شهرداری

Citizenship rights are a set of rights and duties that a citizen enjoys because of his residence in a country. These rights include civil, political and social rights. In order to ensure the well-being and comfort of their citizens, today's cities must be subjected to optimal urban management. One of the most important municipal management bodies is the municipalities, which must always be responsible for respecting the rights of citizens. The upcoming study was conducted with the aim of measuring the responsibility of the municipality of Isfahan District 7 in the field of respect for citizenship rights. This research is a descriptive - analytical survey in terms of its purpose, application and research method. The statistical community studied included all citizens living in the 7th District of Isfahan, according to the results of the last census of the country in 1395, their number was equal to 168,732. The sample size was determined by 384 people using the Cochran formula, and the sampling method used is also simple random. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the narrative of which was examined using the opinions of experts, its confirmation and reliability using the kronbach Alpha, and it was found that the alpha coefficient for all the factors studied was at an acceptable level. The questionnaire data was analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics and through SPSS software. In the descriptive statistics section, the characteristics of respondents and in the inferential statistics section, the status of the quadruple factors and subgroup indicators of these factors were examined using the statistical tests of the T-sample and Friedman. The results and findings of this study showed that the level of responsibility of the municipality of District 7 of Isfahan in the field of respect for citizenship rights in the areas (environmental rights, economic rights and social – cultural rights) was less than the average level and in the area (right to access urban services and facilities) was more than the average level. The literacy and education, leisure and quality indicators of municipal services also had the highest scores, respectively, and indicators of early welfare, individual freedom, and low unemployment rates, respectively, with the lowest scores by respondents.

Due to the accumulation of the largest population and wealth in urban areas, climate change has had the highest consequences in these areas. The most important system that manages these changes is the municipality through the urban planning system; for this reason, it should be determined whether this system has the necessary characteristics in this field or not. The descriptive-exploratory research method was chosen. In the exploratory stage, all the experts working in the departments of crisis management, municipality, environment, and regional water were the effective factors in urban planning through Delphi. Among this group, 30 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. In the second stage, the situation of Mashhad municipality was carefully evaluated with a sample of 385 people to evaluate the basic components of an efficient system through exploratory factor analysis. For data analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed that a total of 30 factors are involved in this field, the most important of which are foresight, smart management, and technological infrastructure. The results of the second stage determined that ten main groups have a clear and direct influence in this area, which are, in order of importance: strategic, organizational, technological, information, academic, cultural, social, human, competitive, and environmental dimensions. According to the evaluations conducted in this study, it was found that these indicators collectively explained 62% of the total variance, and the rest was related to factors and contexts that were not considered in this study. Of course, there are clear differences among the factors and indicators mentioned, and therefore, conditions must be created for their activity and effectiveness, considering the priorities set for each of them. To achieve cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically vibrant, urban planning must consider strategic, organizational, and technological dimensions in a way that works in tandem and reinforces each other. In this situation, while providing social platforms to reduce the consequences of climate change, the ability to adapt will also increase significantly. In this sector, cultural dimensions are the most influential. Because these conditions prepare society mentally and intellectually to coexist with such changes. Despite the fact that the managerial, informational, and competitive dimensions are in completely different positions, the results of this study showed that these dimensions can have a significant impact on the appropriate performance of the municipality in utilizing urban planning knowledge to control and manage the consequences of climate change. In order to control and manage climate change through urban planning, it is necessary to somehow create a consensus among the elites. Therefore, if these factors are carefully considered in urban management and planning, a large part of the inappropriate consequences of climate change will be controlled and managed. This study is one of the few studies that have been carried out in the field of the climate change-urban planning conundrum and corresponding responses. The findings of this research can help ensure that physical developments don't take place in flood-prone areas and buildings meet the requirements of city authorities to improve risk management and enhance response to disasters.

