مدیریت شهری

This research aimed to diagnose some mechanisms of urban management (municipality and city council), such as the level of participation of classes and ethnicities, social and economic characteristics, and the spatial distribution of the voting basket of winning and losing groups. This research was developed and carried out using a descriptive and analytical method, with the tool of a researcher-made questionnaire; the sample size was 385 units, and the sampling method was two-stage random. Analysis models were Voting Basket e: Phi-Coefficient, Cramer's V, Lambda, Kolmogorov Smirnov, Chi-2, Cross Table, and Cronbach's Alpha. The problems of Zahedan's urban management were mainly pointed to by the dominance of ethnic approaches. The findings showed that there is a significant and explanatory relationship between the vote basket of the winner and loser list of the election and five relatively key indicators of the voters, including literacy, residential area, ethnicity of the voters, cultural index of the number of children, and finally the level of satisfaction with the performance of the Islamic City Council. However, the damage appears when the larger Voting Basket sometimes includes strata with socio-cultural, spatial-physical, and economic indicators that are lower than average. The fact that the elected officials are indebted to the same Voting Basket as the previous one causes the continuation of the previous defective cycle and the aggravation of the damages. The result is the disillusionment of the entrepreneurial class, the withdrawal of the creative class, the exclusion of the educated, the marginalization of the middle and upper class, and after that, the reduction of participation, the reduction of the sense of belonging to a place, and finally the weakness and weakness of the economic and social foundations of the city. The main loser of this vicious cycle will be the entire city.

Due to the accumulation of the largest population and wealth in urban areas, climate change has had the highest consequences in these areas. The most important system that manages these changes is the municipality through the urban planning system; for this reason, it should be determined whether this system has the necessary characteristics in this field or not. The descriptive-exploratory research method was chosen. In the exploratory stage, all the experts working in the departments of crisis management, municipality, environment, and regional water were the effective factors in urban planning through Delphi. Among this group, 30 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. In the second stage, the situation of Mashhad municipality was carefully evaluated with a sample of 385 people to evaluate the basic components of an efficient system through exploratory factor analysis. For data analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed that a total of 30 factors are involved in this field, the most important of which are foresight, smart management, and technological infrastructure. The results of the second stage determined that ten main groups have a clear and direct influence in this area, which are, in order of importance: strategic, organizational, technological, information, academic, cultural, social, human, competitive, and environmental dimensions. According to the evaluations conducted in this study, it was found that these indicators collectively explained 62% of the total variance, and the rest was related to factors and contexts that were not considered in this study. Of course, there are clear differences among the factors and indicators mentioned, and therefore, conditions must be created for their activity and effectiveness, considering the priorities set for each of them. To achieve cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically vibrant, urban planning must consider strategic, organizational, and technological dimensions in a way that works in tandem and reinforces each other. In this situation, while providing social platforms to reduce the consequences of climate change, the ability to adapt will also increase significantly. In this sector, cultural dimensions are the most influential. Because these conditions prepare society mentally and intellectually to coexist with such changes. Despite the fact that the managerial, informational, and competitive dimensions are in completely different positions, the results of this study showed that these dimensions can have a significant impact on the appropriate performance of the municipality in utilizing urban planning knowledge to control and manage the consequences of climate change. In order to control and manage climate change through urban planning, it is necessary to somehow create a consensus among the elites. Therefore, if these factors are carefully considered in urban management and planning, a large part of the inappropriate consequences of climate change will be controlled and managed. This study is one of the few studies that have been carried out in the field of the climate change-urban planning conundrum and corresponding responses. The findings of this research can help ensure that physical developments don't take place in flood-prone areas and buildings meet the requirements of city authorities to improve risk management and enhance response to disasters.

