سرمایه اجتماعی

With the growth of society, the industrialization and complexity of cities in the modern world, and the formation of urban communities and urbanization of societies, Urban management is considered as a basis for community management. This research aims to investigate the relationship between social capital with an emphasis on the components of: social trust, sense of equality and justice and Existence of Ethical Values ​​in Shahrekord. The method of the study was survey and the information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire A sample of 350 people has been collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling (amos). The overall result of the research shows that there is a significant positive relationship between social trust, equality of feelings and justice, the existence of positive ethical values ​​in the city and improvement of urban management. The results of structural  modeling also showed that the coefficient of the effect of social trust on improvement of urban management was more than other components of social capital.

The metropolis of Tehran is facing many bottlenecks regarding the optimal management of the city and its current centralized approach has not led to sustainable urban development due to lack of reliance on local mechanisms and people's participation. Research indicates that citizens' participation in Tehran has structural, socio-cultural, political-management, legal and spatial barriers. Despite the existing obstacles, there are many strengths and opportunities to create and strengthen citizens' participation in urban affairs. In addition, the weaknesses and threats of participation from citizens and city management have affected participation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present the social capital model in neighborhood-oriented cultural development. For this purpose, a systematic evaluation and analysis of the results and findings of the previous research has been done with the approach of qualitative research and meta-composite tools. In this method, by searching the keywords of social capital and neighborhood-oriented cultural development in various databases, 2151 studies were found in the period of 2012 to 2022 AD and 1391 to 1401 Persian calendar. Of these, 1468 works in terms of title, 429 works in terms of abstract and 199 works in terms of text were not consistent with the purpose and questions of this research; Therefore, these works were left out and only 55 works with these topics, which were in line with the purpose and questions of the current research in terms of title and content, were selected for meta combination analysis and presentation of the model of social capital in neighborhood-oriented cultural development. By studying and carefully examining the finalized sources, components and indicators of social capital in neighborhood-oriented cultural development were extracted from each of the sources. In total, the social capital model in neighborhood-oriented cultural development was identified and classified in 6 dimensions, 28 components and 247 indicators.

