showed that in the statistical field the indoor air flow in the observer plane is opposite to the outside wind direction and in the northern third position (in the south north axis of the yard), an irregular eddy flow occurs and air is propagated to all locations of house, from this point.

The central courtyard is one of the ancient and valuable models of Iranian climatic architecture and as a physical element in organizing the structure of the space of traditional houses has responded to various dimensions of biological, social and cultural needs. The geometry of the central courtyard (shape and proportions) as the main design feature always affects the performance of the amount of radiated energy absorbed, suitable thermal comfort conditions, and the pattern of air flow movement. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the relationship between yard proportions and airflow pattern in traditional Shushtar houses. In order to achieve more accurate findings in the existing buildings, Nanaee, Rezvan, Aminzadeh, and Baghal houses were selected as the studied samples in a historical period, with minimal intervention in their spatial structure. The research method of this research is a hybrid method due to its interdisciplinary nature. Firstly, the initial observations, using the experimental strategy, the independent variables (shape, proportions) of the yards are identified and the dependent variables (wind flow velocity) have been measured by using digital anemometer device. Secondly, Anemometers are measured. In order to study the data more accurately, the simulation of this research is performed by CFD computational fluid dynamics method by using Design Modeler and Fluent software. Finally, the air flow inside the yards is analyzed. The results show that houses with four-sided construction yards with length to widths of 1.08 and 1.2 have the most favorable air flow distribution conditions and three-sided construction yards with lengths of 1.01 and 1.13 width in terms of uniform air flow distribution suffer .They enjoy unfavorable conditions in the hot seasons of the year in Shushtar. Changes in the proportions and geometric pattern of the yards have affected the air quality conditions and thermal comfort conditions of the residents.