جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خانه های قاجار » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Geometry is one of the physical characteristics of architecture and among geometric strategies, the symmetry-adjusting model has a special place in it. Symmetry does not reach its full meaning regardless of concepts such as balance, harmony, rhythm and proportion. This Research tries to analyze the principle of symmetry and balance in the process of perception of Qajar houses as one of the most important architectural and urban design in Isfahan. A collection that, although visual symmetry at first glance, is considered an asymmetric set in its landscape. Symmetry as an evolutionary value in the geometry of Persian houses architecture is investigated by descriptive-analytical method and videoecology technique and the reasons for devolving from this value in axis and form are evaluated. Symmetry is one of the oldest known spatial and form policies in the public spaces of Persian- Islamic architecture in order to tie plurality to unity in the center of space and attract the attention of the observer to the center of the complex, but, the diversity in the dimensions and diversity of residential spaces and the shape of the land has made it impossible for the overall symmetry in the design of the space and the designer observes the symmetry in the facade components. The results show that although the shape of the land in the architecture of Persian houses makes the formation of symmetrical architecture difficult and complicated, However, by creating a geometric space among the (central courtyard) and the quality of readability through appropriate spatial location and communication, the designer has been able to create a new relationship of stable balance in hidden layers in a way that engages the audience in active action with the inner concepts of the work and makes him a part of this perceptual process.

The loss of identity in modern constructions and the speed of changes in the old fabric of cities as a historical-cultural treasure confirms the need to recognize local patterns. Patternology is an approach that tries to know the practical methods to reach the elements of native identity. In the meantime, residential structures as the primary core of traditional cities, a valuable heritage for recognizing and analyzing native patterns in the direction of improvement and modernization along with the continuity of identity in worn-out historical structures and preventing the emergence of heterogeneous buildings in the modern structures of Iranian cities is. The current research aims to identify the physical patterns of identity while documenting the Qajar houses of Lahijan city. Therefore, in the first step, using descriptive-analytical method based on reviewing the basic topics related to the basics of pattern analysis, the physical indicators effective in pattern finding are explained. In order to identify the physical patterns, the surviving Qajar houses in the historical context of Lahijan as a sample community are studied and while identifying the most effective factors, sustainable guidelines for the design of contemporary structures are introduced with the aim of improving quality dimensions. The results of the study showed that based on the body patterns known in the studied samples, which include four categories of spatial organs (in three scales, macro, medium, and micro), structural, facade, and array, there are identity building approaches and sustainable in the design of today's structures can be pursued in the region under investigation.

The evolution of architectural arrays in the Qajar houses of Kermanshah appeared due to the architectural changes under the influence of Western architectural patterns in Iran. The development of the architectural decorations of these houses was manifested by using the concepts of aesthetics, creativity, and thoughts of architect artists in accordance with the needs and facilities available in this period. In this research, how to use architectural arrays, especially in Faiz Mahdavi’s house in Kermanshah city as a valuable cultural-heritage collection in the historical context of the city and the analysis of the influence of architectural development patterns in the architectural arrays of Qajar houses have been raised as the basic research questions that have been raised so far Not evaluated. This research with the historical, interpretive, and comparative research method during the stages of “investigating the patterns of arrays and determining the influential components of traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in Qajar houses”; “Comparative analysis of how and the extent of influence of traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in the architectural arrays of Faiz Mahdavi’s house” and “explanation and evaluation of how and how much the architectural arrays are modeled on traditional Iranian architecture and Western architecture in Faiz Mahdavi’s house” were carried out. The analysis of the subject in this article was made possible based on the collection of data gathered through document analysis, library research, and field studies. Analyzing and summarizing the results obtained from the evaluation findings of this research comparatively shows that the evolutions and patterning of the architectural arrays of Faiz Mahdavi’s Qajar house, during two different stages, the outer and inner spaces of the house were initially influenced by the traditional Iranian architectural decorations in the form of simple decorations and then Combining the art of traditional decorations with luxurious western decorations.

The concept of the general and general economic lifestyle is a comprehensive and coherent ‎collection that fosters social, cultural, and social components and is influential in the ‎formation of behavioral patterns, mental tendencies, and the life atmosphere of the people ‎of the society. Due to the fundamental changes in the structure of the community and the ‎way of life during the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period, a direct and substantial connection ‎between the way of life and the house's architecture. In this research, it is possible to study ‎and examine the course of its impact on the houses of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period ‎in Tabriz city. has been prepared. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to know the ‎influencing factors of society on the process of changes in life and architecture in the ‎patterns of houses and to analyze and describe the differences. Thus, through a descriptive-‎interpretive method, through field and library observations, 45 houses from the Qajar and ‎Pahlavi period of Tabriz city where it was possible to visit and collect documents, there is a ‎selection and related investigations. In the next step, to achieve the goal of the research, the ‎spaces (Courtyard, Entrance, Porch, Howzkhaneh, Tanbi, Kallhei, and Stairs) in the houses ‎studied in the form of patterns of three physical systems (location, formal order, and access) ‎and the ways they together were compared. Examination of the findings showed that despite ‎the differences and changes that have gradually appeared in the houses of Tabriz since the ‎middle of the Qajar period, the houses of the Qajar period have a strong connection with the ‎traditions of the past and have a single spirit. In fact, it can be said that the process of ‎changing houses intensified from the end of the Qajar period and especially the first Pahlavi ‎period due to the change of government from Qajar to Pahlavi and the start of Reza Shah's ‎authoritarian modernization. These changes were first revealed in the houses' outer shell ‎and the house's non-main fronts and were gradually transferred to the house's main facades ‎and components and spaces. In other words, it first appeared in the form of decorations in ‎houses, and was done gradually by removing some spaces.‎