Visual communication (graphics) is a knowledge arising from visual literacy, knowledge because it depends on visual literacy more than any discipline in visual arts, and topics such as standardization, creating visual unity for a collection, optimal use of positive and negative spaces, etc. It has great efficiency in clearly and quickly presenting a message, which has a short life in Iran. Video communication in a professional and focused manner with a personality like Morteza Momayez, was identified and recognized. Therefore, the ideal role given to him as "Iran's Graphic Father" is fully deserved, as a decade after his death, his position in the field of visual communication production has been preserved. The field of visual communication production started its early life as an independent and serios field in the art and commercial market, from the early activity period of Momayez.
 As a powerful activists of Iran visual communication champ, Momayez was very influential.  It should be mentioned that visual communication is always interconnected with two structures: activists and social space, and the effectiveness of these two has challenged many professional and research discourses of this area. The most important research in the champ of graphics have been done with topics of semiotics, structuralism, and social semiotics. So many issues such as the distinction between market and artistic visual communication remained without rooting. Sociological topics of the champ of visual communication can develop an etymological and at the same time a pathological context. In the meantime, what Pierre Bourdieu has done to connect objective and mental structures creates a useful context to challenge professional champs of the societies. By defining the terms champ and habitus, he tries to connect the two- dimensional space of theoretical foundations of sociology (topics such as mental structure, micro and macro mental structure, etc. The champ is a network of relationships that exist between objective positions within the champ. Different areas of life, art, science, religion, economy, policy and so on forms small distinctive models of rules, regulations, and forms of power which Bourdieu calls them the champ. In the first-place champ is a structural space of positions and has a close relationship with habitus. Habitus refers “the mental or cognitive structure “through which human interact with the social world. Habitus is formed because of the long-term occupation of a position Reading the social world and changes according to the nature of individual’s position. Champ and habitus define each other.
 Having their own habits, social activists compete in the champ. This competition is very essential to create position of activists, so the activists begin different activities in the professional champs and shape their vital power depending on the position they hold in the champ. Some activists make constructive and vital impact during his lifetime Momayez as the main activist in the champ of visual communication in Iran gave this champ a fame and a worthy place among other artistic champs. The hypothesis of the present article is that as an independent and powerful activist Morteza Momayez could affect the champ of visual communication production and direct it. His power and influence was due to his habitus. This habitus was the creator of visual communication champ so that the course of visual communication owes most of its professional processes in the champ of Academia, market as well as its artistic aspects to his effects. According to theoretical foundation section an artist’s habitus is derived from one 's capitals (the extent and relative weight of capitals of different factors reading a champ determined their positions) Bourdieu uses military illustration (position and castle) to describe the champ and the conflicts that take place within it. Capital allows one person to control his own destiny as well as that of others. Bourdieu usually speaks of 4 types of capitals.  Of course, this idea is derived from economics and the meaning of economic capital is obvious. Cultural capital includes various types of legitimate knowledge and cognition. Social capital includes social relationships between people. Symbolic capital comes from the dignity of the individual. As the most famous Iranian graphist, Momayez has all these main capitals. These capitals enabled him as the father of Iranian graphics to create a special habitus which has had an important role in the champ of visual communication. In present article we study his four capitals and examine their roles in enhancing the champ of visual communication production of Iran, since despite much praise and appreciation given to Momayez no article has determined his importance scientifically. By using the theory of distinction of Bourdieu we are going to appreciate the effective character and habitus of Momayez decently and scientifically. The results show a champ raised from a powerful and incorporated network with centrality of Morteza Momayez.  Such a power comes only from a person who has an uplifting habitus originated from these capitals. Without his presence the champ of visual communication was not able to achieve independence and identity and if it was, it took too much time and needed more practice. All these three areas build the champ of Iran visual communication so that in this paper by investigating cultural, social, economic and symbolic capitals of Momayez and determining the effect of each of them in the champ of visual communication, we analyze his habitus. It was his constructive cultural capital and his visual knowledge and curious spirit that helped him to increase his proficiency in different areas, therefore he could enrich the art of visual communication. Momayez became a symbol due to a lifetime of activity in the champ of visual communication. He is considered a symbolic capital whose status and prestige have not diminished over time.  Momayez is so distinguished in this symbolism that he is called the father of Iranian graphics. In fact, he is not just a cultural and artistic character, but he has become a symbolic capital. He both as an illustrator and graphic designer has been effective in developing the graphic quality of Iran.
 From the perspective of research goal this article is considered fundamental and is conducted by descriptive analytical method. Data collection tool is taking notes, and the data is collected as documents. The main variables of this study are visual communication champ of Iran and time which include the lifetime of Momayez from forties to eighties. Analytical variables of this research is theory of distinction of Bourdieu. Data and information are provided in two parts: the1st parts deals with theoretical foundations that include contents of the theory of distinction and its subdivisions, 2nd part relates to Morteza Momayez, his biography, professional situation and so on. Finally, these two parts are used to analyze the champ of visual communication of Iran. To clarify the theory and achieve better results we use tables and results.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the provision of solutions based on crisis management in the historical market of Tabriz by benefiting from the components of social capital. The research method is mixed, and in better words, considering the theoretical nature of the present discussion and its connection with the concepts related to the components of social capital, the analysis of the text was investigated in two different parts. The research method in the qualitative part is descriptive-analytical, and library surveys and field studies were used to collect the required information. In the quantitative part, first, using the opinions of experts, weighting of physical factors was carried out using the hierarchical method (AHP). In the following, the studies obtained from the theoretical foundations led to the extraction of social capital variables, which were measured further after determining the influencing factors and according to the questionnaire compiled in SPSS software, and finally for summarizing and presenting Effective solutions were used from interviews and their coding, which were analyzed in MAXQDA software. The results of the hierarchical analysis show that earthquakes, intentional destruction, fires, and finally floods can cause the most risks, respectively. The analytical results of the statistical tests section show that the most positive effect in solving crisis management issues is the "sense of place and belonging" component. The "religious beliefs" component has also won the second rank among these five components, which shows the religious identity of the historical market of Tabriz and the high potential of this in solving the internal problems of the market. The outputs of the qualitative part of the article (recorded interviews) as well as the codings show that things like "awareness of the desired situation", "solving problems related to market infrastructure" and "providing heating and cooling optimally" and " Marketers' satisfaction" as a way to increase participation in solving physical problems (especially the four main damages of earthquake, flood, deliberate destruction and fire).

