عوامل محیطی

Various studies confirm that the evaluation of environmental quality indicators in sensitive uses such as medical buildings plays an important role in maintaining the health, satisfaction and improvement of patients. The hospital is one of the vital and sensitive parts of the city, which should be given special attention in terms of the conditions related to passive defense in order to manage risks. The main goal of the research is to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on the improvement of the accessibility of the users of treatment spaces in crisis situations with the passive defense approach. The current research is exploratory in nature and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The research plan in the development of tools and preparation of expressions in three stages (1) content analysis of documents; (2) Delphi survey and (3) semiotic analysis are defined. Using questionnaire data and spss26 software and using Friedman's test to check the normality of the data to check the relationship between the variables, a statistical analysis was performed, finally with a plan analysis of two Rasoul Akram and Laleh hospitals in Tehran using Depth software. Map was used to examine the syntactic components and their relationship with the components studied in the research. According to the obtained results, the functional, physical and social indicators in accessibility are related to spatial depth and interconnectedness indicators in the space syntax method, and as a result, they affect the accessibility of space in crisis conditions in hospitals.

Attending the dental office and being on the unit for examination is not so easy and relaxing. One of the problems that causes people not to go to the dentist on time is fear and anxiety. this research was conducted with the aimed of evaluating the effective criteria for reducing anxiety in design of dental clinics. Therefore, a comparative - comparative method was used to conduct the research and the required information was also collected using library and document methods in order to identify and categorize the factors affecting anxiety reduction in dental clinics and after that, according to these components, a few samples of dental clinics were examined and analyzed in the forms of tables and graphs in the article, and the components of each case sample were studied and investigated separately to achieve the purpose of the research. The results of the data show that environmental factors such as light, color, form and furniture have a greater effect than human factors such as the appropriate design of the entrance, legibility and access and creating integration between the interior and exterior spaces, on reducing anxiety in the design of dental clinics. The amount of this effect in natural factors such as the presence of atrium and green apace, yard design according to the climate, noise control with light music and interaction with nature reaches its lowest level compared to other factors.

The city of Divandarreh is one of the most important geographical and climatic regions of Iran and Kurdistan and belongs to the geomorphological units of East of Kurdistan and Sanandaj-Sirjan. In terms of natural landscape, it has high plains surrounded by a mountain dam. Based on the archaeological investigations of the city of Divandarreh and its proximity to the historical sites of Ziviyeh and Takht Suleiman, as well as the existence of explored sites in the aforementioned region, it is undoubtedly a historical region that have not yet been fully Study. The present study deals with the investigation of 56 Iron Age settlements in the Divandarreh region identified during the archaeological field surveys of 2018. The main questions are how settlements and environmental variables affect the formation of Iron Age settlements. This methodically and appropriately interpret the distribution of Iron Age sites in the district using field and library studies and the application of the geographic analysis model. The research has shown that the site location pattern is evident in relation to environmental factors such as elevation and water resources in the formation and cultural interaction of Iron Age habitats. The research area has a suitable climate, low horizontal hills in the plain, direction of agriculture, dependence of settlements on water resources in a linear way shows permanent and seasonal settlements. To give Also, the study of influential environmental factors in the kernel density model determined the highest density of sites in the central and western parts of the region.

Extended Abstract

Research has shown that there is a strong connection between people’s health and the physical environment in which they work, live, or treated. Sick building syndrome is an illness caused by the building itself, leading individuals in the environment to suffer from inadequate physical and mental well-being, often resulting in symptoms such as nervousness, mucous membrane irritation, respiratory problems, and skin irritations. This situation can arise from various reasons such as cold air blast, very high or very low room temperature, heavy air, smoke and smell caused by people smoking, static electricity, poor condition of lighting in the room, unpleasant smell, dust, noise, etc. Such a situation can occur in any enclosed space where people spend a significant amount of time. Student dormitories exemplify such environments, as students inhabit them for several years. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the symptoms and reasons for this sick building syndrome, specifically within student dormitories.

The current investigation is a cross-sectional, descriptive - analytical study carried out over a two-month period, specifically in November and December of 2019. It focused on 325 university students residing in the men’s and women’s dormitories of Shahrood University of Technology, with the exclusion of 3 special patients and 20 incomplete questionnaires from the research sample. For data collection, MM040EA standard questionnaires were administered to the university students in an online form and the required data was subsequently collected. Data was analyzed through binomial test and chi-square test.