One of the problems and dilemmas of the present age is the rapid and uncontrolled growth and development of cities due to the rapid increase in population, which causes instability and insecurity in the field of urban services. Earning money in municipalities is one of the things that mainly involves providing city services to citizens. If the municipalities cannot have sufficient and stable income, they will not want to create and manage the necessary facilities in the city. Financially important point in the discussion of providing and improving the resources of municipalities is the stability of income sources. So that these revenues should not be a threat to sustainable urban development in order to be reliable and sustainable. The purpose of this research is to explain the components of the sustainable revenue mechanism of the municipalities in the city of Medesh with the case study of Zanjan municipality. Based on the findings, in order for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable incomes and sustainable urban development, the components of "ways to continue to earn sustainable incomes and sources of income of Zanjan Municipality" are at a relatively favorable level with a total average of 3.32 and 3.17, respectively. which are acceptable as effective factors and resources in Zanjan municipality achieving sustainable urban development. Also, the components of "ways to gain relative independence from the government and prospective resources in achieving sustainable urban development" are at an unfavorable level in terms of average desirability. In the second part of the answer to the main question of the research, a simple linear regression test was used to identify and predict the effects of each of the studied components in predicting their effects in achieving healthy and stable incomes and then achieving sustainable development. A city in the city of Zanjan has been discussed. Therefore, the value of the multiple correlation coefficient is equal to 0.605 and this indicates a very strong correlation between the investigated factors (independent variables and dependent variables) and since the direction of this correlation is positive and direct, it indicates the existence of a strong relationship between The independent and dependent factors and variables (four research components) are the stability of Zanjan Municipality's revenues. Also, in the continuation of the analysis of this regression equation and in the summary of the regression model, the results of the coefficient of determination obtained for this index revealed that the predictor variable of the effective factors in the stability of municipal revenues for Zanjan municipality to achieve sustainable urban development was equal to 0.431. It shows that 0.43% of the changes related to Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy incomes and also predicts the achievement of sustainable urban development, and these factors and components investigated to the extent of 43% explain the regression model of the research. have a very high amount. Based on the value of this coefficient for the main question of the research, it can be admitted with high statistical confidence that the components identified and examined in this research have the ability to predict the future changes in Zanjan municipality's achievement of stable and healthy urban incomes to a very large extent.

Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Nowadays, countries claiming democracy are trying to achieve sustainable urban development by applying a new approach called good urban governance. Good governance relates to the political and institutional processes and outcomes that are necessary to achieve the goals of development. The true test of 'good' governance is the degree to which it delivers on the promise of human rights: civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The present study tries to analyze the situation of urban management in Iran (Shiraz) based on the issues of good urban governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field survey. The variables of good urban governance (consisting of 19 variables) were extracted from previous articles and they were used to design questionnaire questions. In this research quantitative and analytical model are used include exploratory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression. The process of selecting samples is purposeful and systematic, and the sample community was selected from among the regular visitors to the secretariat of the architecture and urban planning department of Shiraz municipality. Based on statistical principles and concepts, the number of samples is considered equal to 200 people. In the following, the data obtained from the questionnaires have been entered into the SPSS software. The output of the factor analysis model of good governance in Shiraz shows that it depends on improving the factors of "institutional capacity of organization", "transparency", "efficiency and effectiveness", "public acceptance", "citizenship" and "participation". Findings of this study show a considerable part of good urban governance factors and indicators have significant similarities with each other. But one of the differences that can be seen in this research with similar researches is the emphasis of this research on an important factor under the title of " institutional capacity of organization" in order to apply the concepts and criteria of good urban governance in the structure of local, regional and national governments. This factor emphasizes the important point that with the creation of institutional capacity in the society and the strengthening of non-governmental organizations, the two-way connection between the people and officials, which are the two main pillars of local management and urban development, has been accelerated other Governance factors. The main output of this study indicates that the two factors of "efficiency and effectiveness" and "transparency" play the most important role in achieving good urban governance. Also, in the case of Shiraz Municipality as the main body in the management of this city, the greatest challenge and distance to achieve good governance can be seen in the factor of "citizenship" and "institutional capacity of organization". In the following, some prominent suggestions are presented in order to promote good governance in the city of Shiraz: Changing the attitude of local managers towards city management as a dynamic, continuous process that requires the alignment of the interests of different groups; Facilitating people's presence and participation in city affairs and communication with managers; Increasing the sense of place and belonging through citizen participation in activities such as beautifying the environment; Citizenship education and familiarizing citizens with the concept of citizenship rights.