Due to the inefficiency of urban management in managing the urban physical development, area growth rate of Iran cities is more than population growth rate of them. Therefore, this article analyzes growth management of spatial development in Amol, explain appropriate growth management pattern and its effect on indices in urban spatial development. In this pattern the responsibility for ghrowth management was firstly determined as a local responsibility for urban management and the city council as the local affairs policymaker is responsible for growth management and monitoring of  actors and then the role and means of relationship between effective actors in growth urban has been identified. Data were collected through in depth interview and field observations. Case study in this article are all organizations influencing the urban growth including the municipality, urban council, construction engineering organization, mass production association of housing and construction, office of road and urban development and other organizations providing urban installation. Results from growth management pattern in Amol show that management actions just influenced on building density increase by preference coefficient 0.49 and did not benefited from other capacities of spatial development like brown fields by preference coefficient 0.32 and incompatible urban spaces by preference coefficient 0.19 which one of the reasons of this can be sought in dependency of urban incomes on increasing building density.

With the growth of society, the industrialization and complexity of cities in the modern world, and the formation of urban communities and urbanization of societies, Urban management is considered as a basis for community management. This research aims to investigate the relationship between social capital with an emphasis on the components of: social trust, sense of equality and justice and Existence of Ethical Values ​​in Shahrekord. The method of the study was survey and the information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire A sample of 350 people has been collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling (amos). The overall result of the research shows that there is a significant positive relationship between social trust, equality of feelings and justice, the existence of positive ethical values ​​in the city and improvement of urban management. The results of structural  modeling also showed that the coefficient of the effect of social trust on improvement of urban management was more than other components of social capital.

From past to present, the realization of nightlife has always faced a series of challenges, primarily revolving around issues of order and disorder, safety and insecurity. These challenges have made the establishment and flourishing of nightlife a complex task. This complexity is further exacerbated by future uncertainties, including the unpredictability of urban development and various environmental factors. The lack of a forward-looking perspective amplifies these challenges, making the planning and realization of nightlife even more difficult. Additionally, some studies have highlighted concerns regarding the challenges associated with nightlife, indicating that existing policies and regulations in many cities and countries are insufficient for the formation and development of nightlife. These policies often fail to provide the necessary infrastructure to address these challenges adequately. Moreover, no comprehensive study has yet covered all aspects of the feasibility of nightlife. Most studies have only identified the factors influencing nightlife and their impact. No research has delved into the nature of these factors and their role remains unclear. There is also a lack of studies focusing on the interrelationships between these factors. Furthermore, most research has concentrated on the current situation, analyzing only the existing indicators. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to identify and analyze the most significant factors influencing the feasibility of nightlife in Shiraz. This involves examining the extent and manner of these factors' impact on each other and on the future state of District 8 in Shiraz, utilizing the cross-impact analysis method. This study employs a cross-impact analysis method and involves a purposive sample of 15 urban planning experts. Through a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks, 16 indicators were identified and categorized into four main dimensions: urban laws and regulations, land use diversity, access and public transportation, and urban facilities and infrastructure. The method utilized in this research is cross-impact analysis using the MICMAC software. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 15 urban planning experts, whose insights and expertise significantly contributed to shaping the study. Based on theoretical studies, 16 indicators were identified and classified using MICMAC software into four distinct categories: influencing, influenced, dual, and independent. This categorization is crucial for understanding the dynamics of each indicator and their roles in the realization of nightlife. The results of this study indicate that influencing indicators include advanced CCTV systems, 24-hour public transportation systems, prohibition and fines, and attention to the distance from public spaces; influenced indicators include modern lighting and police surveillance and control; independent indicators include access to parking and public restrooms; and dual indicators encompass night-time electricity supply, licensing laws, land use diversity, the revitalization of dilapidated buildings, night-time traffic control regulations, and urban furniture. Applying these findings can enhance nighttime activities and increase citizen presence, leading to a more vibrant nightlife. This improvement in safety and infrastructure will elevate residents' quality of life. Additionally, the region will become more attractive to investors and tourists, creating new economic and tourism opportunities. Overall, these changes can transform the area into a dynamic urban space.