According to the surveys, fatigue (64.24%), difficulty concentrating (58.28%), and headaches (53.48%) are the predominant symptoms of sick building syndrome. Additionally, significant contributing factors to this syndrome encompass noise, poor air quality, excessively high room temperatures, and dry air, with the study also highlighting the impact of neuro lighting on its prevalence. Among the various factors outlined in this article, severe weather conditions and exceptionally high room temperatures during the study period in the student dormitory stand out as the primary culprits for inadequate room ventilation. In this research, there is a significant relationship between the prevalence of building syndrome and all the factors related to the comfortable conditions of the dormitory and the physical environment and psychosocial conditions of the dormitory. 

The findings from this study suggest that the prevalence of sick building syndrome, at 80%, surpasses both the figures reported in prior research and the author’s initial expectations. This discrepancy is viewed as unfavorable and assessed as concerning. Since these symptoms are related to the physical condition of the room where people stay, it is necessary to review the conditions of students’ presence in the dormitory, to reduce this problem by reducing people’s attendance and increasing the per capita accommodation space. When it is impossible to solve the students’ dissatisfaction completely and eliminate the issue of sick building syndrome, identifying the causes of the problem instead of focusing on the symptoms is essential. Undoubtedly, the interior design of any structure holds significant importance in the overall design process. Consequently, designers and architects should enhance their consideration of interior environment design and increase their awareness of its impact on occupant health, particularly in spaces like student dormitories where occupants spend a substantial amount of time. In a broader effort to reduce the prevalence of sick building syndrome in student dormitories, it should be recognized that the improvement of dormitory facilities and the renovation of older structures will prove highly beneficial in addressing this issue.

This research aims to answer the fundamental question of how environmental factors are perceived by COVID-19 patients in hospitals and through what mechanisms. In other words, from the perspective of patients hospitalized in the country's hospitals, what environmental factors have the greatest impact on their perception and therefore, the improvement of their physical immune system in the face of the coronavirus? By evaluating these factors, strategies can be developed to improve the quality of environmental and physical factors in hospitalization wards and potentially enhance the patient's condition.

The present study is a descriptive survey type in terms of its objective, applicability, and execution method. The statistical population of the research consisted of private hospitals in the city of Karaj, including five hospitals which had 138 recovered patients from the COVID-19 ward in the fourth peak of the coronavirus pandemic. Using the cluster random sampling method and the Cochran's formula, 102 individuals were selected as the sample. The reason for using quantitative methods instead of qualitative ones was the better generalizability of the research results and the research objective, which was to evaluate the effective environmental and physical factors on the perception of COVID-19 patients from the perspective of those who had firsthand experience in the hospitalization ward. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 6 dimensions, which was validated and its reliability was confirmed by content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software version25 and the model was fitted using Smartpls software version 2.

The research findings showed that environmental and physical factors that affect the perception of COVID-19 patients can be classified into 6 categories: "facilities and equipment, visual attractions, thermal quality, air and lighting quality, sound quality, comfort, and accessibility".
According to the findings, the level of impact of sound quality factors had the highest potential with a coefficient of 84.2% in explaining the changes in patients' perception of environmental and physical factors. Thermal quality with a coefficient of 83.6% indicated that the cooling and heating temperatures of the room and corridor were in a desirable state. The level of comfort and ease of accessibility had a potential of 60.7%. The facilities and hospital room environment factor had a coefficient of 31.4%, and visual attractions had the least potential in explaining the variance of patients' perception of environmental and physical factors with a potential of 14.6%.

Based on the results of the present study, with environmental and physical interventions and attention to these factors in hospital design, steps can be taken towards changing and improving these variables and providing a faster improvement for these patients, as well as improving mental imagery content by increasing the readability and clarity of the environment through changes in the presentation of spaces and defining the boundaries and scope of each activity. One of the limitations of this study was the difficult access to recovering COVID-19 patients. The results obtained in this study can be a prelude to the definition and design of future research.