In the pattern of traditional courtyard houses, the courtyard forms the vital core of the house And based on material and spiritual needs and observance of hierarchy, traditional courtyards have been formed. It seems necessary to study the impact of geography and climate, society and culture, intellectual insights of the family system on the structure of buildings. Most of the textures of Iran's historic cities are traditional courtyard houses. These houses are in danger of being demolished, so it is vital to study the body of the yards. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and cultural impact of traditional courtyard houses on the main house space and entrance in the residential architecture of the cold and dry region of Hamadan. The importance of research is that the traditional courtyard houses of Hamedan have been part of the historical architectural identity of the country. Therefore, for conservation and modeling, their study is essential. Given the prevalence of cold climate in Iran, considering the design of buildings, which are significant consumers of fossil fuels, can reduce a large part of energy consumption. They are also considered for the preservation of culture and their realization in today's homes. In this research, the content analysis method and, with the help of data theory, open, axial, and selective coding method has been used. In sample analysis to produce meaning, descriptions are performed in open coding, comparison through axial coding, and pattern determination through selective coding, respectively. The strategy of this article in the analysis and judging stage is a quantitative and qualitative method. Climate Consultant climate software, Ashri 55 thermal comfort model, and Iranian climatic zoning studies have been used in the quantitative method. The main results show that in the study of climate change over 40 years, the number of months in which the comfort conditions have been established is less, and the months in which heating and cooling measures should be considered have reached their maximum duration. Two general categories of components in the field of culture, including Iranian architectural methods, cultural elements are considered effective in forming the architectural pattern of traditional courtyard houses In order to achieve climatic goals, it can be seen that Qajar and eclectic introverted species have a more favorable situation in terms of  receiving solar radiation, protection against adverse wind currents in the halls.

