محلات

Research related to the quality of life has been raised as a new topic in social studies during the last fourteen decades of the 20th century in many countries. The concept of the quality of urban life today has gained traction in the schools of welfare and social justice, and in Iran since the past, various discussions and efforts have been made in the field of improving urban life quality. Therefore, in this article, using theoretical discussions and also the most important indicators in this field, the quality of life of the residents of the neighborhoods in One District of Tehran has been measured. In general, the purpose of this article is to investigate the contexts and factors related to the quality of life of the citizens of one district of Tehran, based on various indicators such as housing, transportation, security, health, and urban management. Quantitative research method and data were collected by survey method and then analyzed using HLM software with a multi-level approach. The findings of the research show that the quality of life of the residents of Region 1 varies at the neighborhood level. According to the findings, the neighborhoods of Naft, Jamaran, and Niavaran have the highest average quality of urban life, while the neighborhoods of Sohank, Derke, Zafaranieh, Darband, Evin, Gulabdara, and Mahmoudieh have the lowest average scores. Based on the differences between these neighborhoods, the findings indicate that objective variables such as age and education at level one, and subjective variables such as the feeling of social security at level two have a significant relationship with the dependent variable, i.e., quality of urban life.

One of the prominent features of cities in developing countries is that the rate of urbanization is increasing rapidly and the desire of people to live in cities is increasing, which is the expansion of urbanization, the increase in the population density of cities and the resulting tensions. It has caused urban spaces and citizens to face many problems. According to Hamadi, choosing a house in the cities has caused many changes in social relations and people's daily life. These simple transformations in the urban territory have caused a change in the lifestyle and behavioral pattern of the residents of the urban areas and especially the network of social and neighborhood relations. Neighborhood relations can be defined as a subset of social relations that are created between two or more families together, and these relations are a part of the quality of life that met many needs in pre-modern conditions. Even now, there is often such a feeling in cities and neighborhoods that have deep and extensive neighborly relations. Who we live with is socially and culturally important because it affects our quality of life. Human beings are inherently social creatures, driven by the innate desire to engage with a diverse range of individuals and actively participate within their communities. Neighborhoods and neighborhood units are a reflection of this approach. These neighborhood units, established with the objective of fostering a sense of community and enhancing social connections, assume a paramount significance in cultivating and refining this indispensable attribute. The neighborhood and the interaction of neighbors in the neighborhood have been one of the most fundamental concepts in architecture and urban planning for a long time. The lack of neighborhood interactions and the change in lifestyle and behavioral patterns of residents in cities have established the basic structure of this research. This research aims to examine the relationship between the physical structure or framework of the neighborhood and the amount of face-to-face interactions in the neighborhood. The existing research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative-qualitative in terms of its applied purpose, nature, and data collection methods, and a correlational research method has been used. Data collection was done through library research and field methods (questionnaires). According to Morgan's table, questionnaires were distributed among 394 people in four neighborhoods of Ahvaz city (Shahrek Naft, Newsite, Zeitoun Karmanani, Kianpars), which were presented in closed form and Likert scale. The data collected for this study was analyzed using SPSS software. To measure the adequacy of the sample, KMO and Bartlett tests were employed. The findings were also examined using statistical methods such as Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficient, variance test, and Pearson test. The results of the variance test indicate a significance level of 0.001, suggesting a significant difference between the questionnaire findings in villa neighborhoods (New Site, Shahrak Naft) and apartment neighborhoods (Zeitoun Karmandi and Kianpars). A Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.586 indicates that there is a direct relationship between two variables. Specifically, the face-to-face relationships increase in villa neighborhoods, while they decrease in apartment areas.

In this study, municipal task and duties were divided to sovereign and non-profit operational ones. Then, using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and Topsis technique among those 25 non- commercial tasks, 8 main tasks were determined to be devolved to neighborhood social councils. To do this, 8 parameters were defined: internal resistance of Mashhad municipality body to task devolution, incoordination and ineffectiveness of neighborhood social councils, non-coherence and inefficiency of neighborhood councils, task conflicts, non-professionalism, external actors, neighborhood special features and legal impediments. Some of these parameters are internal (related to neighborhood councils) and some are external. Questionnaires distributed to head of neighborhood councils, city council’s members and municipality employees. It is found that preparing neighborhood experiments has the highest priority. Planning and suggesting urban plazas, supervision of sport activities in municipality regions, participation in maintenance and providing social symbols and places, participation in social harms reduction, supervision and suggesting urban furniture and equipment plans, supervision and suggesting plans for city entrance and walls and participating in civics are the next priorities respectively.