The pathology of pottery works is considered one of the most fundamental pillars of conservation and restoration, as understanding the damage will pave the way for its preservation and restoration. Pottery works are generally more stable than many other materials found in archaeological excavations. However, when these works are buried in inappropriate conditions and unfavorable factors, they can suffer from significant damage. Without proper care in their protection, the result may be complete deterioration of the pottery. Damage to ceramic bodies occurs in two forms: Physical and chemical, along with mechanical factors, can accelerate these processes. In the pathology of clay bodies, it is essential to identify the origins and causes of these damages to implement the effective treatments aimed to enhance the longevity of the ceramics., In the pathology of clay bodies, we can refer to cracks, fractures, crystallization of various salts, damages from firing processes, biological damages, stains, delamination, and more. This research, will provide an overview of the most prevalent damages of clay bodies and the factors that cause them, and the relationship between the formation of one type of damage and its influence on the emergence of other damages. Recognizing these connections can inform more effective methods for the protection and restoration of pottery artifacts.

Typographic posters after the Islamic Revolution were considered as the most important visual approach in graphic design in Iran due to their expressive capacities in adaptation and ductility in multiple structures. The process of formation of this movement, regardless of its aesthetic values, is subject to cultural and social conditions and developments, in the context of which typography emerged and continued beyond the category of graphic design as a form of contemporary art.After the seventies, with the modernization of society and macro-environmental changes, it led to extensive changes in various aspects of society. In addition to influencing the formation and activity of many cultural and artistic currents, it has created new and deconstructive dimensions in Iranian graphic design, the most obvious aspect of which is the emergence of typographic posters.In this regard, this study intends to examine the factors of Iranian graphic design tendency to design typographic posters after the Islamic Revolution. The purpose of this study is to study the role of environmental factors as a basis for the formation of typographic posters and to identify the factors within the union in the development and expansion of this trend. The research method is based on historical explanation and practical goals, and the study of the process of forming typographic posters is focused on historical milestones. In this method, past documents are studied and the evaluation of analysis units is emphasized as research indicators. Studies show that the environmental context and cultural changes paved the way for the emergence of Persian typography in the design of the cover of political and religious books in the mid-seventies. And in the eighties, the graphic designers community formed the necessary conditions for the graphic design of Iran to design typographic posters by forming art groups, setting up exhibitions, publishing books, training workshops, lectures and winning awards, as well as institutional support in holding exhibitions.

The study of human-environment interactions and environmental exploitation patterns is one of the main approaches of modern archeology. One of the central Zagros' capabilities, especially the Pish-Kuh of cultural Lorestan, is the extraction and production of metals, especially bronze and iron, associated with many ambiguities, including identifying mines sites related to ancient metalwork. This investigation is based on 143 ancient metalwork sites identified during four seasons of archaeological survey in Kuhdasht. Attempted to a descriptive-analytical method and using GIS and spatial analysis, environmental factors affecting the formation and distribution of metalworking sites identifying in the Kuhdasht landscape. Finally, it was found that the Kashkan Geological Formation, which has an outcrop of rocks containing iron oxide, has the most role in the site selection of ancient metalworking sites, followed by suitable forest cover and proximity to water resources, are of complementary importance.

Due to the Parthian origin in northeastern Iran, Sarakhs plain (Figure 1) was the subject of a methodical field study to gain an understanding of the process and how to establish and influence both nature and man in the region. The result of this study was the identification of fourteen settlement sites from this period, which can be considered and evaluated from the perspective of environmental factors and the size of the sites.

Psychological studies emphasize the deep connection between beauty and the feeling of peace and security. In today's society, human beings are facing unalike environmental changes. The creation of residential complexes is one of aforementioned fluctuations in the environmental structure of the society. One issue that can be raised is the impact of residential complexes, as new structural alterations, on the security of individuals. Hence, aesthetics is a science that can be applied to generate a sense of safety. Today, the existence of security, as one of the foremost requirements of human beings, is one of the most vital structural factors in the quality of life. This research has been accomplished with a descriptive and analytical method and with the application of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The present study population includes more than 2000 as the research sample. After distributing the questionnaire, data was analyzed using SPSS software at both descriptive and inferential levels. Findings show that the five main factors have a significant impact on environmental security and crime reduction in the context of residential complexes. These 5 factors are physical security, surveillance, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance. After comparing their means in the sample group, the results showed that the component of surveillance has a high average and the component of fear of crime beheld a lower average. Other variables (physical security, territory, and management and maintenance) also had a moderate value. Therefore, physical security, supervision, fear of crime, territory, management and maintenance have a significant role in environmental security in the context of residential complexes. Paying attention to these components along with creating natural environments has an imperative role in stabilizing the space with the dominance of beautiful and relaxing structures in residential complexes.