In recent years, social capital has become one of the most popular concepts in the field of social theories. Today, the role of social capital is much more important than physical and human capital in organizations and societies. Without social capital, it becomes difficult to follow development paths. Considering the importance of this issue and the contradictory reports of the social capital situation in Sabzeh Maidan neighborhood of Isfahan city, the present research was conducted with the aim of measuring the level of social capital in this neighborhood. The sample size in this research is 285 residents of Sabze Meidan of Isfahan city, who were selected by simple random sampling. The research method was descriptive and analytical, and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. The findings of this research indicate that the level of social capital in the studied area is not in a desirable condition. Among the components of trust, cohesion, and participation, the component of participation was assessed to be in a relatively desirable condition.

Urban health reflects the total social, physical, environmental, and infrastructure conditions that affect the well-being and quality of life of citizens living in a city. Therefore, in addition to health issues, the total social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects describe the state of urban health. Among the mentioned dimensions, social problems undeniably affect the choice opportunities of citizens in the city, their interpretation of the conditions, their interaction with others, and health-oriented behavioral orientations in the city. Considering the importance of social themes in the realization of urban health, the present study attempted to describe the social indicators of urban health and its contexts using a systematic review method while examining related studies. The findings show that the social indicators of urban health can be redefined as "population dynamics, social harms, inclusion, social capital, business, education, and lifestyle." Also, the descriptive social adverb for these indicators implies considering the characteristics of flexibility, relativity, attention to meanings, context, and process perception. Constructive indicators in fields such as population dynamics, education, and business can be explained using registration data, or because their counting and calculation methods are defined quantitatively and globally, they can follow the same pattern. However, other fields, such as social harm, inclusion, lifestyle, and, exceptionally, social capital, involve context-based studies. A study that, based on the distinctive characteristics of cities, will even lead to selecting and prioritizing a field and excluding other fields from description and investigation.

Enhancing and capacity building of rural communities and organizations is one of the prerequisites for sustainable development. One of the effective strategies for sustainable rural development is the role of social capital. Social capital is the result of interactions between individuals, organizations, and institutions, based on trust and solidarity, facilitated through social participation and cooperation. The purpose of this research is to examine the dimensions of social capital (trust and social participation) in rural development for empowering local communities. In this research, the social capital of the community network in the village of Eshtivan is examined through completing a questionnaire for network analysis and conducting direct interviews with members of rural development subgroups. The research was conducted with a social network approach. Therefore, participatory workshops were held to mobilize social resources in the village, which in turn laid the groundwork for the formation of rural development subgroups. In order to achieve social empowerment, social capital components such as participation and trust among individuals need to be strengthened. Trust and participation links among 113 members in 11 rural development subgroups were examined using quantitative indicators of network macro-level, and the social capital of these subgroups was assessed at different stages before and after project implementation. The results indicate that the level of trust, participation, and social capital was average or weak before project implementation, but increased after the project was carried out. The speed of trust and participation exchange among individuals, as well as unity and cohesion among individuals, increased after the project implementation. In general, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the social capital within the network of subgroups increased following the implementation of this project, and it can be argued that with the strengthening of social capital, the realization and enhancement of the capacity of rural communities has become possible.