In today's world, urban management goes beyond its traditional roles and functions as a strategic responsibility with far-reaching operational implications, establishing inseparable interactions with the domains of power, politics, society, and urban economy. In this context, preserving and maintaining cultural heritage, especially historical buildings, embodying a civilization's identity and culture, play a pivotal role in sustainable urban development. This research aims to examine the role of urban management in enhancing the quality of historical building maintenance in the metropolis of Tehran. This research is correlational and involved gathering data from 373 employees and managers of the Tehran Municipality to examine the relationship between urban management variables and the quality of historical building maintenance. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and the SmartPLS software. The findings revealed a significant correlation between the variables of municipality, city council, chamber of commerce, and other organizations and the quality of historical building maintenance. These results underscore the crucial role of urban management at various organizational levels and in collaboration with other stakeholders in elevating the maintenance quality of this invaluable heritage. Urban management holds a fundamental responsibility in preserving and enhancing the quality of historical buildings, which serve as symbols of urban identity and culture. The research findings highlight that constructive interactions between the various organizational levels of the municipality, city council, chamber of commerce, and other stakeholders, along with effective planning and policy implementation, can significantly contribute to improving the quality of historical building maintenance.

In the last few decades, the issue of urban management in the country has been analyzed from various political, social, infrastructural, administrative, legal, etc. dimensions, and integrated management has always been proposed as an answer to current problems. However, the role of information and its infrastructure in this cycle has not been considered much. Therefore, this research aims to identify the weaknesses of the information mechanisms of the urban management complex of Baneh, while providing practical solutions to solve them by using the capabilities of the web-based spatial information system. The statistical population of the current research was all managers and specialist personnel of Baneh Municipality, from whom 10 managers and personnel were randomly selected. The necessary information was collected using specialized interviews and analyzed by the coding method (open, central, and selective) in Nvivo11 software, the general results of which were the weakness in accessing and classifying the information of all departments, as a result of the lack of it shows the appropriate infrastructure for data classification. Finally, after prioritizing the problems of different departments, with the help of personnel and managers, a comprehensive information system for the management of municipal construction charges was designed on the web platform to solve the mentioned problems. In this regard, we designed the frontend part of the system with HTML5, CSS3, and Bootstrap5, and developed the backend part with JavaScript and Python programming language in the Django framework and using the open-source database PostgreSQL11. The results of the implementation of this structure show that in addition to being justifiable, the economy is to improve various mechanisms in this field, including acquisition and management of spatial data, data classification, instant updates with a simple user interface, the possibility of instant reporting of the status of payments, observation of cash and other cash transactions, control of municipal employees and automatic recording of their activities, access to all the data available without the time and place restrictions with the possibility of determining the level of access to them, and instantly view the changes in the desired time interval. Also, an advanced search system has been implemented on the database with 43 information fields, which allows applying any type of filter on the information. Finally, the implementation of the information management system of construction charges has paved the way for the development of complementary systems for urban planning, waste, worn-out fabric, etc.

Since the advent of Iranian society into the so-called modern era, cities in Iran have been the centre of attention for a large group of people, experts, and professionals inside and outside the country. Cities have indeed served as a chessboard where, on one side, there has been a game between the people and the government, and on the other side, the entire Iranian society with non-Iranian societies, especially developed Western societies. This four-sided game ultimately failed to meet the national interests of Iranians. Iran, with a long history of shaping human culture and civilization, not only had nothing to say in the face of modern civilization and the imposed external development by the global capitalist society but also continuously experienced a path of decline and decadence in recent centuries compared to its glorious past. In this critical essay, an attempt has been made to review and open some dimensions of the phenomenon and approach of “urban planning” in Iran, discussing the factors shaping the current conditions and potential solutions to move beyond it briefly and concisely.

