محله

Extensive research and evaluation in the field of housing and neighborhood planning and design has been done so far, which shows the obvious importance and pathological view in this area. From this point of view, Ph.D. dissertations in architecture can be considered as scientific and methodological research that can be used to solve problems and shortcomings in the field of housing and neighborhood; in this regard, the study of the potential of the dissertations in terms of application is considered. The present study uses a combined strategy (correlation and qualitative) with an analytical-descriptive approach and examines the content of doctoral dissertations in architecture in four steps with a focus on housing and neighborhood; the first step examines the research background and the next step analyzes the contents of the dissertations (21 full-texts and 22 abstracts). The period of doctoral dissertations under analysis is from 2000 to 2020, and these dissertations have been completed in Public and Islamic Azad universities in Iran. The third step of the research includes an evaluation of the authors of the dissertations (32 people) in order to complete the second stage. At the final stage, strategies and guidelines are explained. This article points out the importance and impact of doctoral dissertations in architecture. The results of analysis and evaluation indicate that most of the doctoral dissertations examined have significant findings and results that can have practical applications in alignment with the policies applied by the university (as a converter and mediator); Also, the strategies and guidelines are suggested in two dimensions of "application of dissertations and their approach" and "educational and research process in universities" with the aim of application of research findings and their use by decision-makers, planners and designers.

Depression is the most prevalent mental disorder worldwide, including in Iran, and it poses an important issue not only as a debilitating illness but also due to its associated disease burden, pathogenicity, suicide rates, and its destructive effects on societal function and the economy. Consequently, it is particularly sensitive among vulnerable groups, including adolescents and young adults. The psychological effects of the built environment, especially in neighborhoods where individuals interact for extended periods, on depression during the sensitive periods of adolescence and youth are undeniable. Today, the failure to focus on the quality of the neighborhood environment contributes to negative sentiments, which are linked to depression in these demographic groups across urban areas. Thus, a critical problem is the insufficient attention to the direct impacts of the quality of the built environment on the depression of adolescents and young adults. This issue, exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of depression in urban settings, highlights the necessity for cooperation in urban design and the development of foundational understandings from an urban design perspective, adopting a comprehensive approach. However, few studies have investigated this issue among these populations in Asian countries, particularly in Iran. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to assess the potential of urban design in neighborhoods to reduce depression among adolescents and young adults living in these areas. Accordingly, this article explores the effects of neighborhood environmental qualities on depression in Yazd, Iran.This research utilized a quantitative method and was conducted as a survey-type study. Data were collected from 194 individuals aged 15 to 35 residing in three neighborhoods of the city: historical, middle, and new. The qualities of the objective and perceived environment, as well as measures of depression, were assessed through the Analytical Audit Tool (for evaluating the objective environment of the neighborhoods), NEWS-Y (for measuring neighborhood environments based on residents’ perceptions), and the BDI-II (for assessing residents’ depression). Regression analysis and ANOVA tests were employed to analyze the relationships. The findings indicated that, except for legibility, permeability, and climatic comfort, the qualities of land use diversity, security, safety, housing quality, sociability, aesthetics, sensory richness, place attachment, and environmental cleanliness were significantly and inversely related to depression. Therefore, functional, ecological, and experiential-aesthetic qualities have a relationship with depression. Additionally, based on the results, the role of environmental quality in depression is significant due to the multitude of influencing factors involved. This relationship is stronger in the historical neighborhood, which has lower environmental quality, but its intensity decreases in the middle and new neighborhoods, which possess higher environmental quality. As a result, the prevention and treatment of depression require a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach in which the quality of the built environment and the principles of urban design play a critical role. Therefore, improving the environmental quality of neighborhoods can serve as an effective adaptive strategy for reducing depression among adolescents and young adults, particularly in historical neighborhoods, thus yielding more stable outcomes alongside the broader benefit of reducing public depression.

Over the past decades, numerous discussions have attempted to define the concept of a neighborhood. Initially, the definition of a neighborhood was rooted in the principle of separation, emphasizing the presence of social boundaries. However, as urban development advanced, the transformation of neighborhoods in the modern era signaled the emergence of new conceptualizations, where planning and design often preceded social structures. Despite extensive academic discourse, a universally accepted definition of a neighborhood remains elusive. Examining the spatial aspects of neighborhoods requires a well-defined theoretical framework that captures the lived experiences of residents and the interrelationship between people, activities, and spaces. The ambiguity in defining neighborhoods stems from the absence of a standardized conceptual framework, resulting in varied interpretations and applications across disciplines. This challenge has hindered the ability of urban scholars to fully grasp the implications of neighborhood effects on social interactions and urban cohesion. Theoretical Framework Neighborhoods have long been a focal point of social science research. Sociologists have regarded neighborhoods as "genuine phenomena" with intrinsic social significance. The scientific study of neighborhoods as independent subjects gained traction in the late 19th century. By the 1960s, the concept of the neighborhood had gained prominence within professional communities, yet definitions increasingly overlooked its locational aspects. In the 21st century, social theorists revisited early neighborhood conceptualizations, such as those formulated by the Chicago School, which emphasized demographic characteristics as defining factors. This approach viewed neighborhoods primarily through socio-economic, moral, and racial transformations. However, the perception of neighborhoods gradually shifted from being purely physical constructs to more perceptual and mental entities, characterized by four key dimensions: space, time (history), citizens (individuals, groups, and institutions), and activities or functions. Historical research suggests that the concept of a neighborhood is best understood as a dynamic and evolving process. The "accumulation of similar behavioral patterns" and a "valued perception of a fixed territory" contribute to the neighborhood's identity. Modernity has introduced additional complexities, reinforcing the importance of reevaluating traditional neighborhood frameworks.