Today, the approach of threats is changing from hard to soft and relying on psychological operations in societies. By persuading and changing their behavior, crises and colorful revolutions arise in them; therefore, to cope passive defense functions are effective; and the role of institutions and policymakers in opening such spaces should not be neglected. Social capital is one of the most important indicators of the growth of societies. This concept, which has entered politics from social sciences, has a wide impact on the relationship between government and society. The main question of the research is, what effect has the functioning of the country's eight passive defense policies had on social capital in Iran? The case study method is contextual; in the quantitative analysis section, the "multiple linear regression" method of "eight independent variables" is used on "dependent variable". The statistical population is 17 people in the qualitative part and 140 people in the quantitative part of experts in interdisciplinary sciences. The results indicate that the function of the eight passive defense policies on the components of social capital is significant and their impact on the components of social capital is different and significant.

Rural management is a collection of knowledge, information, techniques, and skills that organizes the planning process with the art of management in order to achieve rural development. On the one hand, reviewing this record contains significant points in the methods of village administration, and on the other hand, it is influenced by past experiences, which clarifies various challenges, especially for future use. Rural management is one of the main and inseparable pillars of rural development; because in the absence of organized management in rural areas, development programs will face countless problems. Rural management in Iran has not been able to solve the problems due to the changing conditions, time requirements, and the previous traditional structures of management in rural areas. The new structure of rural management, especially since the 1970s, which is based on people's participation in the affairs and bottom-up planning, due to many reasons, such as not localizing and extensive government intervention, is not fully institutionalized to solve the problems of today's villages. Currently, rural management in Iran is facing issues and problems that require attention from officials and policymakers. These challenges can be found in cases such as lack of explanation of theoretical foundations, lack of rural unit management, lack of stable financial resources, lack of local people's participation, the state of manpower training, access to equipment, tools, and facilities. Based on this, in the present article, while presenting an overview of the changes in the structure of rural management, the pathology of the rural management system in the villages of Ardabil has been studied. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and library, documentary, and data center sources have been used to collect data. The results show that the new rural management needs effective managers who can rely on the will of the people and maintain the social structure and formal and logical relationship with the government, guaranteeing the establishment of a stable relationship between the people and the government, which is part of the management's duty, and be responsible for the transformation in the society.

Today, social capital is an indicator of growth and development in societies, without which it is highly challenging to achieve development at different levels. This capital increases investment in the fields of physical capital and human capital and establishes the structures created by public and private sector agents. Housing is one of the most important human needs leading to social conflicts or peace in different ages. The occurrence of each of these conditions is directly related to the amount of social capital among the residents, from the point of view that the social norths and souths in cities have turned into a concept for class distinction. Projects like Mehr Dwellings may have been capable of meeting the housing market needs in terms of quantity and shelter to a large extent, but what is stated in the theoretical literature on social housing at the global level, i.e. the level of satisfaction of residents of social housing projects, concerns the conditions therein in social, cultural, and other terms. It seems that the Mehr Dwellings project was carried out in a hasty manner regardless of basic criteria such as social capital. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the social capital conditions among the residents of Mehr Dwellings in the city of Sanandaj, Iran and the effective sociological factors. The questions raised on that basis concern the level of social capital among the residents of Mehr Dwellings in Sanandaj based on the above indicators and the extent to which sociological and contextual factors have affected each dimension of social capital.

Theoretical Framework:

The theoretical framework of the current research is based on the theories available in the field of social capital and the studies conducted in Iran and around the world on the research title. The structure of social capital is investigated here based on the socio-cultural dimensions of the Mehr Dwellings project. Following the discussion, the conceptual model of the research, which involves the link between the research literature and the results, is formulated in the concluding section.