Participation of citizens in the process of urban management has a significant impact on the promotion of social capital, the effectiveness of executive policies of urban managers and the protection of the rights freedoms and also interests of citizens. The participation of citizens is significantly important; because with its application, different aspects of legitimacy, justice, effectiveness in policy making and implementation and protection of internal interests can be provided. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting people's participation in the urban management of Bushehr. The methodology of this research is based on correlational research and quantitative techniques. The research case sample includes two traditional neighborhoods in Bushehr city consist of Sangi and Shekari district. The statistical population includes 200 residents of these neighborhoods (100 people per neighborhood) were selected as a sample. After the field survey and completing the questionnaires, the data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression models. According to the findings, 23 indicators of participation with urban management can be categorized into 5 factors: "citizenship power", "participation effectiveness", "participation justice", "service participation", "beneficial participation", which in total, they explain 60% of the variance of local people's participation. The regression model also shows that the factors "justice in participation", "citizenship power" and "service participation" respectively have the greatest effect on the participation of neighborhood residents. From the comparison of the situation of the two neighborhoods, it can be seen that Sangi neighborhood has a better situation (0.18851) than Shekari neighborhood (- 0.19422) in terms of participation. At the end, based on the coefficient of influence of the factors in the regression analysis, the strategy for promoting the factors in Bushehr city has been explained.

Nowadays, increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings is a topic that has challenged scholars interested in urban issues for a long time. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of the role of urban management in increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings in Tehran. This research is correlational in nature and content. In this research, the information related to 373 employees and managers of the Tehran Municipality have been analyzed at the level of Tehran in order to investigate the relationship between the variables to test the research hypotheses. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation method using SmartPLS software. The results showed that the municipality, the city council, the chamber of commerce and other organizations have an influence on increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings.

A lot of research has been done on the relationship between citizens' participation and the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric among different groups and based on different methods; Therefore, the purpose of this research is to apply the meta-analysis method in order to analyze and combine the results of the studies conducted on the relationship between citizens' participation and the improvement and renovation of the worn-out urban fabric. In order to conduct the present meta-analysis, 11 related studies that were conducted in the years 2013-2014 with the aim of evaluating the relationship between citizen participation and the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric and were published in domestic authoritative quarterly journals were selected. The selected researches have been carried out by survey method and using survey tools in different statistical communities and according to reliable criteria. In the first step of the evaluation of the selected studies, the assumptions of homogeneity and publication error were examined, and the findings indicated the homogeneity of the effect size and the lack of publication bias of the studied studies. In the second step, the effect size coefficient and the moderating role of the study field variable were evaluated using the second version of the CMA software. The findings showed that the effect size or the effect coefficient of citizens' participation on the renovation and improvement of the worn-out urban fabric is equal to 0.573, which according to Cohen's interpretation system, this amount is considered a high effect. Also, considering the field of study as a variable, the adjustment of this effect size coefficient of province and city is equal to 0.559. In fact, the participation of citizens in provinces has a greater effect on the improvement and renovation of the worn-out urban fabric than in the cities.

The implementation of a smart city requires following a specific approach. Failure to overcome the appropriate approach in some developing countries has led to their confusion in creating smart cities. The smart city seeks to speed up and facilitate the above processes using technology and provide better answers to urban challenges such as climate change. Along with technology, urban ecology examines variables such as urban management, urban planning and communication. The current research seeks to examine the factors that make up the smart city ecosystem in Iran with a mixed exploratory research method. In this regard, first, 13 academic and urban management experts were interviewed and 65 basic themes were identified using the theme analysis method. Among these, it was determined by the fuzzy Delphi method that 49 themes can be used by experts in Iran, then Friedman's test was used to rank the factors and important factors were introduced. In this regard, 5 important factors for creating a smart city that should be considered by policy makers are: smart governance, smart population management, smart technologies, smart environment and smart transportation.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the indicators of a healthy city in Rasht in and finally to examine the relationships between the indicators of a healthy city, including identifying the most important factors affecting the realization of a healthy city. For this purpose, the city of Rasht has been chosen as a case study in this research.

