ساختمان آموزشی

Atrium, as a passive light absorbing solution, in addition to having positive psychological effects due to creating a connection between indoor and outdoor space, may increase the heat in the hot season of the year and increase the cooling load if there is no ventilation and shading on the glass surfaces. Therefore, the atrium should be measured with criteria and patterns of energy consumption reduction, otherwise, it will impose a significant energy load on the building. Many studies on the daylighting of atriums have been investigated and have shown that the daylighting performance of an atrium largely depends on its geometrical characteristics. The main features of atriums can be categorized into three parts: (1) skylight system (skylight height, shape, scale); (2) atrium form (well height, shape, scale); and (3) surrounding interface (corridors, windows, etc.). In this research, two important components of the atrium form and the geometry of the roof skylight have been investigated. The purpose of this study is to compare the different forms of the atrium body and its skylight roof in an educational space in order to optimize energy consumption. For this purpose, Design Builder software has been used for data simulation and analysis, as well as Energy Plus engine for calculations. In this regard, the initial model with three different plans of the atrium was simulated in the design-builder software and the optimal plan was determined according to the amount of energy consumption, and then three types of skylight roofs were added to the atrium and the amount of energy consumption in them was checked again. In this project, the dimensions of the plans are considered so that they have the same area. In the first stage of the research, three plans with the same areas with three forms of circle, square, and rectangle are simulated and the amount of energy consumption in each is obtained. At this stage, the energy analysis results obtained from three atrium forms are compared, then the most optimal form is selected in terms of energy consumption. Calculations related to energy consumption have been evaluated separately and the amount of energy consumed by equipment, lighting, heating, cooling, and the amount of energy for hot water consumption have also been determined. The results show that in different atrium plans with the same area, in the circular plan, the total energy consumption is 215.5 (MWh), and this amount is 215.9 (MWh) in the square plan and 216.77 (MWh) in the rectangular plan. Therefore, the atrium plan form with a circular plan has the best function and the rectangular form has the weakest energy efficiency. In the second step, three forms of spherical, flat, and cylindrical skylights with a height of 1.20 were simulated. The results showed that the amount of energy consumption in the building with a flat skylight is 207.1 (MWh), in the atrium with a spherical skylight is 222.83 (MWh), and in the atrium with a cylinder skylight is 215.5 (MWh). Therefore, it can be concluded that the atrium with a circular plan form and a flat skylight has a more effective energy efficiency than other forms.

Determining the range of thermal comfort in the outdoor space is complicated, and since the presence of thermal comfort helps more people to be in the outdoor space, it is important. In the current research, it has been tried to determine the thermal comfort limit of people in the outdoor space of traditional and restored buildings in the hot and dry climate of Yazd city. For this purpose, a field monitoring was carried out in the hot season of the five central courtyards of the Yazd faculty of Art and Architecture as buildings that have been changed from residential to educational use, which includes the measurement of climatic information at the same time as the completion of 389 thermal comfort questionnaires by the students of the faculty; Then, with the help of Ray Man and SPSS software, the obtained information was analyzed and after checking the linear regression charts, the range of thermal comfort for people in the central courtyards of the faculty as a microclimate in the hot and dry area of ​​Yazd city between the range of 16.5-28 degrees Celsius based on the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature index (PET) was obtained. Due to the fact that the combination of climatic and geographical factors for each specific region will lead to a different understanding of the thermal comfort conditions for the people of that community, this comfort range is different from the comfort ranges in other regions that have been determined in numerous researches. From the comparison of the studied yards, it was found that the more the yard has a height-to-width ratio and the more enclosed it is, the more shade it will receive and, finally,more thermal comfort during the day and night for the hot days of the year.

In this study, the energy consumption optimization of Shahid Rajaei University Faculty of Mechanics building has been done using modeling in DesignBuilder software. Validation of the solution has been done once through Ansys Fluent software and once experimentally. Modeling is done in Design Builder based on the calculation of cooling and heating load and in Fluent in three-dimensional form based on solving continuity, momentum and energy equations with Bouzinsk approximation. By combining different configurations of curtains, windows, lighting equipment and heating and cooling adjustment temperatures, 85 different permutations are formed. cooling and heating load calculations have been done for all these modes and the top 10 modes have been introduced and ranked. The users of the building can check the ratings and choose one of these modes according to the four limitations of economic, user, biological and taste. The results show that the most optimal condition is when the double-glazed window has no shade, the curtain has a high reflective tape and the lighting system is a high-frequency triphosphor fluorescent lamp and the heating temperature is 20 and the cooling temperature is 28 degrees Celsius. By applying optimal conditions, 43.86% in gas consumption and 11.65% in electricity consumption can be saved in one year. This reduces the cost of electricity consumption of the building by 10.56%, equivalent to 15 million and 200 thousand Rials annually. Also, by applying optimal conditions, the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the building decreases by 11.83% annually.