The use of proportions has always been considered in traditional Iranian architecture, and especially after Islam, because of the creation of an architecture that is far from Individual Interests and the impact that has on the quality of  building conceptual understanding. The purpose of the present study is to examine the proportions in the courtyards of the historical houses of Behbahan city and to express their characteristics in order to provide a true picture of the proportions governing them and to provide a starting point for future research in the field of proportions. According to the studies that have been done so far, the architecture of major buildings and even the architecture of famous cities such as Kashan, Yazd, Isfahan and Shiraz have been used in some way, However, there has been no research on the use of proportions in the traditional architecture of smaller cities. However, examining the suitability of buildings in each area over different time periods can help to complement the architectural information of traditional buildings. And finally, by completing the information, check that the proportions used are the same or different in different regions. And basically what are the reasons of their differences and similarities. That represents a new window into Iranian architecture. The first step in achieving this is to examine the proportions in different areas. The city of Behbahan is no exception, due to its several thousand years history and its role in all historical periods. In addition, Behbahan was once a major commercial city and dock (base) of Khuzestan, Pars and port cities. And its historical texture has more than 40 neighborhoods, with many valuable buildings in terms of architecture. However, less research has been conducted about the architecture and features of traditional houses in Behbahan. And, except in books such as the Book of "Identity of Behbahan", and some travel logs and memories such as " Travelogue of  south iran ", it has not been done in detail as a comprehensive study. Hence the choice for this research. But due to the wars and wreaks that took place in the Khuzestan region, and also the warm weather conditions of the region, and also the lack of attention of organizations, landowners, unfortunately, today few of these historic houses remain, that  most of which belong to The Qajar and the first Pahlavi era. It is necessary to check the proportion in different buildings But since the house is considered as an essential part of any period building and the courtyard has always played a central role in the structure of traditional homes, This research tries to study the proportions in the courtyard of Behbahan houses. In order to answer the main question of this research, "Which of the proportions has been used in the traditional architecture of Iran in the courtyards of Behbahan houses?" To answer the above question, a descriptive - analytic method has been used in this research. Today there are many houses in the historical context of Behbahan that Mostly remained from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. There were 31 homes available for researchers based on documents available,that 10 were selected.On the condition that in choice of samples for each period, criteria such as appropriate historical value, specific construction period, healthy architectural framework, and no interference, have been taken into consideration. Of these, 8 are listed on the National Heritage List. Firstly, using library studies tools, different types of architectural ratios and architecture of Behbahan houses are studied. Then, by gathering documents and using field studies and the direct presence of researchers in the houses, their general characteristics, including the period of construction, the neighborhood and the components of the houses, were extracted, Finally, the dimensions required for analysis were extracted from maps using AutoCAD software and based on the graphical scale size of the maps. In the last step, using descriptive-analytical method by Excel software and in some cases by geometric analysis, the data is analyzed based on architectural proportions. The results show that, Among the existing proportions used in the Behbahanchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s courtyards in both Qajar and Pahlavi periods, most of them follow the Iranian gold and square geometry, and the 1.618 golden ratios are less of a concern for architects. In general, the use of √2 and √1.25 ratios is more commonly used in construction and measurement because of its proximity to square form and its simplicity and speed. Some homes may also had been fitted to a part of facade that is more important than other parts or has symmetry such as a porch or three-door and five-door rooms, This confirms the importance and application of proportions in the main spaces of traditional homes. In addition in some aspects, the combination of two proportions is used side by side.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (1995) stated that people spend about 90 percent of their time indoors and various aspects of indoor environment affect the occupant`s well-being and performance. This resulted in the development of various standards to improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in recent years. Iranian spend Approximately 75 percent of their life indoors and as IEQ directly affects occupant`s health, it is requires special attention. IEQ is comprised of many intricate factors including: daylighting, thermal comfort, IAQ (Indoor Air Quality), acoustics, etc. These factors make the study of IEQ a lot more complex, and during the review of literature of this article, it was found that most studies concentrated on merely one aspect of IEQ or the other. Hence, this research seeks to focus on indoor thermal comfort through a cumulative index. Some residences built during Qajar dynasty in Shiraz were selected as case studies and their thermal conditions were evaluated based upon the measurement of major climatic parameters in six separate rooms, on two different days: first of September 2014 and 21 of Jun 2015. Then by the Design Builder software utilized to assess the PMV, the rooms were modelled during the year and the results of the data’s were analyzed in two steps. First, annual PMV data were compared with the ASHRAE standard 55 and then, architectural elements of the rooms were studied to find out the relation between these elements and thermal conditions. The findings of this study indicates that most of the rooms of these old residences such as Shahneshin (The main Sitting chamber) are in acceptable range, while the value of thermal comfort index (ASHRAE) are in comfortable range from October to May. In conclusion, the outcome of this study contributes to suggest design guidelines for energy efficiency for residential buildings in Shiraz.

Nowadays hundreds of outstanding Ghajar houses exist in Isfahan. Investigations indicate that in spite of their shape, variety and distinctive features, no serious study has been carried out about them. Whereas with regard to the special conditions of this city as far as age, political importance, the existence of special quarters for various religious sects in the past, and due to their being vulnerable because of changes in life styles, variety ofowners, migration; and on the whole, losing its attractions for present-day life, a study of Isfahan houses is essential. The research method which is used in this study is combinatory. It is considerable at the results of this study that Isfahan houses have mostly been built with an introvert inclination and architectural specifications of a semi-arid and warm climate; and that they can be divided into three types; based on their architectural space features, structure and decorations.Type one includes those which are built in early days of Ghajar dynasty. These houses are veryintrovert and similar to those which has built during the Safavid era. The central hall is usually cross-shaped with a dome ceiling and a height of two floors.The adjacent rooms can be made possible through two lateral located halls. The skyline is horizontal, the yard is as a complete rectangle, the rooms are usually rectangular and acute angles are used in the façade. The doors and windows have two parts with a wooden horizontal dual between them. The stairs and vertical passageways are incosiderable.Type two Includes those which are built during the second half of Ghajar Era. The most important historical feature of this era is the beginning of extensive and unilateral effects of western art and architecture on Iran; This is accompanied by a mixture of traditional architecture and European classical architecture. These effects are initially noticed in decorations. In this era semi-circular arches, European style, and realistic frescoes were greatly common. Posters, pictures, and wall-paper were used in decorating the interior partsof houses. Very fine and delicate Bote' Jegheh shapes were used to decorate halls, windows and flower-pots. Nice hallways were among artistic masterpieces andusing colored glass prevailed in this era. In this period more attention was paid on the yard façade. The prevalence of wooden ceilings instead of traditional ceilings was impressed by west and the possibility of faster implementation was the most important development in structures of Isfahan traditional houseswith more decorative variety. Type three includes a house with patterns grown out of mountainous regions and is one consisting of a winter section and a summer section on top of each other. This type is under the effect of Bakhtiari rulers of Isfahan and symbols of foreigner`s tastes. Moreover, the construction of a porch in front of the main front of the building and higher elevation of the main front from the ground, alteration of the basement to the ground floor, alteration of the skyline to a curve or triangle, and stairs gained importance were some of the most effective factors.