دفاع غیر عامل

The use of non-active defense principles at different levels of urban planning is a solution to reduce vulnerability to potential hazards, which unfortunately has not been given much attention. In this research, parts of the 22nd district of Tehran city were considered for the construction of a water treatment plant. The suitable map of the land for the construction of the treatment plant was obtained in five optimal areas and the places were classified in five weighting categories. The use of non-active defense principles at different levels of urban planning is a solution to reduce vulnerability to potential hazards, which unfortunately has not been given much attention. In this research, parts of the 22nd district of Tehran city were considered for the construction of a water treatment plant. The suitable map of the land for the construction of the treatment plant was obtained in five optimal areas and the places were classified in five weighting categories.

Security and safety have always been fundamental concerns for human beings. Therefore the They have always been in search of ways to mitigate risks which leaves them vulnerable to threats .Vulnerability in principal is the damages caused by actual and potential destructive factors and phenomena. For this reason, humankind has always searched ways for putting up defense against these damaging circumstances. Since Iran has always been historically the subject to military attack either as the target or on the way of invasion of neighboring nations and tribes, one of the innovative ways to sustain settlements was using passive defense methods and strategies to reduce vulnerability of communities. Security and defense strategy and corresponding measures have had deep influences on shaping the settlements and transformation of their fabrics. A defensive consideration in architecture was an indispensable aspect of historical urban and rural fabrics. The risks of enemy attack as well as natural hazards (such as strong desert winds) have greatly affected the form and function of traditional settlements. Designing fortifications and citadels in high places to scout, building towers, ditches, moats, fences and gates on roads and tracks for traffic control etc. are among architectural elements of such passive defense. Some of these elements can be found in Mohammadieh, which is located in the center of Iran next to the ancient path of Isfahan to Khorasan provinces.
There are two kinds of citadels in Mohammadieh. The first one is mountain citadel, which is located in the highest place for temporary settlement of the villagers at the time of adversary attacks and invasions. The second one is castle called “Rig Castle” in Sheikh Zeinodin district, which has been for living of laborers and livestock of the local property owner. “Hakim Dolat” gate in Pa-Derakht district and “Meidan Bala” gate are the other defense elements of Mohammadieh village. Mohammadieh village is part of Isfahan province and the Nain County and has valuable historic rural fabrics. Like many in the hot and dry areas, influenced by the regional hot arid climatic conditions, this village possesses a compact fabric. This compact form is closely surrounded by gardens and farms. In addition to its livelihood role of providing agricultural production supplies, this green belt has a fundamental role as a protection layer for the central fabric of the village in against adverse environmental circumstances such as desert winds, dust storms and dry airflows. Together with the compact residential fabric and their narrow and winding alleys, they helped to strengthen the defense system of the city and slowing down the assailants. This study focuses on variety of passive defense tactics in Mohammadieh village and understanding how defense strategy affected architecture and its physical settings. In doing so analytical and descriptive methods based on field studies and visual evidences, using library resources as well as interviews with local residents. The results showed that in Mohammadieh village, apart from the citadel fortifications and gates that are explicit elements of the defense system, compact and complex rural fabric with organic indirect network of alleys are implicit elements of passive defense.