This study is classified as fundamental research with a qualitative approach. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, it employs a systematic review and thematic analysis technique to analyze 36 primary sources. The research follows a six-step process:Immersion in the data
Generation of primary codes
Identification of themes
Examination and refinement of themes
Definition and naming of themes
Report preparation

The research findings indicate that the social ontology of traditional neighborhoods revolves around two main themes:Capacities of Local Communities, encompassing:Social attachment, which includes attitudinal and behavioral attachment, neighborhood satisfaction, emotional investment, preservation of neighborhood assets, social belonging, pride, and the willingness to defend neighborhood boundaries. Social cohesion, which involves fostering deep interpersonal bonds, shared traditions, community participation, and a collective sense of kinship.
Community Neighborhood Acceptance, comprising:Social obligations, which include collective goals, participatory social practices, neighborhood honor, tolerance, mutual trust, crisis unity, and resident engagement in shaping the neighborhood’s future. Public good and empowerment, which pertains to the enhancement of interpersonal resources, skill development, neighborhood loyalty, social support systems, local entrepreneurship, and the sustainability of cultural and economic self-sufficiency. These thematic elements highlight the critical role of neighborhood sociability in fostering cohesive, resilient, and sustainable urban communities. The study underscores that social attachment and cohesion serve as foundational elements for the vitality of traditional neighborhoods.

This study aimed to reinterpret the concept of the traditional neighborhood and examine its transformation across different historical periods. By exploring the social aspects of traditional neighborhoods, it identified four primary components that shape their ontology: space, time, citizen, and activity. These elements interact dynamically, influencing both urban structure and citizenship practices. Over time, the understanding of neighborhoods has transitioned from being purely physical constructs to more semantic, perceptual, and mental entities. However, despite this conceptual evolution, neighborhoods remain tangible manifestations of social and spatial dynamics. The increasing divergence between social and physical structures, coupled with enhanced mobility and technological advancements, has complicated the definition and lived experience of neighborhoods in contemporary urban contexts. The findings suggest that revitalizing urban neighborhoods requires a return to the foundational principles of traditional neighborhood design. By integrating social ontology into modern urban planning, policymakers and designers can cultivate more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable urban environments.

The Industrial Revolution and the increasing dominance of automobiles over cities have led to the decline of the presence of pedestrians in cities. On the other hand, the growing population of cities and the increasing share of roadways in the city structure have created numerous problems for cities. In contemporary Iranian urbanization, the needs and natural rights of pedestrians have received less attention from urban planners and designers, and pedestrian walkways are not considered as an independent part of urban space but rather as a function of pedestrian movement, which has caused numerous traffic, environmental, social, etc. problems in cities. This study evaluates the walkability in Bushehr's modern and historical neighborhoods. Therefore, the neighborhoods of Kuti, Dehdashti, Shanbedi, and Behbahani from the historic neighborhoods and Sangi, Ashouri, Bagh Zahra, and Bisim from the modern neighborhoods have been selected. To assess the walkability status in these neighborhoods, 160 questionnaires were distributed among the residents, and the data from the questionnaires were analyzed using an independent t-test and exploratory factor analysis. The t-test results show no significant difference between the historic and modern neighborhoods regarding walkability, and there is only a difference in the green space index on the sidewalk. Finally, based on the extracted factors of the six exploratory factor analysis, urban design strategies and policies have been presented to promote walkability in the neighborhoods of Bushehr.

In Islamic anthropology and its educational foundations, inculcation is considered one of the important and influential methods in the process of human growth and excellence. Nevertheless, the physical and functional translation of this key concept has been neglected in the field of urban design. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to provide strategies for neighborhood management and operational suggestions for its physical and functional formation influenced by the concept of inculcation. For this purpose, by focusing on "library resources" and using the methods of "Meta-synthesis" "logical reasoning" and "interdisciplinary extension", the concept of inculcation was summarized based on Islamic teachings, inculcation in urban planning was redefined and the concepts of "familiarity" and "Trust" were identified as the main concepts shaping the inculcation. Finally, it was concluded that the concept of inculcation in the neighborhood has the highest function in seven specific urban spaces. Also, the strategies and operational suggestions needed in order to manage and direct the physical and functional inculcations in the desired Islamic neighborhood have been presented in the results of the research.