The absence of urban environment for children in the urban spaces along with growing urban development have resulted in children’s decreased presence in this area gradually. Because of these policies, the sense of belonging to the urban environment in children is now differently assessed. Hence, it can be concluded that the environment plays a significant role in the development of personality and child growth; thereby forming the cultural, social factors as well as a great portion of the child's environmental and spatial attachments in the family on neighborhood context.

This study attempts to evaluate the relationship between components such as environmental flexibility, location identity, and presence in neighborhoods as components of urban planning with such factors as playing, experienced emotion, and participation in decision making. The main question of this study is the effect and extent of these components on each component.

Methodologically, this study has a quantitative approach and a descriptive and causal-comparative research strategy. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that 367 students were chosen through clustering from each school, among 8000 students of Bandar Anzali. The outcomes were analyzed through the software SPSS24 and LISREL8.80.

The analysis of the results proved that the highest effect coefficient (95%) in children was related to place flexibility, which causes creativity in the creation of a game by the child.

The following grades of the most influence was for physical presence in the neighborhoods with 94% and place identity with 89%, obtained from the questionnaire filled by children.

Sense of belonging to place as important topic in urban planning, can have a significant space and place effect on the urban environment. This study aims is to identify and review the Spatial and locative Consequences of a place sense of belonging in to place in Khorramabad districts. Therefore, the addition collect some research data from relevant organizations, a number of questionnaires distributed in the districts level and by the SPSS software analysis has, then caused by the sense of measuring each area by the system geographic information (GIS), on the map are shown. The results show that, depending on the amount of sense of place in various districts, have different spatial and locative effects. Therefore the sense of belonging to place in various districts, to make a distinction of various districts Khorramabad city to each other. . The results show that, depending on the amount of sense of place in various districts, have different spatial and locative effects. Therefore the sense of belonging to place in various districts, to make a distinction of various districts Khorramabad city to each other.

There is no doubt in the problem of “suburbs”. This is the reason for the grandes ensembles being discussed in political debates s and the press in the early years of the 70s to justify the necessity of an urban policy for solving the problem. But، what is the nature of the issue? General problems are not objective facts; they are the product of social and political structure made of the complex interactions between multiple factors including institutions، interest groups and social movements. A social fact turns into a general problem only as a result of the intensive trilogy process of «naming، blaming، claiming». Naming is the process of recognizing the problem، blaming، process seeks for the causes of the problem or guilty ones to whom we can refer the problem and claiming includes the compilation and publication of amendment programs and treatment. There exist multiple competitive modes of the problem in inception of urban policy which will lead to various strategic orientations. The Debates about the nature of the problem and possible solutions in the fields of ​​public space، city planning and urban renewal legislation and gridlines 2003 (known as the Borloo act) were almost completely destroyed. Nine years later، with the breakdown of the illusion of a complete solution، scheduling the debate becomes necessary. This article is presented in this vision by two goals of: clarifying different approach to the «problem of sectors» and offering a mean for public action. In this paper presents four different approaches of solving this problem which have been fortunate in a short period of the history of urban policy. First، “Jacobine” approach and the structure of Borloo act، second، “communitarian” approach or the guide for social development in the 80s، third، “reforming” approach and the inspirations for urban contracts in the 90s، and last، the “neo-conservative” approach which was authorized during the 5 year presidency of Sarkozy. However، the speeches of politicians in charge of urban policy have led to strange replications of these approaches which are not applicable in theory، and the priorities of these approaches were never exclusive. In this article، there blind spots in the identification of territorial disparities and suggestion of reforming means to eliminate these blind spots are offered as the conclusion of the research. These blind spots are stem from the French statistical system and budget which makes racial and ethnic discrimination measures and the calculation of public resources allocated to different territories difficult or even impossible. Thus، the introduction of ethnic-racial categories in general statistics and geographical location of systematic public funding seems appropriate for the exactness of the challenges of territorial equality policy. This will also allow the expression، implementation، and evaluation of alternative strategies compared to current strategies which conducted municipal politics since 2003.