The current research is a quantitative survey and therefore involves a method of data collection in which certain groups of people are asked to answer a certain number of specific questions, which are the same for all respondents. The research population includes all the households in the Mehr Dwellings in Sanandaj in 2019. According to the statistics published by Kurdistan Province Directorate-General for Roads and Urban Development, there are 38,000 Mehr Dwellings in the whole province, of which 13,606 have been built and submitted in Sanandaj, where a population of 43,091 people lives (Kurdistan Province Directorate-General for Roads and Urban Development, 2018). The statistical sample includes people over eighteen years of age residing in 7,600 Mehr Dwellings in Baharan Neighborhood in 2019. The sample size was specified through Cochran’s formula, based on which a size of 340 people was estimated; given the possibility of drop in the sample size, 10% was added to this number, and 374 people were finally selected to make up the study sample. The sampling methods included clustering according to Mehr Dwellings blocks and random selection of people over 18 years of age. In the selection of the samples, we tried to observe the age and sex combination as far as possible. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the formal and content validity of which were evaluated by experts in the fields of urban development and sociology. Moreover, the validity of the questions was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient as 0.849, which indicates the appropriate reliability and validity. As a research measurement tool, the SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze the data in two sections: descriptive and inferential.

The findings of the research demonstrated that there are significant positive relationships between the social capital of residents of Mehr Dwellings and a number of the variables making up the level of apartment life standards, including the degree of neighborhood relations, the level of acquaintance with the social environment, satisfaction with the place of residence, access to facilities, and the quality of urban services and infrastructures, and the contextual variables of residence background, income, and marital status. The statistical results demonstrated that there is no significant relationship between the residents’ social capital and the variables of social relations and type of residence and contextual variables (age, gender, occupation, and academic degree). Apartment life standards and social capital among the residents of Baharan Mehr Dwellings will not change overnight, because the residents of these blocks are mainly immigrants from villages, unemployed people, female householders, urban subordinates in sociological terms. Corridors of social relations are limited, while there are stable conditions from another point of view. Although the residents’ harmony has undergone major changes during the past two years due to the high costs of housing, fundamental measures need to be taken by the institutions and trustees in the urban area. According to the results of the research, important actions to be taken in the current conditions include the participation of citizens in the affairs of the neighborhood, enhancement of the infrastructure and access networks, formation of civil institutions, and establishment of service and security institutions.

The results of the multivariate regression analysis also indicate that the variables of apartment life standards, neighborhood relations, and level of acquaintance impact the social capital of the residents of Mehr Dwellings and explain 32% of the changes in the dependent variable.

The physical space in the neighborhood is the bed of social activities in the social relations of the neighborhood. On the one hand, this space is formed during social relations, therefore, the architecture of the physical space and social relations are in a two-way relationship. On the other hand, social relations are the primary core of forming and strengthening social capital. Therefore, the architecture of the physical space is effective in the formation and strengthening of social capital, and not paying attention to it leads to many social problems, including reducing social participation, lack of security, increasing criminality, and finally, the loss of satisfaction and a sense of being pointed out. Today, despite the efforts of specialists to create sociable physical spaces, social relations have not expanded significantly, and following this reduction of relations, social capital has been in a downward trend. There has been no formation and strengthening of social relations in the neighborhood, and the decrease in presence in the neighborhood has led to a decrease in the possibility of social relations and ultimately an unprecedented decrease in local social capital. The review of the literature on the subject shows a lack of agreement between the most desirable physical space to promote social capital, so the purpose of this research is to explain a model of the architectural qualities of physical space at the neighborhood scale that will promote local social capital and reduce social problems, more precisely, the main question of the research is about the physical aspects of the neighborhood space, through which the social capital of the neighborhood is formed and increased. In this regard, to formulate the theoretical framework of the research, the theoretical texts related to social capital and the architecture of the body of space are examined. According to the findings of this section, the key component of promoting social capital is social relations in the form of social groups with purposeful joint activities. Then, the necessary samples for examination are identified and selected in four steps from among the neighborhoods of Tehran. In the continuation of the research method section, evaluation, and measurement of the level of social capital in selected samples were done. Evaluation of social capital was done by examining the composition of group social relations in the selected sample stations by counting group relations. It should be noted that the selected stations are selected by stratified random sampling. Finally, the analysis of the qualities of the physical space is carried out by the method of field perception and the evaluation of how these variables are related by the method of logical inductive reasoning which creates the final model of the research, and based on this model, the creation of public spaces with a small scale in the neighborhood space can be achieved. Both pedestrian axes and stopping places (independent variable), these spaces, while emphasizing the presence of residents (mediator variable) instead of temporary transit, lead to the promotion of local social capital (dependent variable); meanwhile, the qualities of these public areas are discussed in the final model.