The article explains the concept of aging in place, which refers to the ability of older adults to remain in their homes and familiar neighborhoods. This approach is based on the idea that by maintaining social interactions and physical activities, older adults can continue living in familiar environments where their physical, social, and psychological needs are met. The article examines the impact of the growing elderly population globally, and particularly in Iran. According to global statistics, the elderly population will increase significantly in the coming decades, highlighting the need for new policies and urban planning in areas such as infrastructure and services. Many elderly individuals, especially, face challenges such as access to healthcare services and the need for housing adaptation.Using data retrieved from the Scopus database, refined and modeled in VOSviewer software, it was found that in developed countries, aging in place has been introduced as one of the main solutions to address these challenges. This approach emphasizes the importance of social participation for the elderly, the creation of safe environments, and easy access to services. Elder-friendly urban environments not only help improve their quality of life but also prevent isolation and psychological problems. The article also discusses the challenges faced by developing countries, including Iran, and underscores the importance of increasing attention to this issue in urban and social policies. Research in this area shows that leading countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have produced the most studies and articles on aging in place, while other countries, like Iran, have paid less attention to this subject. Overall, the concept of aging in place, with an emphasis on the physical environment, social connections, and active participation of the elderly in society, has been proposed as a sustainable solution to improving the quality of life for the elderly.

One of the prominent characteristics of Iranian architecture is the simultaneous presence of three types of open, semi-open and closed spaces. After the 1940s, due to the civility crisis, the dignity of the house was reduced to the lowest functional level. The loss of semi-open spaces such as a veranda or a spring was affected by this crisis. After that, an element called the balcony replaced these spaces, which today has become a problem for the facade of the building and the appearance of the city due to the lack of privacy, the appearance of a mistake in the interior space of the building, the unsuitable climatic location, and the small area and lack of practicalityThe facade, as the external shell of the building, is one of the important and effective elements on the aesthetics of the urban view. One of the main elements of the facade is the balcony, which has become the cause of visual confusion in neighborhoods and cities today. The purpose of this research is to observe how the residents use the balcony and how it affects the landscape of the neighborhood. This research is of qualitative-interpretive type, research strategy, case study and data collection was done by field method. In this research, 20 medium-rise residential buildings built in the 90s, consisting of 100 balconies, were selected in the Darya neighborhood of District 2, Tehran. how they were used by users was analyzed. The results of the research indicate that 36% of the balconies were left unchanged and and did not affect the facade of the building and the neighborhood. 18% of the balconies are closed by glass, 12% are placed on installations, 9% are closed by fences and guards, and 2% are used to store waste.

 Walking is one of the best ways to increase physical activity, and this issue can play an effective role in improving the physical conditions of city residents and give health to city residents. Walking is one of the most effective sports for the health of citizens, with the development of car life in communities and especially in cities and subsequently reducing the physical activities of citizens, a large number of city dwellers are suffering from diseases caused by lack of physical activities. Pedestrian walking is one of the ways that can be effective in the civic revitalization of urban centers and by increasing the presence of citizens in public places, it increases interactions and social solidarity. In fact, pedestrian areas are parts of the urban space that are closed to vehicular traffic at all or some hours of the day and night due to having some special capacities and are completely dedicated to pedestrians. Applying effective measures and solutions for marketing the lost identity of sidewalks and the importance and standardization of its construction seems essential. In the existing research, it has been analyzed and conducted based on both rationalist and experimental philosophies. But finally, by using the experience and test of the society, the subject of the research has been examined and inferences have been made from its results. First, a neighborhood in Nowshahr city has been selected and measured, and finally general conclusions have been made from the obtained results. These results can be generalized to other areas.Descriptive and library research method and the statistical population includes the citizens of Nowshahr, according to the latest census statistics, Nowshahr has a population of 49,405. The statistical population of the research includes 1123 people living in this residential neighborhood in Nowshahr city and the sample size is equal to 286 people, and the hypothesis that was raised in this research is that it seems that increasing the safety index of the walkability of a neighborhood has an effective role on Health (reduction of obesity) of the residents of the neighborhood. The method of data collection in this research was obtained using documentary and field studies. Collection of documents: In the section of document studies, the comprehensive and detailed plan of Korkor area of Nowshahr municipality has been examined in order to examine the studied neighborhood in the form of various demographic, economic, environmental, physical, etc. dimensions, and in each section, The facilities and facilities of the neighborhood in question have been mentioned.To analyze the data of the research, a sample t-test test was used. The results of the research showed that because the significance level of the test is 0.009, it is smaller than the error of the test, which is 0.05. As a result, the investigated hypothesis is confirmed. It means that increasing the walkability of a neighborhood has an effect on the health (reducing obesity) of the residents of the neighborhood. Based on the results of the T-Tech sample test and the survey of the residents of the neighborhood, it can be said that increasing the walkability of a neighborhood has an effect on health. (reducing obesity) of neighborhood residents is effective. Five sub-dimensions (safety index, security index, furniture index, access to services index, transportation facilities index, attractiveness and green space index) are effective on the health (reduction of obesity) of neighborhood residents. But increasing the walkability of a neighborhood based on social activities index does not have an effective role on the health (reduction of obesity) of the residents of the neighborhood. The results of the present research are in line with the results of Rahnama and Mesgrani (2013). They discussed the components of health. The results of the present research are in line with the results of Habibi and Haghi (2013). And it was concluded that in order for walking to be a part of people's lives in order to maintain health, it is important to pay attention to the necessary and necessary indicators, as well as the optimal quality of sidewalks. In the end, it was used to provide solutions for improving walking conditions in order to improve health. It is suggested that effective steps should be taken by creating suitable places for walking in Korkudsar neighborhood of Nowshahr and establishing more safety so that people can walk more easily.