The current research is considered an applied research in terms of purpose and, according to the method of answering research questions, it is considered a descriptive-quantitative research. In this study, the information was collected through surveys and documents. In order to investigate and evaluate the indicators of a healthy city, a questionnaire with a 5-level Likert scale was designed. The information obtained from the questionnaires was analyzed and evaluated by SPSS software. First, in order to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, the value of Cronbach’s alpha was checked, and this value with a coefficient of 0.913 indicated the very favorable and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. Then, by using binomial tests, Pearson correlation and linear regression test, the findings have been analyzed step by step. The sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula of 384, according to the population of Rasht in the latest population and the housing census in 2015, that was reported to be 679,995 people.

According to the average results of the indicators, the “housing quality” index has the highest average value of 3.12. On the other hand, the “organizational-managerial” index has the lowest average among the indices, with an average of 2.52. Also, according to the average results of the research items, the item of “residential unit’s access to facilities such as water, electricity and gas” from the housing quality index has the highest average with a number of 4.15, as well as the item “the existence of special bicycle paths in the place of residence”. The environmental and physical index with an average of 1.93, they have the lowest average among all items. And finally, the average of all items in the current research is equal to 2.86. Then, a step-by-step regression test was used to investigate the relationship between the “health and hygiene” index and other research indicators. At first, by entering the index of “health and sanitation” as a dependent index and 5 other research indices as independent indices, the effective indices identified by this test are entered into the model in order of effect. According to findings, “organization and management” index had the greatest impact on the health and hygiene of the citizens, as it was able to predict 34.4% of the variance share of the “health and hygiene” index alone with a correlation coefficient of 0.586. Also, in the fourth model, where all the effective indicators are included in the model, the model has a correlation coefficient of 0.704, which shows the high correlation between these factors and the health of the citizens; It could form 49.5% of the share of the variance of the “health and sanitation” variable. Finally, only the “economic” index has been removed from the model due to its insignificant effect on the “health and sanitation” index.

Based on the step-by-step regression test, firstly, the “management and organizational” index alone is able to predict 34.4% of the variance share of the “health and hygiene” index. Also, these two indicators have the highest correlation among all the indicators of this research, which indicates the continuity and high influence of these two indicators on each other. Therefore, Rasht’s urban management can place special emphasis on the topic of a healthy city and the health indicators of the citizens in its planning, in order to ultimately improve the health and health status of the city and its citizens. In the next step, the indicators of “housing quality” and then “environmental and physical” have the greatest effect on the health status of citizens, which indicates the importance of physical issues and the quality of life of citizens in addition to environmental issues. But at the last stage, the “social” index has an undeniable effect on the health index. Based on this, it is possible to improve the indicators of a healthy city with proper planning in order to increase interactions between citizens and raise the level of people’s participation in urban affairs and provide a suitable platform for the direct relationship between citizens and city officials to increase two-way interaction between them. The point to be pondered in this research is the exclusion of the economic index from the final model, which shows the insignificant and negligible impact of this index on the health status of the citizens, which indicates that this index has a lower priority than other indices, and can be a suitable subject for future research in this city.

Strategic planning, a critique of comprehensive planning, was introduced into urban planning literature. It brought in elements like cyclicity, feedback, flexibility, partnership, and context sensitivity. However, the comprehensive planning model, which still dominates the strategic approach in Iran, was not significantly challenged. Institutional challenges are identified as a key factor hindering the implementation of strategic planning. This study, focusing on the strategic plan of Isfahan 1405, aims to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework to address the requirements and challenges within the management structure of Isfahan municipality. A qualitative analysis of the Isfahan 1405 strategic plan text was conducted based on the derived criteria from the framework. The findings reveal significant issues such as consideration of temporal and cultural contexts, as well as the lack of institutionalization of strategic plans in official documents, laws, and organizational bodies within the 1405 plan. vis-a-vis, the plan fails to address important structural aspects, such as the involvement of non-governmental organizations and the establishment of lateral and hierarchical networks.