The growth of the phenomenon of urban dwellers and the increase of migration to the cities leads to the uncontrollable development of urban areas, the reduction of the level of welfare, the phenomenon of marginalization and creating many problems for cities, especially in developing countries, and the combination of these factors causes concerns for planners and politicians of the urban area and it has caused managers, urban planners as well as politicians in this field to enter and look for the causes of this incident, because not paying attention to the status of any influential variable has led to widespread issues and problems such as : poverty, unemployment, inflation, environmental pollution, destruction of infrastructures, etc. in the urban environment. Therefore, during the last few decades in order to create a better, more favorable, healthier, easier and more pleasant environment for the residents of a city, various approaches have been proposed in the field of urban management, and good urban governance is one of the most prominent of these approaches. In the managerial approach of good urban governance, the rights of citizens have been properly identified by managers and planners and taken into account in urban management, so that all urban policies and programs are shared with them during the preparation and before implementation. And in the end, its output is approved by them and therefore it will have the most efficiency and impact. Good urban governance has been confirmed and emphasized by national and international organizations in contrast to the state-oriented urban management approach, and they always consider it as one of the prerequisites and elements of sustainable cities. Good urban governance is one of those concepts that consider the welfare of citizens and social justice, and its policies and programs are placed in the form of private indicators. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and evaluate the variables of good urban governance. Looking for an answer to this question: To what extent are the principles and values of good urban governance considered in urban management? For this purpose, the method of doing this research is combined in a way that includes descriptive-analytical methods and logical reasoning. First, by using library studies and field observations, the desired indicators (participation, transparency, accountability, rule of law, justice, responsibility) were extracted and a closed questionnaire was prepared using a five-point Likert scale and among the statistical population with the volume A sample of 384 citizens over 20 years of age living in Neyshabur who were selected by random sampling method were distributed and then the data were analyzed using t-test in SPSS software environment. The results show that the average judgment of the citizens about the performance of the urban management of Neyshabur is the best in the transparency index with an average of 2.34 and the weakest in the justice index with an average of 2.18, and it is clear that favorable attention to the indicators Good urban governance is not seen in the performance of the municipality and city council of Neyshabur as the important urban management organizations.

One of the signs of improving and excelling the ability of urban management is the increase of stable incomes and, accordingly, the decrease of unstable incomes of the municipality. One of the indicators that show the financial power of municipalities is financial per capita, which means the ratio of the municipal budget to the city's population. In this article, the provincial centers and major cities of the country's provinces were examined and analyzed in terms of this index. Data collection was done based on library and survey method. The budget data of the municipalities of the capital of the provinces and the big cities of each province were collected in the current year (2022). In the survey section, expert experts were interviewed. The sampling method used to find the characteristics of cities is snowball type or chain reference sampling. 30 items were introduced and discussed by urban elites and experts as influencing factors in increasing the financial per capita of cities. Among the mentioned items, 14 items were chosen by elites and experts as having a great impact on the financial per capita of cities and with the ability to access accurate data. In the next step, by re-examining 14 items by experts and elites, using the Likert method, the extent of their impact on the financial per capita of the cities was introduced and discussed. The eight indicators: population, tourism, industrial and mining, close to the centers of provinces/Tehran, in the way of traffic, religious and public participation were chosen as the most effective indicators in increasing the financial per capita of the cities. Finally, for each of the provincial centers and big cities of the country's provinces, 8 indicators were determined by experts and urban elites using a Likert test. The results of the surveys show that the financial per capita of the cities of the country has a direct relationship with the population of that city, but the suitability of this index is not the same for all cities, and with the increase in the population of the cities, their financial per capita also generally increases. Of course, there are exceptions, such as the city of Tehran, where the urban financial per capita has not increased in proportion to the increase in population. In the end, by examining various proposed solutions, to improve the position of municipalities and their sustainable incomes, a comprehensive solution centered on increasing the range of duties and powers of municipalities has been proposed.

organizational environment and atmosphere is one of the most important issues for any organization, and that attention, and importance to it can bring many benefits to any organization. The purpose of this study was first to identify and then design a communication model between the factors affecting the reduction of the toxic organizational climate in Yazd Municipality. The statistical population of the study consists of managers and employees of Yazd Municipality. Data collection tools in this study; In order to complete the pairwise comparison questionnaire between the identified factors and present the conceptual model of the research using an interpretive structural modeling approach, 9 managers of Yazd Municipality were selected as a sample using the snowball sampling method. . Then, in order to fit the obtained model, the structural equation modeling approach and Smart PLS3 software were used. The research results indicate that the 7 main dimensions of the research are located in 5 general levels. Also, according to the research findings, the factors of organizational culture and leadership as one of the main dimensions in the initial level of the communication model have a toxic organizational climate reduction. From the results of the present study, city managers can use it as a beacon to achieve the path of reducing the toxic atmosphere in their organization.