Place attachment is an important concept for evaluating the spatial quality of environments, particularly due to its psychological dimension and its strong relationship to the broader concept of sense of place in urban spaces. While the subject has been extensively studied in various fields related to place, less attention has been given to how the scale of place—whether it is the home, neighbourhood, or city—affects the development of this attachment. This study aims to identify and explore the key factors influencing place attachment across these three scales. By understanding the differences in place attachment at varying levels, this research will contribute to a more nuanced approach in urban studies, planning, and design.
Theoretical Framework:Recent models of place attachment emphasize that, in addition to personal and locational characteristics, both social and physical factors play a vital role in shaping the sense of attachment. The key factors influencing place attachment can be summarized as follows:
Physical Characteristics of a Place: These include elements that range from the smaller scale of the home and neighbourhood to larger urban and national contexts. This includes aspects such as housing satisfaction, the availability and efficiency of services, architectural and aesthetic values, and the sense of safety.
Individual Characteristics: Factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, marital status, homeownership, personal values, and community beliefs all significantly impact place attachment. Furthermore, experiences, memories, cultural background, and religion contribute to this connection.
Duration of Interaction with a Place: Research indicates that place attachment is a gradual process. Altman associates a stronger attachment with longer periods of residence, as this tends to result in the formation of deeper relationships and connections with the local community.
Social Characteristics: The development of place attachment also requires meaningful, long-term engagement and participation within the community. Social participation is seen as one of the strongest drivers of emotional attachment to a place, fostering a sense of security and belonging.

This research adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing in-depth interviews to explore the factors influencing place attachment across three scales—home, neighbourhood, and city. The interviews were conducted in six different neighbourhoods in Tehran, which were selected using a cluster sampling method. Two neighbourhoods were chosen from privileged areas (Darband and Jamaran), two from middle-income areas (Tarasht and West Tehran-Pars), and two from low-income areas (Bolur-Sazi and 13th Aban). The interviews were carried out until theoretical saturation was achieved, with a total of 66 interviews (27 men and 39 women) conducted. Each neighbourhood was represented by 11 interviews. The selected participants were individuals over the age of 25 who had lived in the same neighbourhood for at least five years.
Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Key concepts related to place attachment were extracted and categorized into factors influencing attachment at the scales of home, neighbourhood, and city.

At the home scale, four major categories were identified:- Housing structure
- Social belonging
- Environmental efficiency
- Semantic belonging
At the neighbourhood scale, the factors influencing place attachment included:- Neighbourhood efficiency
- Sense of belonging
- Social capital
- Institutional-cognitive values
At the city scale, four categories emerged:- Vitality
- Accessibility and efficiency
- Social dependence
- Perceptual-semantic value
The research revealed significant differences in place attachment across these scales. Place attachment is notably strongest at the home scale, followed by the city, with attachment to the neighbourhood being comparatively weaker. However, this does not minimize the importance of the neighbourhood in shaping place attachment. Further analysis showed that individuals with low attachment to their neighbourhood generally exhibited weak attachment to both the city and their home. This suggests that a certain minimum level of neighbourhood attachment is necessary for the formation of a more comprehensive sense of place attachment.
Moreover, the study highlighted differences in the nature of the factors influencing attachment at each scale. At the home level, factors are primarily tangible and objective—such as the physical structure of the house, its functionality, and the immediate social environment. In contrast, at the city scale, factors are more intangible and subjective, involving perceptions of the city's vitality, accessibility, and social dynamics. The neighbourhood scale represented a blend of both objective and subjective factors, reflecting its intermediary role in individuals' experiences of place.