1. Investigating the role of aesthetic structures in creating a sense of security in residential complexes. 2. Identifying the most effective factors on the security of the residential context.

Research questions:

 1. What factors play a role in creating environmental aesthetic structures in residential complexes? 2. Which factors have the greatest impact on creating a sense of security in the residential context?

Open spaces play a vital role in enhancement of the quality of any environment or space. Human biological conditions can be improved through an increase in the quality of space, which can be achieved when individuals’ everyday psychological needs as well as the functional, environmental, and aesthetic aspects are considered. Therefore, environmental vitality can be regarded as an integral part of a desirable architecture that seeks to convey a sense of vitality to the audience. The present paper sought to explore the theoretical domain of the research conducted in the area of vitality through meta-analysis of environmental vitality factors. The research population consisted of forty articles (twenty domestic and twenty foreign papers) published during the 2008-2018 period. The data were collected from the articles based on the Prisma protocol, which had been adapted by experts. A systematic review method was used for data collection, meta-analysis was employed for data analysis, along with the funnel, linear regression, distribution error, and heterogeneity Q test methods, and the data extracted from the review were evaluated using CMA2. Linear regression and multivariate regression were then used to investigate the relationship between every two independent variables and their relationship with the dependent variable, environmental vitality. The findings of the study were addressed from two aspects. From the structural analysis aspect, the general characteristics of the articles were studied in terms of vitality. From the content analysis aspect, the most important assumptions of meta-analysis (the homogeneity of the studies and consistency among them) were examined. The findings of the research demonstrated that there were positive, direct relationships between the effects of the independent variables on vitality and between vitality and the independent variables. This means that vitality increases as the independent variables rise. The theoretical foundations of the field have not yet reached the depth and breadth required for research, which needs greater organization. The research topics, theoretical frameworks, and theoretical achievements should be subjected to methodological revision to gain scientific accuracy, which is also dependent on research, including studies that involve meta-analysis. The best efforts to conduct such research should reduce the drawbacks. Some of the weaknesses in previous studies can be noted on that basis. More than half of the research performed in the field (60%) was evaluated as based on moderate and weak theoretical foundations. This could be accounted for in terms of the failure to utilize up-to-date, firsthand resources, to provide high levels of consistency, and to adapt the structures of the materials presented in the theoretical foundations to meet the main purposes of the papers. This could be attributed to the weakness of the theoretical foundations of the research. A total of 49 variables were extracted after the theoretical foundations were examined and analyzed. Furthermore, the variables of safety and security exhibited the greatest impacts on environmental vitality, and social participation and social interaction were found to be the most effective. Conversely, building shape exhibited the least effect on environmental vitality, and the effects of the other variables were found to be almost constant. Thus, the above design recommendations and planning criteria can lead to high quality in an urban open space in terms of communication, vitality, diversity, and appearance.

Environmental factors, have played a decisive role in shaping and spatial distribution of human settlements. The study of human-environment interactions is one of the major approaches in modern archeology. Understanding human-environment relationships become more important in studying multiple geographic areas.  Halil river cultural area is also one of the geographical areas with three climates of "mountainous and temperate", "warm" and "warm and dry and this climatic multiplicity has led to specific patterns in the location and development of permanent and temporary settlements. This is while, Prehistoric archaeological studies in this area, are more focused on the Bronze Age settlements and the contribution of copper and stone settlements to such studies is very small. Accordingly, the study of the role of environmental factors in the spatial distribution, viability, and shaping of settlements of the Copper and Stone Age plays an important role in understanding pre-historic cultures before entering the Bronze Age. Because some of the backgrounds of the formation of the Bronze Age cultures can be traced back to the Copper-Stone age. The main question is, what is the impact and role of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of copper and rock settlements in the southern part of Halil river basin? The research method is descriptive-analytical and is based on data from archaeological studies. Environmental factors such as altitude, direction and extent of land slope, water resources, land structure and land use associated with 69 copper-rock deployments were analyzed using GIS. Based on the results, elevation and access to water resources have the most role in the location and shape of the settlements. Accordingly, the role of environmental factors in the tradition of migration and intra-regional relocation is also important, and the study of settlement distribution based on copper- rock chronology indicates an increase in population in this area.