Urban planning presents a wide range of difficulties, and conventional designs lack the effectiveness required to handle these difficulties. As a result, it is essential to provide solutions that are founded on cooperation and communication between various organizations, as well as the creation of networks that extend beyond hierarchical levels. Therefore, decentralization and the transferring  authority and power are raised as fundamental problems. To rethink society in this way, Manuel Castells proposes a network society as a new paradigm. This concept, along with its governing principles and guiding policies, must be taken into account. The network society proposes as a facilitating component in the interim, urban governance.

This research is based on purpose, fundamental, and qualitative, and adopts an explanatory-exploratory approach to systematically analyze resources and texts in network society and its place in urban planning. The research method used for the intended goal is qualitative content analysis; as defined by a definition of the studied literature. We extracted these concepts, and operational definitions based on theoretical discussions.In the second step, resource retrieval was performed based on keywords, title, and abstract, and in the third step, analysis and conceptual framework were developed.

From the viewpoint of the network society, the system of urban planning is an open, decentralized, and dialogue-oriented system in which activities are carried out freely and based on Virtualization. This means that a network society as the dominant form of social organization, is flexible and convergent, which replaces the hierarchical, vertical, and divergent structure.

Discusion: 

The process of urban planning and management is no longer a linear and one-sided process, according to recent developments in urban planning approaches. Instead, top-down planning has given way to bottom-up planning, governance has replaced government, and political communication has improved. Urban policies are fundamentally significant in this regard. Therefore, it is essential to integrate policies and pass sectoral policies that have impacted urban planning and management over the past few decades. Meanwhile, integration can be observed in various ways that strengthen policy coherence, avoid ineffective repetition, increase social learning, overcome weak sequences, and overcome intra-institutional stagnation and innovation. Urban governance is viewed as a method of structuring politics that, at higher levels of governance, calls for horizontal integration as opposed to a sectoral strategy. On the other hand, participatory network processes are highly valued in urban governance. In doing so, it substitutes the hierarchical administrative system for the network structure and integrates private and voluntary agents into this system. The local government's recognition of various abilities and skills has also encouraged the transfer of power from higher to lower levels.Castells' network society theory is one concept and theorythat must be paid attention to in order to implement a multi-sectoral and inter-sectoral strategy in urban planning and management. A decentralized society, a society based on knowledge, information, and communication technology, and a society where activities are carried out freely are thus the three basic tenets of the network society theory. However, for the network society to be realized in the interim, several important policies are required, such as a) creating new political spaces, so the governments were envisioned to be linked (local to regional, national, and international). The search for multi-level governance, or international policy discourses, is what defines politics in the network society; b) setting politics and policy-making in fundamental uncertainty that this new social awareness now presents a set of uncertainties about plans. Policymakers must therefore reevaluate their approach to addressing social uncertainties. The idea of a network society aids us in understanding the necessity and importance of dealing with issues like "trust," "interdependence," and "institutional capacity." c) increasing the importance of "difference" to our understanding of politics; d) taking actions to be aware of interdependence; and e) making policies and considering the dynamics of trust and identity. Achieving  a decentralized society is neither a prerequisite nor sufficient for achieving a networked society and effective urban governance. Instead, attention to agency, empowerment, and capacity building are also crucial factors. It implies that capacity is defined as the ability of a person, group, network, or society to complete a task or achieve a goal and that increasing capacity is defined as increasing power. Open culture and learning are  the key indicators in developing community capacity, knowledge, and skills; leadership; mutual trust and interaction; and social networks. The realization of a network society is defined as a participatory, interactive, discourse-oriented, and knowledge-oriented process. The shift from a hierarchical structure to a network structure is crucial considering recent developments in urban planning approaches and the appearance of new models in urban planning. The reason is that while man is involved in the process of urban planning and management as the subject of development in the network structure;  he is viewed as a tool and one of the development dimensions in the hierarchical structure. But in the interim, social capital—another significant factor—is also mentioned to prevent bargaining for personal interests. Social capital is characterized by behaviors that bind members of social networks and communities together and enable cooperative action. It also includes trust and mutual understanding between individuals.