Political and military considerations are among the important factors affecting the formation of any human habitat in history while the spread of evil war is so extensive that no habitat on the planet earth is immune from it. Therefore, the current peace does not equal to its continuity and the importance of maintenance and improvement of defensive preparation in all dimensions, called the passive defense, is a continual, developable and very obvious process. One of the important aspects of civil design and development is the emphasis on the quality and quantity of city vulnerability against the harms caused by the military attacks. In order to decrease the citie's vulnerability against the war harms the process to develop and enforce the plans of passive defense is strictly necessary. With the descriptive analytical method and the reliance on gathering information in the library internet method and also the field researches, this article attempts to recognize the harms and threats on the city collective buildings after achieving the technical criteria, through: • Utilizing Them in the Phase of Architecture Design; • Investigating the Security Level of Citizen Increases in the Probable Situations of Modern Wars (So Called Sixth Generation Fights); • Consequently the Improvement of Defensive Power and the National Security against the Growing Threats of the Periphery. The results of the research indicate that the architecture of public buildings should consider some special criteria to maintain its resistance and life and continuation of activities in crisis situations. The presented criteria to reform and design the public buildings are based on the following features: 1. The criteria are proportional to the characteristics of modern wars. 2. They reach from large scale (urban cells) to small scale (single buildings). 3. They are presented based on the separation of selected uses. 4. They insist on the reform and architecture design of public (selected) buildings. 5. They focus on the supply of the most important and vital needs of the crisis time. 6. They notice to the organization, best use of facilities, installations, spaces and buildings in emergency situations. In the scale of collective buildings, the following recommendations and principles are presented based on the separation of uses: The principles of passive defense in educational buildings: • Schools 􀀋 Absence of Sensitive and Vital Centers till the 1000 Meters Ray 􀀋 Having Secure Rooms in all of the Stories 􀀋 Maximum Stories in Primary School Two Ones, in Guidance School Three Ones and in High School Four Ones 􀀋 Fast and Easy Access to Obvious Exits 􀀋 Accessibility to Vital Services such as Firefighting in Maximum 3 Minutes • Universities 􀀋 Having Firm Shelters and Warehouses Beneath the Open and Green Spaces of Universities 􀀋 Having a Network of Secure Subsurface Accesses among the Aforementioned Shelters 􀀋 Radius of Access to the Subsurface Space of Universities in Maximum 500 Meters 􀀋 Possibility of Full Discharge of Population in Maximum 3 Minutes The Principles of Passive Defense in Commercial Buildings: • Having Multi-purpose Spaces • Settling the Warehouses in Secure or Separable Places and with the Space From the Users Paths • Having the Roadway and Sidewalk Paths Separately beside the Building • Having the Automatic Systems of Fireproofing • Having the Warning Systems with Full Acoustic Covering The Principles of Passive Defense in Medicinal Buildings: • Fabrication of Safe Warehouses Specific to Storing the Medicine and Emergency Facilities • Easy Access to the Main City Roads • Possibility of Fast and Easy Traffic of Relief Vehicles in the Hospitals • Having Light and Heavy Transport Parking • Having the Place of Helicopter Landing • Visibility of Entrance The Principles of Passive Defense in Metro: • Maximum admissible radius of access to metro station is 500 meters. • Emergency exits with depth of more than the depth of the gathering place of refugees • Adequate width and the security of tunnels for the passing of people • Having multiple ventilation channels in order to confront the fuel-air bombs • Emergency self-sufficiency of ventilation systems of the network and the electricity of the trains and the lightning of the tunnels • Having Emergency and independent communication and telecommunication to contact with the outside environment • The principles of passive defense in Passenger terminal (airports, railway stations and the intercity bus terminals): • Separation of Sensitive Places from Insensitive Ones (such as Runways, Watch Tower, Airplane Parking, Trains or Buses, Fuel Tanks) • Camouflaging the Outdoor Area of Passenger Terminals with the Dense Vegetation Cover and also the Terrain • Having Multiple and very Wide Essential Exits without the Step or Inconsistent Surface • Legibility of the Paths, Entrances and Exits and the Creation of Multiple Emergency Exits in the Stories • Having Subway Public Parking.

Iran due to geographical and political situation of our country are at risk of natural hazards (earthquakes and floods) and man-made threats (war) has been and heavy casualties and property losses incurred. Unfortunately, in our country despite eight years of sacred defense and leaving behind a valuable experience against natural disasters, the importance of safety and security in urban planning and architecture, as it should have been and continue to see and instruments that are increasingly vulnerability in times of crisis increases the physical environment.defense in case of bombing up and restore damaged areas of cost and less time will be possible. Paper aims to address these issues in the field of architecture to the development of civil defense and defense architecture principles among managers and planners and architects and urban designers is defense.

The core of civilized life is identified as the village in the history of man. With all the advances made in urbanization, the rural area has not lost its essence in the practical behavior of a culture’s socioeconomic life. However, with the increasing threats whether natural or manmade, the susceptibility of rural area is the same as urban area and the same efforts regarding the sustainability of urban area must be taken for the rural area on national bases. There are four major factors that have to be closely considered and monitored: sustainability of the natural resources, social sustainability, political sustainability and economic sustainability. In fact sustainable development of the country/village is not justified through its environmental wellbeing, but through the total of the above mentioned factors. In this article, through assessment on the rural procedures with respect to the population density, the economical abilities in agriculture and the capacity of accepting urban population during emergencies etc. are being discussed. This consideration can be clarified when the geographical position and situation of the urban area is assessed and evaluated nationwide. Regarding the existing rural area and their development plans, the pilot project, in addition to the previously practiced measures and used indexes, the passive defense is of essence and should be observed in full extent if the objective is to have sustainable rural development in Iran by close consideration of the above mentioned four factors. Passive defense includes a total of defensive measures that do not use arms, while increasing the prevention of harm, mitigation of vulnerability, sustaining the essential activities, promoting the national sustainability and facilitating the crisis management against threats, military or other. Therefore, passive defense should be applied and practiced in the rural areas nationwide. In this article the attempt is made to seek and identify the details necessary for implementation of passive defense in the rural area.