The study of the manifestation of physical forms leads to the support of urban livability and the quality of life that ultimately leads to a more sustainable city, are the requirements of the livable city theories. But since previous researches on the factors of urban livability supports the city form, includes the environmental, social, and economic layers, This research seeks to analyze the effects of the city's form on the environmental components of the habitat with a comparative analysis on three different regions of Tehran. The method of research in two sections of survey-exploration and analysis of spatial information layers and data analysis are two quantitative descriptive and qualitative statistics of comparative analysis using the checklist. The results of the research show that, contrary to what is presented in the common idea of sustainable city form, compression has a reverse relationship with livability in the Iranian city. In other words, density has a saturated threshold, and if this threshold is passed, the quality of life in the city begins to decline and the rate of the livability decreases.

Increasing productivity and stimulating knowledge sharing are objectives which heard quite often during the design phase of an office. Most Studies focus on the effects of the office physical environment on occupiers’ productivity, whilst we should consider both physical and behavioral components. Research has indicated that the improvements of physical (layout and comfort) and behavioral (interaction, focus) variables of environment increase productivity at workplace. The primary aim of this study is to better understand their relationships through a structured questionnaire to confirm the effectiveness of design variables on productivity in office spaces. The effect of Gender, educational level and job position of employees on the extent to which they appraise the office design support their productivity, is also investigated. The questionnaire consists of four sections: Personal information and general workplace, work patterns, design variables, and perceived productivity. According to our data - which collected from 10 Iranian IT companies with 384 respondents - focus, comfort, interaction and layout are the most important design variables which affect productivity of employees in office spaces, respectively. The overall response, according to gender, showed female respondents are more concerned about the comfort and interaction. Analysis of data, also, revealed that the educational level has a substantial impact on their judgment for functionality of office design on their perceived productivity while job position doesn’t.

The architectural designing of the schools and their constituent elements alongside with the other educational factors has a considerable effect on the students. The present study has been conducted for the purpose of elucidating the relationship between and the role of the educational sector’s environmental factors in facilitation of the children’s learning in the primary school grades based on two qualitative and quantitative approaches. The first part is a literature review using a qualitative approach and a descriptive method and the second part uses a quantitative approach based on correlation method. The study samples have been selected from amongst the primary schools in Hamadan and in regard of the idea that it was necessary to choose the schools for controlling the interfering variables to the maximum possible extent. After performing the required investigations, two samples of the educational environments, i.e. Shahid Beheshti girl primary school and Allameh Tabataba’ei primary school, were selected for possession of the inclusion criteria. The independent variable was the environmental factors constructing the educational sector and the dependent variable was the students’ academic achievement. The required data related to the independent variable was prepared and collected through preparation of a list of observations and investigation of the standard level of the factors constructing the educational environment that were rated based on Likert’s five-point scale; the students’ academic achievement was determined based on the investigation of the students’ average final scores in the end of the term. The obtained data was analyzed through SPSS software and it was found out in correlation test that there are significant and positive relationships between six of the environmental factors constructing the educational spaces, i.e. quality of light, acoustic comfort, educational equipment, newness of the classrooms, diversity in form and flexible furniture with the children’s academic achievement. The collection of these factors at one another’s side set the ground for the conditions under which the student can more comfortably concentrate on the lesson materials. On the other hand, these are expected to provide better conditions for the teachers for better transferring of the lesson materials to the students thereby to facilitate the students’ learning.