Urban planning must take a pluralistic stance to create a city where people and their needs are prioritized over development as the main concern. The approach that is suggested as being the most adaptable and compatible in this case is the network society theory and consideration of its principles and policies.

Factors such as reducing social cohesion and solidarity and reducing the level of trust and individual and social partnerships, part of it originates from the inappropriate architecture of public spaces in residential complexes. which has led to the unwillingness of people to attend and the impossibility of face-to-face encounters and the diminution of collective activities and interaction-oriented behaviors in these areas, which has increasingly led to a decrease in social capital. The need to pay attention to the concept of social capital as a set of relationships, networks and norms, and to improve the quality of the environment, as a platform that provides the possibility of collective activities and cooperation between people, is becoming more and more apparent. The purpose of this research is to find variables that can push the physical-spatial environment of residential complexes in the direction of sociability and presence and communication of as many people as possible. To achieve this goal, the research method is descriptive, analytical, quantitative and survey, in the first stage, information related to environmental-physical quality variables and attendance with library and field studies, and in the next stage, the social capital variable is extracted from theoretical foundations. and the tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of two complexes located in Tehran and the sample size is 248 people using Morgan's table. According to the information obtained from the residents and the analysis of acquired data and the use of Spss statistical analysis software, the technique of modeling structural equations in Amos software has been used. The findings of the research show that there is a strong, positive and influential relationship between environmental-physical quality variables and attendance. Also, there is a strong and significant relationship between the presence variables of space and social capital. There is a positive relationship between the two variables of physical-environmental quality and social capital. As a result, the existence of sociable and presentable spaces and spaces that provide face-to-face interaction of people in residential complexes provide the improvement of social capital over time.

Today, due to the problems and challenges of the urban system and the importance of achieving sustainable urban development, there have been changes in the paradigms of urban management and the provision of urban services. This paradigm shift has led to the dominance of good urban governance approach, which has been proposed as the most appropriate and effective way of governing cities today. This approach in managing urban affairs is based on sustainable, democratic and egalitarian development, to influence all actors in urban management and also to meet all the needs of citizens. In fact, today, cities have adopted a new approach to management and governance called good urban governance. Considering that the two most important institutions of urban management in Iran are city councils and municipalities, this study evaluates the performance of urban management in Ahvaz in the framework of good governance and its relationship with social capital and quality of urban life. The statistical population of the study is citizens over 18 years old in Ahvaz in 1398. The sample size is estimated using the Cochran's formula of 400 people. The sampling method is multi-stage cluster. Findings indicate that the indicators of good urban governance (right to comment and accountability, transparency, rule of law, efficiency and effectiveness and participation of individuals) are not at the desired level and urban management (Ahvaz city council and municipality) has not been able to achieve good urban governance. . The findings also showed that there is a significant direct relationship between social capital (social trust and social participation) and the quality of urban life with good urban governance. In addition, the variables of social capital 0.42 and quality of urban life 0.45 have an effect on good urban governance.