The findings of this research underscore the complexity of place attachment and its variation across different scales of place. While the home scale fosters the strongest attachment, followed by the city, the neighbourhood still plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' overall place attachment. The neighbourhood can act as a source of identity and attachment, although it requires further exploration to fully understand its dynamic relationship with other scales. Additionally, the concrete and objective factors that influence attachment at the home scale are contrasted with the more intangible, subjective elements at the city scale, while the neighbourhood embodies a hybrid of these characteristics. This nuanced understanding of place attachment and its relation to the scale of place offers valuable insights for urban planning and design, particularly in fostering environments that strengthen place attachment across all levels of urban life.

This research looks more closely at social cohesion as an achievement of urban neighborhoods. There was a high level of social cohesion in the traditional neighborhood, but the human extent of social cohesion varied from country to country. It is important to pay attention to how many people we mean by cohesion, connection and unity and what we are moving towards. Thus, by examining the traditional neighborhood in Iran, Turkey and Morocco, an attempt has been made to examine three different types of Iranian-Islamic neighborhood in order to evaluate and compare social cohesion, its type and its extent. The method used in this research was qualitative content analysis, comparative analogy of texts and also hidden observation in the case studies. First, by defining the purpose and main questions of the research, various texts about social cohesion have been studied. One of the stages of content analysis in this research is preparing for analysis, organizing and finally reporting the results. The results show that Social cohesion in Turkey occurs from neighboring neighborhoods, in Iran as a neighborhood, and in Morocco as an alley. Also, the local passage in the Turkish, Iranian neighborhoods and Derb, as the main structure of the neighborhood in Morocco, has led to the connection of the houses with the street, which has had a direct impact on social cohesion. The idea of having a joint between two Turkish neighborhoods which leads to the connection of adjacent neighborhoods.

Enclosed communities, which are also known as gated residential development, gated residential apartment, and settlement, are expanding and have become very popular among home buyers. Enclosed communities have limited public access and privatized public space with the aim of creating security and peace for their residents, and this enclosure has led to the creation of disjointed spaces that are separated and isolated from their outer urban environment. In fact, enclosed neighborhoods are a reflection of an urban unit that is physically, socially, and economically different from its surroundings and lacks cohesion. Examining the negative effects of these communities enclosed within themselves and the surrounding urban areas is a very important issue that has not been addressed much, and land traders and developers have expanded them without paying attention to it and trying to make more profit. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify these factors from the point of view of experts and space users, with the aim of investigating the degree of confinement in the neighborhood cohesion of the residents of Ekbatan and Ati Saz.
The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative type. This research has a nest to nest combination. To answer the research question, qualitative-quantitative research method nest by nest is used. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interview is used to verify the variables extracted from the bases and also to assign the base variables to a case sample, and the obtained results are entered into the ATLAS.TI software to facilitate the coding, and open coding is used to extract the variables with a live approach. , description and interpretation takes place.
In a small part of the obtained variables, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (1: the lowest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion; 5: the highest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion) is compiled and distributed among 384 people of space users. In this section, by using the factor analysis method, due to the multiplicity of variables for classification and also the effect of each of them in the residential complex of Ati Saz and Ekbatan, factor analysis with the Varimax method is used, and finally, the correlation of the determined coefficients in both Ekbatan and Ati Saz neighborhoods with Each other is taken and a fitting curve is drawn.
The results of the research show that Ekbatan and Atisaz neighborhoods are considered as one of the prosperous and active communities in Tehran. Also, because of their convenient location, they have been favored by the residents of Tehran. According to the investigations carried out in this research, in both neighborhoods, the factor of social cohesion is considered the most effective factor in the cohesion of the residents of both neighborhoods. The reason for this is that the enclosure and separation of Akbatan and Atysaz neighborhoods from the surrounding neighborhoods, both physically and socially, has caused problems such as social-cultural discontinuity in this area, which has consequences such as the fragmentation of the social fabric. The isolation and insularity of these two neighborhoods has caused the administration of this area to face problems and social participation in urban governance is decreasing. One of the most important problems caused by the lack of communication and connection between Ekbatan and Ati-saz neighborhoods with the surrounding neighborhoods is social disunity and segregation in this area, which, if appropriate decisions are not taken and the need for social cohesion of the area is not taken into account, can cause many problems in the future. The lack of communication and physical connection has also caused a gap in the body tissue and its lack of harmony with the surrounding environment. In addition to the mentioned issues, these neighborhoods also struggle with the issue of access and inefficient public transportation, and this has caused major changes in the process of citizens living in these neighborhoods.
Also, the most important factor affecting the cohesion of these two enclosed neighborhoods is social cohesion. After that, the following factors can be mentioned in order:Coherence in social communication, cohesion in the sense of belonging, cohesion in creating security, cohesion in governing organizations and cohesion in authority.

numerous studies have delved into the intricate connection between the built environment of communities and human beings in various aspects. Researchers have shown a keen interest in understanding the social dynamics of residents and the role of open and public spaces. despite the abundance of research, a comprehensive consensus regarding theoretical foundations, measurement techniques, and evaluation tools is yet to be reached. This article aims to address this gap by proposing potential paths for future studies that seek to examine the relationship between public and open spaces and residents' individual and social indicators.