By understanding how the built environment and social relations between individuals, architects and designers in order to assist the appropriate design of such spaces. With that in mind, this research was to explore the mechanism of how the elements of the physical environment on the amount and type of social interaction are Technical School. In fact, in this study the impact of physical factors such as the effects of colors, light, dimension of class and style arrangement of benches, green space, form, space, covering teachers, facilities, space, school, classroom, library and gardens and other spatial factors as the type and the socialization of students is examined. The sample study Sadelgi School in the city of Hamedan province has been Kabudrahang

The issue of waking and providing suitable environments to encourage walking level has become one of the main strategies to improve quality of environment in cities. The issue is constantly attracting much more attention as it has been confirmed that walking has positive effects on citizens’ health, reducing traffic and pollution and increasing social interaction between people. Planning and design approaches that focus on sustainability, density, security, etc. consider walkability of urban spaces as an available strategy for achieving these concepts.  Many prior surveys have considered the level of walking and walkability of urban spaces as an important factor in sociability and quality of urban spaces. Although prior surveys have generally focused on determining physical and spatial dimensions effective on walking, the effect of each physical and spatial factor in different urban areas (residential, downtown…) on different types of walking (business and recreational) is not the same. Since people walk for different objectives and as various aspects of the built environment have different effects on encouraging people to walk in urban environments, this study tries to seek how spatial-physical factors influence the walking level of citizens at residential districts. This research poses two main questions: which aspects of people’s walking are affected by physical-special factors of residential districts? Which physical-special factors have more impact on the level of walking? In this research, theoretical studies on the spatial-physical factors of urban areas and walking indicators revealed that several environmental factors are effective on the walking level of people including continuity of paths, mixed usage, quality of paths, safety and security, beauty and desirability, and residential density. These factors are in a way parts of the wider spatial system of a city (or are affected by them). This wider system includes type of components, quantity of components, density, context, structure and spatial distribution. After developing the conceptual model of the research, the walking level of residents (business and recreational walking) in three neighborhoods of Nowshahr was evaluated through a questionnaire. Then its relationship with spatial-physical factors resulting from theoretical studies was measured through multivariate linear regression. The results of the study showed a significant relationship between spatial-physical variables of urban neighborhoods and recreational walking (first hypothesis). The reason for this could be that business walking is a required activity for individuals which should be done in all circumstances regardless of the environment. However, recreational walking is not an obligation and is encouraged in favorable contexts and conditions, so environmental conditions and form of urban areas can significantly affect it.  ANOVA results also indicated high correlation between walking level of citizens and land use, density and accessibility factors among the physical-spatial factors of the city (second hypothesis). Accordingly, urban physical-spatial features that represent mixed use, physical density and more pedestrian roads will be more favorable because in this case the rate of recreational walking will increase significantly.

One of the basic tasks of human resources management, staff retention is maintenance. With the complement to other measures and human resources management processes, even if the operation of the recruitment, selection, appointment and renewal to be done properly without giving due consideration to maintenance, results management will be modest. The aim of this study was the model retention of employees of public organizations.. Therefore, after reviewing the literature and the use of expert opinions, the original investigation was set. Then, using expert opinions, the final research model was ready. The research method used descriptive statistical population of the research staff of the Department of Education have formed the province. Stratified random sampling method and based on Morgan table sample of 217 people. In this study, staff retention factors including cultural factors, organizational factors, government agencies. The results of structural equation shows that the path coefficient cultural factors, 00:29, 00:27 governmental factors, organizational factors was 0.31. The results suggest that organizational factors have the greatest impact on employee retention. Organizational factors in this study consists of five components: job content, promotions, payment systems, leadership style, social support. Based on the results of the factor analysis, leadership style t-test with a significant number obtained 18.21 against 0.965 path coefficient between organizational factors accounted for the largest share in the role.

In line with the evolution of human needs, the impact of environment on human health and safety has gained more significance. This is particularly important in case of medical spaces, where the patient is subject to serious stress caused by illness, medication, restrictions, feeling of isolation and concerns for medical expenses. The hospital environment can aggravate the situation with poor interior design. This requires that medical spaces create an atmosphere of joy, friendliness, delight and trust. As such, a ‘healing environment’ can be described as an environment created to assist the recovery process. By definition, ‘healing’ concerns psychological and spiritual aspects of recovery, in contrast with ‘curing’ which is a primarily physical concept. This research demonstrates that changes in certain design properties of healthcare facilities can reduce stress and in consequence, its adverse impacts on the recovery process. This can also help increase staff confidence and efficiency leading to a reduction in prescription errors and unwanted spread of infections. Such changes include increased day lighting, adequate ventilation, reduction of noise, and access to natural features such as vistas looking towards sky and vegetation. The increased ‘affordance’ of the healing environment can thus alleviate stress and help the recovery process.