One of the important issues in urban financing is the credit status of municipalities and determining their credit rating, and according to the definition of credit rating in financing from the money and capital market, accreditation and assessment of credit status of municipalities is necessary. Be. The purpose of this study is to provide a model for accreditation of Iranian metropolises based on the current financial reporting of municipalities. Due to the nature of the data, which is qualitative and quantitative in the qualitative section, semi-interviews are used; Then, using the data theory approach of the Interview Analysis Foundation, and then in the quantitative part of the research, after obtaining the opinion of experts (30 people) by means of a questionnaire and summarizing their opinions, to determine the importance of indicators affecting validation and evaluation Current credit status of metropolises Shannon entropy method was used. Finally, according to the credit rating of Iranian metropolises, according to the importance of indicators affecting the validation and evaluation of the current credit status of metropolises, based on financial reporting, the Mabak method was used. According to the results, Tehran, Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz, Mashhad, Karaj, Qom and Ahvaz, respectively, had the highest priority in terms of the current level of credit status of Iranian metropolises based on financial reporting of municipalities.

In our country, during the last few decades, proposals have been made to improve the system of urban management in order to overcome fragmentation and achieve integrated management, but none of them have been implemented. Despite various debates, especially by politicians and executives, which have been done by using the terms such as coordinated urban management, integrated urban management and monistic urban management, clarity of them and organizational structures necessary for their realization are not provided. The main subject and purpose of this article is to examine the structures of coordination and inter-organizational integration and to evaluate the overall appropriate structures for achieving integration in the country's urban management. This evaluation has been done by designing the features of several structures and explaining the appropriateness of each of them with the existing context of Iran’s urban management. In this article, and with a deductive method, it is claimed that the structure or model of the “lead organization” is suitable for the transition to integrated urban management in the country. It seems that the structure of coordination among the organizations, which is called the “Lead Organization”, is most in line with the political and administrative structure of the country's urban management system. In this structure, the council and the municipality take the leadership and directing all the responsible institutions and organizations in the management of cities. The results of this study show that the municipality (council and city manager) in Iran, for various reasons such as being multi-functional, placed-based, democratic and elective institution, more than other public and governmental institutions have the most competence to assume the role of the lead organization in resources and organizations coordination of the city. It is possible and practical to undertake such a mission to achieve greater coordination in the management of cities, even without transferring more tasks to them, which has always faced resistance from public service organizations. Several arguments were put forward to justify the lead organization as a proper and preferred model of coordination and integration, the most important of which is the ability to implement it with less organizational change and at the same time more effectiveness than other studied models. This proposal can be justified by relying on the intrinsic values ​​of local governments on the one hand and their functional advantages, in comparison with other institutions and actors influential in urban management, on the other hand. Values ​​such as democracy and public participation, efficiency and local autonomy, which can be achieved by empowering municipalities as the main institution of urban management, and other functional advantages that balance the leadership of the urban management system, in competition with other existing institutions, in favor of municipalities. These advantages are multi-functionality of municipalities, their place-baseness, responsibility of municipalities along with the state institution in providing public goods and perceptions and public opinion, which holds the municipality responsible for improving the quality of urban life and achieving important cross-cutting goals.

In the implementation of urban development projects, there are factors affecting the progress of the project, which is usually complicated and difficult to accurately identify. Although the main factors of urban management with a jihadist approach are very attractive in theory, but in practice there are many problems to implement it, especially in developing countries. the purpose of this study is to investigate and prioritize the main factors of urban management with a jihad approach in the success rate of urban development projects (case study: municipalities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) the present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-causal in terms of how the research is conducted and in terms of development orientation The method of data collection is field –survey. The sampling method in this study is the scene sampling method and 60 questionnaires were distributed only among people who have expertise, experience and problem awareness, of which 50 people answered the questionnaires.The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that the face validity of the questionnaire was approved by management professors and supervisors and content validity by several members of the statistical community. The reliability of the questionnaire was also reported using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire above 0/7.Data analysis was performed using the method of finding the mean and subjective weighting of the data using the TOPSIS method and the answer to the question of this research were examined. Finally, nine important factors were identified and categorized in order of priority. In addition,research findings show that the main factors of urban management with a jihadist approach in order of priority include realistic planning and selection of the appropriate contractor, project design complexities, support of senior managers, determining the conditions of existing constraints and facilities, experience of past projects Clear goals and accurate identification of the project and proper selection of the project, no delays and mistakes in the preparation of document and plans, proper allocation and adequacy of budget and resources and timely payment to the contractor are incentives and fines