In order to institutionalize justice, urban management should pay attention to both decision-making processes (structural justice) and results and effects and consequences of development (distributive justice) and try to discover the structures and underlying layers that cause injustice and inequality in cities and examine distributional results from fair aspects. Or be unfair. Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to evaluate spatial justice by emphasizing the role of urban management, based on which justice is examined in the light of decision-making processes (structural justice) and the effects and consequences of development (distributive justice(. Therefore, the concept and dimensions of justice and spatial justice, its evaluation methods and criteria that can be used to evaluate it in planning documents and traditions such as comprehensive urban plans and spatial distribution of development consequences, are among the topics considered in this study. are. The information and data of the GEC census of 2016 and the information of the uses collected by the Deputy of Urban Planning and Architecture of Urmia Municipality in 2021 have been used to study distributive justice and to collect the documents of the comprehensive plan to study structural justice. The most important findings of this study are the development of a framework for evaluating spatial justice in urban development programs (by qualitative discourse analysis with emphasis on the semiotic network of Ferdinand Dossussor) and the spatial distribution of development effects and consequences (using quantitative and spatial models in GIS) and institutionalization. It emphasizes the role of urban management. The results showed that the document of the comprehensive plan of Urmia in general has considered a very low and minimal level of justice and has considered this issue (justice) from less angles and the interpretation of the document of spatial justice is more focused on the physical dimension.

Urban management has become a very complex and dynamic phenomenon with the expansion of urbanization and physical-spatial dimensions. Therefore, for better management of the city, it is necessary to use new methods of urban management. One of the important platforms for urban management in a modern way is information technology. Despite the fact that many studies have explained this issue, a comprehensive conceptualization of it has not been done in the theoretical foundations of this field. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the development dynamics, effects and applications of information technology in urban management with a dynamic and comprehensive perspective. This article seeks to answer questions about the definition of information technology based on the definition of urban management, the elements of information technology in urban management, its advantages in urban management, trends in the development of information technology with an emphasis on its operational process, using library and meta-combination study. To explain the structure governing the growth of cities and the effects of information technology in urban management using the qualitative system dynamics approach. The results showed that the elements of information technology in the city, in addition to the general elements, include processing algorithms, processing spaces and intelligence, geographic information system (GIS) and applications and social networks. Also, 12 special advantages of information technology in the city and 10 effects and applications of information technology in urban management were explained. Also, the cause and effect model included 6 reinforcing loops of urban expansion, the effect of information technology on providing services, governance and sustainable development of the environment, innovation, administrative transparency and security, and a balancing loop of the disadvantages of urban expansion.

Currently, more than half of the world's population resides in cities. The important issue is that, due to demographic trends, cities are significantly facing with the global challenges of the new age. One of these challenges is faced with natural disasters that cause social vulnerabilities along with economic losses. The most incidents that can be mentioned are; extreme climate changes, earthquakes, floods, storms, avalanches, landslides, lightning, and tsunamis. The cases mentioned are among the events that mankind is facing today, and it should be noticed that every day these disasters lead to the loss of a large number of people's life. It should also be noted that the planned structure of cities through factors such as the rapid and uncontrollable growth of urbanization and development of new residence patterns, changes in national and local government and its spatial organization, weak local governments, and social and income inequality are gradually destroying. According to the issues mentioned, one of the important challenges that can be pointed out is that cities are facing severe pressure and only a few of them are equipped with the tools to overcome challenges. Another point that should be mentioned is that the cities have suffered a kind of premature fragility, and in other words, the threshold of fragility of the cities has been greatly reduced and they have become a chaotic environment for residing. Nevertheless, the fragility of the city is not continual, and by offering instructions, the threshold of fragility in cities can be increased to a great extent, and instructions can also be provided for the restoration of cities. Also, by mentioning that cities are different from each other in the aspects of economic and cultural identity and how to deal with risk, each of them should have different solutions to control the fragility of the city. Therefore, the current research can significantly change the process of fragility by the perception of fragility and recognizing components of fragility in cities.

