مبنا

Throughout history, urban space has functioned as a meeting place on many levels for city dwellers. People met, exchanged news, made deals, and arranged marriages- street artists entertained and goods were offered for sale. People attended Large and small city events. Processions were held, power was manifested, parties and punishments held publicly - everything was carried out in full public view. The city was the meeting place. But today these social places are decreasing and instead new social spaces like mega shopping malls are being constructed in cities, thus making sure these spaces work properly to attract human interactions is very important. The aim of this article is to introduce new methods to understand and model human (agents) behavior and co-presence patterns.
Unfortunately, at the moment there are no good methods used in Iran to understand and predict co-presence patterns in public spaces, as a result in this article two methods, space syntax and mobile cellular data were examined based on agent based modeling theory and their role in understanding patterns of co-presence was reviewed. Then the case study of Kourosh shopping mall was analyzed through these methods. The results show that the southern part of the complex has more capabilities for social gatherings and events and also that the peak of human traffic in a day in this complex is 7 PM., the most crowded days of the week are Thursdays and Fridays and that the first and last days of the month are actually the busiest days of the complex. In the end it was concluded that these methods can shed light upon our decision making process to have better quality of life with improving new social spaces.

Municipalities are among the most important institutions of civil society within the framework of the rule of the constitution and in the areas of social, local and municipal participation and development are important components of structures. Municipalities are among the most important needs of society. Not necessarily with a structure that is possible only through the intervention of people is shown. There is an extensive and close tie with the community and suitable persons for damages and failure to observe the balance of power on the one hand and disruption in the functioning of municipalities is provided. Must determine the legal basis and in accordance with the terms and conditions the organization as much as possible be prevented from entering damage. Or measures thought to be compensated for damages to the fullest; this study, analytical - descriptive attempts, The subject matter of the fundamental principles of civil liability in damages from the municipalities and the issue of relations between municipalities and employee's compensation.

Informal settlements as a phenomenon with physical, socio-economic and spatial dimensions, are caused by modern urbanization and progress discourse in the enlightenment era present challenges for sustainable city development. Since the late 1980s, empowerment approach by patronage of the World Bank has been searching for transformation and regularization of these types of communities by fiscal policy making based on local assets such as social capital, physical capital and low financial capital with a process-oriented approach, a holistic view of place and people’s happiness as well as capacity building of informal settlements in order to replace a culture of entitlement and of libertinism which is the outcome of need-based policies of community development. This article is based on the internal relationship between empowerment and asset based policy making. The aim of this article is to find the effect of social, physical, and local assets on the empowerment of informal settlements of Tabriz. Asset is defined as the financial, social, economic, and physical capabilities of humans. Its appearance on the local scale is in a network format. Asset based approaches have three characteristics: (1) since it focuses on extending capacity, it is process-oriented, (2) as it focuses on all assets, it is social-oriented, and finally (3), it is an instrument. This view tends toward the congruence of “people’s happiness and place”. This paper is based on the following essential question: what is the role of local financial, physical and social assets in the empowerment informal settlements of Tabriz? Tabriz Metropolitan area is situated the northwest of Iran. Many informal settlements populations in Tabriz are especially in the northeast, south and southeast zones of the city. The physical and socio- economic situation of the informal settlements in the diverse city zones have varying characters. However, the subject of this study is how the empowerment approach can be used best in Tabriz’s informal settlements. Research method is descriptive – analytical. In the conceptual model we have tried to present how asset-based policy-making can lead to empowerment. The following indexes were selected to represent empowerment: a sense of competence, autonomy, effectiveness, being meaningful and a sense of trust. The research was carried out in the informal settlements of Molazeynal, Seylab, Gushkhane and Khalil Abad quarters are the research clusters. The sample size was 224 people. In conclusion, the components of asset based policy, namely social capital, physical capital and financial capital, in a community's development have a significant impact on the empowerment of informal settlements.

‘Culture-led regeneration’ is a principle approach to the contemporary urban regeneration process. During last two decades, many of the European, American and even Asian cities, especially those subjected to the decline of deindustrialization have adopted the cultural approach as a way of rejuvenating their economical mechanisms and giving a better image to their global spectators. The idea that culture can be employed as a driver for urban economic growth has become part of the new attitude by which cities seek to enhance their competitive position. By letting a large number of economies, later renowned as creative industries, flourishing, cities all around the world, has gained a great deal of reputation all along with experiencing considerable economic prosperity. Such developments reflect not only the rise to prominence of the cultural sphere in the contemporary urban economy, but how the meaning of culture has been redefined to include new uses in order to meet social, economic and political objectives. In the literature from the late 1980s, from which the idea of ‘culture-led’ regeneration as a policy concept began to emerge, we find a bifurcation of the language of artistic value: one trajectory remains within the hermetic world of ‘the arts’, with its own historical and philosophical traditions; the other trajectory heads into a direct engagement with the socio-urban context. It is this latter trajectory this article is concerned with, and within this trajectory one would find a struggle to present ‘culture’ as a socially credible framework of validation. As the struggle between redevelopment and conservation has made a long history of confrontation and preference that incorporates the big city redevelopment plans and rapid vanishing of historical structures in cities, culture has led to a more appropriate solution and has presented a variety of activities that could find their place in the inner core and historical fabrics of cities and gain benefit while keeping the urban heritage viable and intact. Through the process of culture-led regeneration, newly made buildings and architectural structures may be added to the whole setting in a gradual and context-friendly manner. These structures would help the system accomplish its economic task more sufficiently as they show a better and more harmonious image of the previously abandoned and distressed areas, making a powerful identity for the city and the region. The fact that it could be possible to gain profit in a historical and conservative framework has convinced the market to make investments in new economies and creative industries. This article is a tentative to explore some basic concepts of culture-led regeneration and make the approach theoretically clear. The success of cultural approach in regeneration has been so immense that it seems absolutely inevitable to get more acquainted with this approach in the field of urban regeneration. The basics of culture-led regeneration have been listed and explained through the article and as a primary step it may be helpful to clarify the theoretical aspects which would be afterwards the keystones for the adaptation of this approach in a different and more indigenous context.