Using a descriptive-exploratory approach, theories and approaches that can be relied upon in studies in this field, as well as methods, variables, and components that can be used to evaluate the public and open spaces, are introduced and limitations are discussed.

The investigations have shown that a combination of several theories can form the basis for research that addresses the relationship between human beings and the public and open spaces, and models have also been introduced to interpret the relationship between these two variables. The study categorizes the variables of the public and open spaces into three distinct categories and presents indicators for measuring each category.

In conclusion, the evaluation of public and open spaces in a quantitative manner can be accomplished through diverse methods and approaches. The selection of a specific path, as outlined in this article, should be based on the objectives and research questions at hand.

Currently, urban centers, due to social, economic, environmental and physical issues, have become a place with various problems where life is difficult and wear and tear is not only a physical issue but also an economic and social process. With the aim of recognizing the concept of livability, this research has tried to investigate the current situation of the central part of Rasht city, study its features and attributes, and by systematically describing its current situation, explain the reasons and why of the problematic situation, its dimensions, and sustainable living conditions. Draw a human-centered and livable city for all its residents. The research method is practical in terms of purpose and causal in nature with extensive library and field studies. The general purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the existing livability of the neighborhoods in the central part of Rasht city and to understand the causes, processes and areas affecting the livability and the improvement of spatial and physical structure. Based on the findings of the research and data analysis, the average level of livability dimensions of the central part of Rasht city is lower than the assumed average. The social dimension with an average of 2.46 has a more favorable situation and the environmental dimension with an average of 2.084 has a more critical situation than other dimensions. According to the opinions of experts, specialists and city managers, the influence of macro factors of infrastructure and urban services with an average of 3.63 is the highest and macro environmental factors with an average of 3.10 have the lowest impact on the livability of the central part of Rasht city. Also, the social index with an average of 3.95 is the highest and the economic index with an average of 3.72 is the least favorable for measuring the livability of the central part of Rasht city. Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the independent variable of the three dimensions of livability and the dependent variable of physical-spatial structure. By analyzing the path of the independent variable on the dependent variable, it showed that the environmental variable with a coefficient of 0.625 and the economic variable with a coefficient of 0.411 have the least impact on the physical-spatial structure of the neighborhoods in the central part of Rasht city.

One of the geographical spaces that has long been a reflection of the ideology of the ruling systems, and one of the most important intellectual, philosophical, artistic, industrial and productive achievements of human civilizations and societies is the phenomenon of the city, which is both relatively durable and the manifestation of beliefs and values. It is the culture of the society and it affects the human behavior and at the same time it expresses the identity of the society in the eyes of the world and history. The city should create a decent environment for humans. It should also respond to the characteristics of the land, nature, history and the moods of its people and have a suitable answer for the instructions and rules of life. At the same time, it is affected by people's beliefs and opinions. There is a special relationship between Islam and urban life, and the promotion of Islam has been manifested by the development and promotion of urban life. The justice-oriented city and society is one of the issues raised in the field of Islamic thought and thought and one of the distinctive features of the Islamic utopia. In today's world, economic and social inequalities can be seen as a pervasive and expanding phenomenon. Considering the negative effects of unfair and unequal distribution of facilities and services in the formation of ecological, economic, social, physical and cultural injustices, paying attention to the basic principles of Islamic justice in each of the above indicators and components can lay the foundation for the development of Provide balanced and fair and equal distribution of facilities and services in all regions. In this regard, one of the most important issues that Islam relies on is the issue of protecting people's rights and property and generally implementing social justice. Investigating social justice from the perspective of the Islamic city in three economic, social and physical dimensions is the aim of the present study, and in this regard, one hundred and sixteen traditional neighborhoods of Tabriz city have been selected as case samples. The present research is a quantitative research. The research data is secondary and primary and was extracted from the shape file of Tabriz city master plan 2016 and Tabriz population statistical block 2016. The library method was used to collect the information of the present study. Shannon's entropy model was used to weight them, TOPSIS model was used to rank localities, and Moran's index was used to check whether or not there were clusters in the availability of localities at the level of regions. The results show that in terms of the realization of social justice among the neighborhoods of Tabriz city, ostandari alley, valiasr, Golshahr neighborhoods got the first ranks and Ghorbani, Sorkhab and Mofeteh neighborhoods got the last ranks and generally the neighborhoods in the east side have a better situation. Spatial autocorrelation of the level of localities at the level of regions indicates that there is no significant clustering at the level of Tabriz metropolis