One of the most important issues for municipalities around the world is to earn a steady income to pay for municipal services. Excessive reliance of many municipalities on unsustainable municipal revenues has caused the financial problems. Studying the sustainable income sources of the world's municipalities and using the experiences of cities that have a similar structure to Shahinshahr city, can to some extent can solve the problems of Shahinshahr municipality. The present study was conducted in Shahinshahr city (spatial framework of the present study). The type of applied research and its study method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection has been done by two methods of documentation and field studies to investigate the causes of declining revenues and increasing municipal expenditures of the city municipality. In this regard, the study tools in the first stage are the books, valid and related journals, monthly magazines, dissertations, etc., and in the next stage by using and analyzing data related to the revenue and expenditure performance of Shahinshahr Municipality in different periods. Which was obtained from the municipality, Shahinshahr municipality has been studied from the financial and revenue dimensions And Finally, according to the existing conditions of Shahinshahr municipality and city, solutions in the field of sustainable and continuous income generation for Shahinshahr municipality will be provided.The results show that the revenue from general tolls (continuous tolls) is generally considered as a part of stable incomes, which has the highest revenue from the sale of goods and services and pollution tolls.

Since the 1980s, local government systems in Europe have undergone significant institutional changes and territorial reforms. According to Wollmann (2008; 2012), these reforms seek to address two main issues, namely the lack of accountability and transparency (democratic deficit) and the inability to deal with social, economic and environmental problems (functional deficit). Some also believe that the expansion of local government reforms is due to the fact that this level of government is most affected by the continuation of the global financial crisis and austerity policies (Bouckaert and Kuhlmann, 2016; Gardner, 2017). The bulk of these reforms in European countries with different political and administrative systems, whether federal or unitary, as well as transitional systems in Eastern European countries, have focused on strengthening local executive and political leadership through the reforms of administrative structures, decentralization and increase of local autonomy (Ladner et al, 2016; Ladner et al, 2015). To this must be added changes in the local government types. In Iran, above-mentioned democratic and functional deficits have led to various debates and research on the institutional, financial and operational dimensions of the local government in recent decades. These include Barakpour and keivani, 2016; Barakpour and Asadie, 2011 and show different and complicated problems in the country’s local management and leadership. Political, functional and territorial fragmentation, unsustainability of municipalities’ revenues and, generally, inefficiency of local leadership are regarded as instances of these problems. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the typology of urban management system in Iran and the trend of its changes utilising historical and actor-centered institutionalism. According to this approach, three main stages in the establishment and development of the local government system in Iran can be distinguished and differentiated. The first period (1905-1930) returns to the Constitutional Revolution more than a century ago and the transition from traditional government to rule-based government and the formation of modern political institutions. The second period (1930-1978), shortly after the Constitutional Revolution, begins with the establishment of the Pahlavi regime and lasts about five decades. The third period (from 1979 to present) relates to Iran’s revolution of the 1970s and the establishment of the Islamic Republic four decades ago. Each one of these periods highlight different forms of the distribution of power between the central and local levels of government as well as the relations between legislative and Executive bodies. Analysis of the relationship between the main actors of power at the central and local levels indicates the general characteristics of the local government system in each period. The results show that stability in the horizontal dimension and fluctuation in the vertical dimension of power relations, central government interference in local affairs, the lack of political resolve in decentralization, The Vague Prospect of Reforms in the Local Government System and Continued Procedural and Substantive Problems are the most important points in relation with urban management in Iran, especially in the contemporary era. 

Trust-based management is a modern statement of ancient thought that is well known and well-known in today's relationships, and its mechanisms can be effective in achieving individual and organizational effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to measure the factors affecting of citizen trust in urban management (case study: Shiraz city). The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive - analytic method using the questionnaire tool. The statistical population of the study was citizens of Shiraz city. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 384 people. Validity of the questionnaire questions was verified by professors and experts in the field of geography and urban planning, its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.93. SPSS software was used to analyze the data of the questionnaire. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed abnormal data. Therefore, non-parametric Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to answer the research questions. The results of the Chi-square test showed that citizens of Shiraz district have a lower level of confidence in urban management. Also, the trusted characteristics (municipalities and city councils) have the greatest impact on the level of citizen's trust and the characteristics of the trustworthy (citizens) and characteristics Environmental constraints have had a lesser impact on the level of citizen confidence in urban management. Also, Kruskal Wallis test showed that all the variables studied in the research with sig = 0.000 and error less than 0.05 had a significant effect on the level of citizen trust in urban management.