Nowadays، a special attention is given to the role of urban planning and the built environment and their impacts on neighborhood walkability and residents’ walking behavior. A large number of studies have been conducted about this issue in developed countries، but little has been done in this regard in the context of a developing country such as Iran. These researches emphasized the strong relation between accessibility to parks، recreational and sport services. They applied two main approaches of objective and subjective. The objective criterion has some advantages like lesser measurement error، standardization and easy quantification and transferability into policy making. Some researchers believe that subjective approaches have more affinities with real perceptions especially in behavioral sciences. Thus، a considerable number of researchers recommend the use of both objective and subjective approaches. Evidence showed that the dimension of physical problems is more sophisticated in larger urban centers. Tehran mega-polis as capital center of Iran experiences a wide range of socio economic problems due to the rising level of air pollution. According to the official records of heath organizations، obesity and heart diseases are on the increase among the population of large urban centers. Therefore، it seems that physical activity can partly help reduce the pressure of different physical and mental disorders. Obviously، urban planners play a significant role in carrying out the arrangement of urban land use on different scales from city to neighborhood. The present study examined the relationship between neighborhood walkability and adults’ walking behavior in Metropolitan Tehran. Three built environment measures of net residential density، land use mix، street connectivity، and socio-economic status (SES) were calculated using geographic information systems (GIS) on a census block scale across Metropolitan Tehran. As participants، 657 subjects were recruited from neighboring areas in terms of both neighborhood walkability and SES scores. The amount of weekly walking was obtained using a self-reported method and، then، it was compared with the neighborhood walkability. The data were processed and classified using SPSS and anylsed via different statistical models. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between the neighborhood walkability and residents’ walking behavior. People who lived in high walkable neighborhoods reported more weekly walking than those who lived in low walkable neighborhoods. These results highlighted the role of urban planning and the built environment in enhancing residents’ physical activity which، in turn، leads to the improvement of residents’ physical and mental health. The main conclusion of this research was that the method and measurement of physical activities in urban areas has definite connection with the socio-economic conditions of people. Thus، urban researchers need to employ social and economic indexes to identify the real requirements of urban neighborhoods and facilities to help members of society، especially the older people، to take part in physical activities. This research، however، recommended further studies in this regard to deepen our understanding about the relation between the features of built environment and the tendency of residents towards more physical activity.

Considering tourists’ viewpoints and motives for traveling to a given tourism destination is very important in terms of its significance on tourism developmental planning and marketing. Influenced by their motives, tourists have different expectations of travel products; so their motives are very significant in determining developmental strategies and also in making the planners and policy makers aware of the major tourism destinations and their characteristics. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify the tourists’ motives in order to attain a suitable pattern for marketing and providing developmental strategies for the products in Mahallat, Iran. With respect to the importance of effective factors in tourists’ motives, the impact of gender and income were considered. To test the hypothesis, the results of 185 questionnaires were analyzed through factor analysis, t-test, and ANOVA. The results of the analyses indicated that tourists’ motives can be classified into four categories - that accounted for 58.1% of the total variance. Examining the presumed concepts of the first factor (tranquility-recreation) by 15.8% of the total variance suggested tourists’ inclination for spiritual peace, being away from the worries of work and life, visiting the family and friends, enjoying the hobbies and exciting entertainments and the weather in Mahallat. Therefore, with these factors in mind, planning tourism activities must be based on the development of entertainment facilities. The second factor is the "ecotourism" accounted for 15.54% of the total variance. In this case, the tourists’ inclination to use the recreational space of Sarcheshmeh Park was to see and enjoy the natural scenery, visiting the flowers and plants, and having fun. In brief, these two factors represent a perspective of the attitudes of the respondents that is the most common one among them. In other words, most tourists visit Mahallat with recreation and ecotourism motives. In this regard, the infrastructure and facilities planning activities should focus more on these two motives. The third and fourth factors presumed as "historic - investigatory" and "pilgrimage - culture" respectively, accounted for 13.86% and 12.88% of the total variance. The mean of tourists’ viewpoints in response to the items related to the above mentioned factors revealed the importance of more consideration and planning in relevant areas with these motives. Among these, peace-recreation factor won the highest percentage of variance. Hypothesis test results also indicated significant difference between income and tourist motivation. Regarding to the fact that Mahallat has numerous ancient historical works and arts related to various historical periods, it needs the development of required tourism infrastructure.