Research on social capital has identified neighborhoods as an important physical urban space in which informal social networks create important processes for well-being and quality of life.Theorists believe that although social capital does not explicitly have a spatial dimension; However, it has a strong tendency towards a sense of place, especially a sense of place. Understanding the relationship between social capital and the assumption that That social interaction occurs at the local level is the basis for social cohesionThe sense of place has an immaterial dimension and can produce a feeling and perception in a person that affects her presence and social capital. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between sense of place and components of social capital in Tehran. In a descriptive-correlational design, 300 residents of Saadatabad, Naziabad and Narmak neighborhoods were selected by simple random sampling and answered a self-regulatory questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistic and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results suggested that the sense of place and all components of social capital were highly correlated in general, but by neighborhood, the sense of place and social capital was not significant correlated in Saadatabad neighborhood. A positive and significant relationship was observed in Naziabad and Narmak neighborhoods. In addition, the relation of the components of social capital, the component of informal charitable participation indicated the greatest correlation with the sense of place. Also, the information flow component had the least relationship with the sense of place. Assessing these relationships can help urban planners to provide solutions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of urban public spaces and interventions to increase social capital.

The process of rapid urbanization in the world, especially in developing countries, and how to deal with globalization is one of the most important issues that has posed a serious challenge to Iran's urban development. One of the models to face this challenge is to deepen the increase of social capital in the society. This has led to urban planning in Iran in the past decades has not been able to meet the challenges of globalization and has become completely under its control. This study seeks to explain the role of urban development programs in terms of attention to the concept of social capital in the face of globalization and specifically answer the question of how the negative effects of globalization can be mitigated in urban programs by strengthening social capital The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical with a combined approach (quantitative and qualitative) and its unit in the qualitative dimension is the use of experts and managers in the field of urban planning in Tehran and in a quantitative dimension using the Cochran's formula, 356 people, have been questioned. Also, the basic document in this research is the latest comprehensive plan of Tehran.Findings show that urban programs in the face of two types of social capital "Bonding" and "Bridging", has led to an increase in social capital Bonding. By choosing a participatory approach, they can strengthen the Bridging social capital at various levels and undermine the negative consequences of globalization

The analysis of social areas describes the mechanism by which households select or are assigned specific residential areas within the city. This mechanism is not definitive and there is no clear plan related to it. For this purpose, for the analysis of social areas, it is necessary to use a method that solves the different spatial complexities within and between departments. In the meantime, the model of three constructions is considered as one of the comprehensive and integrated methods in the analysis of social areas, which separates or differentiates social areas based on three factors: socio-economic status, housing and household status, and segregation or racial discrimination. For this reason, in the current research, using the descriptive-analytical method and the three-structure model, firstly, it determined the criteria that can be used in determining the social areas in the seventh district of Isfahan city as the case study of this research, and then, based on the overlapping map technique, the resulting maps of criteria have been combined and finally, the social areas of 7th district of Isfahan have been depicted in a map based on the analyzes carried out.

,1In the general policies of the system, passive defense is a set of unarmed actions that increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, continue essential activities, promote national stability and facilitate crisis management against enemy threats and military actions. And issues such as trust, norms and networks and increase efficiency, communication, creativity, solving community problems and .... Some of its characteristics (participation, cohesion, etc.) are social. The purpose of this research is to achieve the extent of the impact of the country's passive defense policies on social capital and the method of doing it, case-context and its type, applied-development. The statistical population of a number of related experts is estimated at 400 people, the sample size is estimated based on the Cochran's formula of 100. The results indicate that the implementation of passive defense policies of the social system (participation and cohesion) depends on the extent of this study in a small area. Suggestions have been made in this regard.