Protecting Iran's historical neighborhoods, despite the unique cultural and historical values they contain, has always been one of the biggest challenges in the field of urban planning and re-urbanization. Since a significant part of the city's history is manifested in the body of historical tissues, and in the contemporary era, due to structural, physical, social changes, etc., there have been social and physical changes in the fabric of historical neighborhoods and social relations that have been in the city for many years. It was formed in the past, weakened and destroyed, this issue has caused the critical situation in the present era to show itself as one of the serious challenges facing urban planners.This challenge raises the need to recreate the neighborhoods based on the new urbanism school and revive their historical identity.The aim of the current research is to reproduce the concept of neighborhood in the historical neighborhoods of Iran based on the principles of new urbanism. The purpose of the research is fundamental, and in order to achieve the main concepts related to the reproduction of the neighborhood concept in the doctrine of new urbanism, it is necessary to examine its characteristics through rereading and analyzing existing studies.

The research method of this research is qualitative and based on systematic review techniques, comparative study and documentary research method.

In order to achieve the main goal, two sub-goals were proposed: the first goal was to extract the principles of urban planning used in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran and the similarities and differences of the extracted principles with the principles of new urban planning. In this way, using a systematic and systematic review method, the rules of urban planning in the context of historical neighborhoods of Iran were defined based on the principles of the Isfahan doctrine in urban planning, and then in line with these principles, the concept of neighborhood in the historical contexts of Iran in the past and present based on Six variables were compared. The six variables are: concept, definition, position, geometrical structure, indicator element and shaping principles. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research. From the systematic review of the principles of the Isfahan school in the historical neighborhoods of Iran with the principles of new urban development, a number of 10 indicators were extracted, which shows the commonalities and overlapping of these principles with each other, which covers the second objective of the research.

These ten principles are: 

Continuity (linking the city center with neighborhood centers), centrality and neighborhood territory, connection between the network of intercity roads and the network of main crossings of neighborhoods, hierarchy of access, hierarchy of space, flexibility of physical structure. , strong social structure of the neighborhoods, sustainability and architecture and urban design with quality and identity.The results showed that the principles of New Urbanism have many similarities with the structure and principles of urban planning in the historical areas of Iran, and these similarities led to the extraction of the ten principles mentioned, which on the one hand evoke the principles of native and Iranian urban planning, and on the other hand, look to the future. and will consider the needs of the contemporary period. Therefore, the redesign of neighborhoods can be as follows; Neighborhoods should be dense, pedestrianized and have mixed use. It should also focus on a specific use and, if possible, the neighborhood design principles should be based on a specific use of the neighborhood. Most of people's daily activities should be considered within walking distance. The street network should be designed in such a way that residents are encouraged to walk and the number of trips is reduced to save energy. Every neighborhood should have a specific territory with a neighborhood center and people of different age, race and income level should live in residential buildings with suitable size and price. Installing public transportation stations should be considered instead of using cars.

Based on the principle of unity and levels of existence, all possible entities have descended and occurred Stage by stage from the position of divine essence. During these stages, every creature has passed a journey from the world of meaning to the world of form and matter, and it is a emanation of a degree of the truth of meaning (based on the attribute of Qadr). Man's artifacts should also manifest the truth of meaning Relatively, and Liberate man from formal veils and guide him to the pure source of meaning. In this regard, it is up to man to prepare the Context for this task by Recognizing the truth of the meaning and the process of its descent. Therefore, this research tries to understand the structure of human processes (Salaam theory), examine the possibility of synchronizing it with the process of descent of meaning and help to further manifest of this spiritual source. For this reason, At first it is tried to explain the theoretical framework of the research with an interpretative-analytical approach, which is the process of the descent of meaning by divine action in the creatures, then by explaining the theory of “Salaam” and using the method of logical reasoning, an effort is made to adapt and create a basis for modeling the divine action by humans, and then, during the examination of this adaptation, it will be summarized in a case study. At the end, it is concluded that in order to manifest the truth of meaning in human artifacts, there should be a certain amount of " Asma al-fe’l " based on four Types of releations; Marriage, confrontation, difference and cooperation, which should be identified by professional ijtihad and used in the creation of artifacts

Children's physical activity and mobility are pivotal for their overall health. This study, conducted in Mashhad City, Iran, explores children's perspectives on environmental characteristics that impact physical mobility and activity.

Theoretical Framework:

Utilizing a theoretical framework comprising 28 measures, this research aims to unveil the environmental features within neighborhoods contributing to the improvement of children's physical mobility and activity.

To accomplish this, the present study collected the perspectives of 450 children aged 9 to 13 (43.8% girls and 56.2% boys) regarding a specific set of these attributes within Mashhad City, Iran. Utilizing exploratory factor analysis, a model was constructed based on the children's responses to the survey measures.