The present study, taking into account the preferred report in the field of structured review guidelines, by providing a strategy for searching articles based on the words "fragility", "fragile city", "urban fragility" and "fragile state" in valid citation databases, from a structured review based on a 7-step model (question selection, inclusion criteria, finding studies, selecting studies, evaluating the quality of studies, extracting data, analyzing and presenting results) has been started, and in total, 722 sources (including articles, books, and official reports)  have been found and after going through 7 steps, 86 sources were selected for deeper studying.

The findings obtained from the review of the theoretical basics and considerations suggested by researchers in the field of fragility indicate that urban fragility is a new concept in the field of urban planning and management and is described as follows; urban fragility means the city's weakness and fragility against a set of multiple risks, that happens when a city lacks legitimacy and effective institutions, the existence of multiple risks in different dimensions (economic; social; institutional; environmental, economic, social and political conditions of the people of the society; because of the unfavorable performance of the city, international relations) that do not have the suitable functionality to perform their main tasks before, during and after facing the shocks and lead to different forms of fragility in relation to the city and society. It is also necessary to mention that fragility is unavoidable and reversible and can quickly or gradually penetrate into cities and lead to the creation of permanent risk and disturbance in their development process. It is worth mentioning that the degree of fragility of a city against risks is evaluated with the sum of components such as pre-risk conditions, risk characteristics, and reactions to overcome the risk.

The conducted studies indicate that the components that cause urban fragility have a continuous sequence and appear continuously. The increasing growth of urbanization leads to the creation of slums. Since the slum dwellers suffer from urban poverty due to the lack of access to essential services and proper jobs, in addition to inequalities in social issues and income, there are also issues such as tension, violence, and urban conflict which is caused by inequity. Therefore, according to the statements of researchers and thinkers in the field of urban issues, urban fragility does not appear due to one factor, but a set of risks and challenges are also involved in its emergence. Also, increasing the components of the rapid growth of urbanization, informal residence, unemployment, urban violence, and facing natural disasters indicates that the mentioned components include all social, economic, and environmental dimensions. It is worth mentioning that most of the research conducted in this field has identified the social, economic, and environmental dimensions and components, and due to the emergence of the concept of urban fragility, governmental-institutional dimensions; economic, social, and political conditions of society and international relations have not been comprehensively and accurately under the feasibility studies and practical evaluation.

The findings obtained from this study indicate that cities that make investments to address the main risks will grow at an increasing speed in the future. In other words, it can be said that investments that lead to reducing violence, improving security, and increasing the capacity of authorities and citizens to prepare and respond to disasters, prevent the fragility of the city. Therefore, urban planners, policymakers, researchers, and local managers should consider policies to reduce urban fragility for achieving urban resilience in their development plans and take measures to improve and promote the fragile infrastructure and expand livelihoods.

The importance of the “beautiful” goes even before the 5th century BC, when Plato suggests a difference between rational and logical facts, Noêta and the good, the sensitive, and the perceptible fact, Aisthèta. This phenomenon, which already existed among philosophers well before the appearance of its scientific definitions and of which societies had an intuitive perception, affected academic discourse through the course of the centuries and the experience of the various evolutions of societies: “the Science of the Sensitive”, definition proposed in the middle of the 17th century by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. The apprehension and understanding of the “beautiful”, therefore, began to evolve, and far from being limited to the discourse of art and concerning the subjective dimensions, this phenomenon reached an objective and pragmatic dimension. A concrete example of this mutation in urban literature would be the appearance of the expression “Urban Aesthetics”. Since the appearance of Roman cities and ancient Greece, societies have been familiar with aesthetically driven urban interventions or urban interventions with aesthetic aims. Measures such as the decoration of urban facades with a variety of patterns, the creation of framed visual perspectives, and the embellishment of urban public spaces with vegetation contribute to the aestheticization of cities. Urban management, using objective and sensitive tools on the one hand and relying on subjective and mental capacities on the other, seeks to achieve aesthetic goals in the urban context. However, what remains to be discussed is that in addressing this issue, urban management in Tehran has failed to recognize aesthetic capacities, potential, and needs. As a result, rather than being aligned with aesthetics, such methods seem to have confronted it.