This model identifies seven factors and 24 measures influencing the mobility and physical activity of children in their neighborhoods: 

Parents' Approval: 

Encompasses measures associated with "parents' permission and concern" and reflects "children's desire for independence and agency." Results suggest that parental concern about the autonomous presence of their children in neighborhood spaces significantly inhibits the children's mobility and independent activities.

Walking Path: 

Associated with measures conveying the concepts of "optimal and joyful mobility on paths," this factor emphasizes features like adequate width and appropriate flooring. The potential for 'playing along the route from home to school' is crucial for children's mobility. According to children, this pathway serves not only as a route for the essential journey to school but also should provide opportunities for social and optional activities, including play and enjoyment.

Social Security:

Linked to measures reflecting 'the sense of security regarding strangers and bullies' in neighborhoods. An interesting result is the association of "creating a pleasant atmosphere such as colored sidewalks" with social security. Children believe that the use of specific colors on sidewalks not only provides a fun atmosphere but also establishes spaces for local socialization, consequently reducing the threat of bullying and outsiders.

Environmental Affordance: 

Associated with activities reflecting children’s physical abilities, such as climbing trees and running in open spaces without obstacles. The results indicate that children test these capabilities through movement and exploration of their surroundings. Additionally, the inclusion of "night lighting" as a measure in this factor suggests a preference among children for exploratory play during the night.

Legibility: 

Aligned with Lynch's theory of legibility, this factor involves measures related to way-finding by architectural elements. The findings indicate that children use 'buildings' and 'stores on the ground floor' as landmarks for navigation in their neighborhoods.

Diverse Environment for Exploration: 

Associated with measures representing attractive routes, various play equipment, and nature connectedness. Children's positive assessment of the existence of winding paths in the neighborhood indicates that engaging in exploratory activities along these paths can increase their mobility in their community. Furthermore, integrating a variety of natural elements and play equipment in their neighborhood can enhance children's movement and exploration, making the experience deeper and more enjoyable.

Mobility Safety: 

The final factor is associated with measures indicating safe mobility in neighborhoods. In addition to the fear of a car accident, children's desire for age/gender-appropriate play equipment highlights their concern for their physical safety. The results indicate that inappropriate play equipment and car traffic have the least impact on children's mobility in their neighborhoods.

Interventions targeting these factors can significantly enhance children's mobility experiences, promoting not only physical activity but also social interaction and a deeper connection with their surroundings. The recurring theme of children's desire for playful activities emphasizes a fundamental need for quality movement and physical activities.

It is important to make urban communities resilient, especially the disorganized and run-down neighborhoods. Resilience can be defined as the degree of endurance of systems and its ability to absorb change and disruption while maintaining relationships between government variables or individuals Based on this, the current research seeks to measure and evaluate the resilience of Nazi Abad neighborhood in physical, economic, and social dimensions. Nazi Abad neighborhood is located in District 16 of Tehran Municipality and is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Tehran, which is located in the south of the city. Is. The purpose of this research is to investigate the status of the studied area in order to provide useful strategies. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and according to the purpose, it is applied research, and it is quantitative in terms of method. The findings of the research indicate that 68% of the neighborhood fabric is in a state of high vulnerability, and the rate of migration of native residents at the neighborhood level is on the rise, and the population growth rate has been accompanied by a downward trend. The results of the research in the physical dimension have been determined through the production of the vulnerability map of the neighborhood tissue in relation to the state of resilience, and a significant part of the neighborhood tissue has weak resilience. In the social dimension, the upward migration of native residents brings problems such as a decrease in the residents' sense of belonging, and this issue causes a decrease in the amount of social capital in critical situations. In the economic aspect, according to the land use map, the neighborhood has a significant commercial structure, and the business areas of Tehran's Sylvi and Bilor Factory have been registered as cultural heritage on a global scale, so there are many job opportunities that planning and presenting effective strategies will lead to. The progress and resilience of the neighborhood becomes economically, socially and physically.

Historical cities are living evidence of human civilization and culture. However, there is still much work to be done to identify and accurately understand such civilizational layers in Middle Eastern historical cities. One of the ambiguities associated with Islamic cities is the researchers’ emphasis on their unsystematic arrangement, to the point where some researchers have suggested that the lack of arrangement in the historical network of streets is proof of its chaos. Some scholars, on the other hand, have denied such disorganization and provided answers to prove that an arrangement exists in historical passages. However, the significance of passages in the historical city has yet to be completely examined and described. This study is an attempt to scrutinize the role of the passages in the historical city of Qazvin using a descriptive-analytical method. In addition, morphology and GIS tools were used to identify and analyze the characteristics of the passages in the historical neighborhoods of the Qazvin. The findings of the study show that the passages of the ancient city have been systematically developed and include perceptual, social, and economic components.