معادلات ساختاری

The rapid urbanization has turned the development of new cities into a fundamental challenge. In this regard, efficient land use and promotion of sustainable practices to ensure residents' well-being and environmental conservation are essential. One effective approach in this context is the integration of various land uses in cities, creating dynamic and flexible urban spaces. The main objective of this article is to investigate the impact of mixed land use on achieving urban sustainability in social, economic, environmental, and managerial domains. The study is conducted within the scope of the new city of Parand. The research employs a quantitative method and structural equation modeling using the AMOS software. The tool utilized is a citizen questionnaire, with a study sample consisting of 400 residents of Parand. The results indicate that mixed land use significantly affects urban sustainable development, with its effects mediated through access to transportation and services, particularly in the areas of environmental sustainability, management, economy, and social aspects. Overall, the examined model efficiently elucidates the interrelationships among various factors. This information can be valuable in urban decision-making and planning to enhance urban sustainability, playing a fundamental role in improving the quality of life for citizens. Attention to land use mixing, especially in new city areas, can lead towards sustainable urban development.

The sense of belonging to a place expresses a deep emotional connection between a person and a place, which means that a person defines himself with the place and considers his identity as a result of it. In today's societies, where the identity crisis is one of the problems facing urbanization, especially in new developments, residential neighborhoods can be responsible for a part of the meaning and identity burden of cities, whose residents have a sense of responsibility, commitment and belonging to their neighborhood and surrounding environment. have and consider themselves part of the place. Such a feeling, by expanding the spirit of participation and interaction with the place, leads to creating common concerns among residents and increasing the level of social sustainability in new urban developments.This research is based on the paradigm of positivism, in accordance with the considerations of quantitative methodology of descriptive and analytical type, and according to the focus on the purpose of clarifying the concept of sense of belonging to a place and explaining its related components and indicators, it was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, by reviewing the history and literature of the subject, analyzing the content of the researches, the dimensions, main components and indicators of the sense of belonging to the place were defined, and then the theoretical model of the sense of belonging to the place was formulated. In the second stage, 195 samples were randomly selected from the residents of Jahdshahr neighborhood by the survey method using the questionnaire tool. In the third step, using structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the impact of each component on the sense of belonging to a specific place and the causal relationships between the components of the sense of belonging to a place were determined by path analysis. In this research, in order to increase the validity of the data, by considering the effects of the control variable, the effect of economic factors has been controlled to measure the impact of indicators of sense of belonging to the place in Jahid Shahr neighborhood. The research findings demonstrate that the semantic-perceptual component (satisfaction, perception of place, identity, and personality) has the highest impact on the sense of belonging to the place in JahidShahr neighborhood. Following that, the individual-social components (interaction with the place, duration of residence), physical-territorial components (accessibility, location, visual richness, visual proportions), and activity-functional components (comfort, flexibility, access to facilities) hold significance as well .Causal relationships between the components of sense of belonging to a place and correlation coefficients in the form of path analysis model show that "physical-contextual" component as an independent variable has an effect on the "individual-social" and "activity-functional" components, and the two components "individual-social" and " "functional-functional" as mediating components affect the "perceptual-meaning" component. According to this model, in addition to the direct effect on the perceptual meaning component, the "functional-activity" variable is also effective on the "individual-social" and "functional-activity" components. Therefore, by increasing the indices of "activity-functional" and "individual-social" components, the "perception-meaning" component also increases.

Integrated urban management is one of the sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation development strategies. This approach helps to respond to the ever-increasing transportation needs of cities in a safer, more cost-effective, more reliable, and sustainable manner and to increase the role of these settlements in the implementation of policies and the realization of sustainable development goals at different global, national, and local levels. Therefore, today, achieving an integrated public transportation system is one of the most important strategies and goals of city management, and coordination between different public transportation lines is necessary. Integration can be defined as the coordination between the components of the transportation system and existing sub-systems. Therefore, intra-system integration deals with the coordination of the transportation system with other systems as well. The aim of the current research is to measure the effect of integrated urban management on the development of transportation and traffic in the Ahvaz metropolis. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in nature with a survey approach. Two library and field methods (questionnaires) were used to collect information. In data and information analysis, the statistical techniques of variance-based structural equation modeling and covariance-based structural equation modeling were used. The findings show that the overall evaluation indices of the structural equation model indicate that the data support the theoretical model of this research. In other words, the fit of the data to the model is established and the fit indices indicate the desirability of the structural equation model. Moreover, the strengthening of the integrated management of urban transport leads to the increase or strengthening of the development of transport and traffic, and its weakening will slow down the development of urban transport and traffic in the Ahvaz metropolis.

Nowadays, increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings is a topic that has challenged scholars interested in urban issues for a long time. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of the role of urban management in increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings in Tehran. This research is correlational in nature and content. In this research, the information related to 373 employees and managers of the Tehran Municipality have been analyzed at the level of Tehran in order to investigate the relationship between the variables to test the research hypotheses. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation method using SmartPLS software. The results showed that the municipality, the city council, the chamber of commerce and other organizations have an influence on increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings.

Today, with the rise of technology and the dramatic increase in mass communication, human definitions of psychological and cognitive issues have largely changed hands. Spatial identity is one of these concepts related to environmental sciences, particularly architecture and urban planning. The role of emotions and semantic relationships in shaping spatial identity is discussed and the effects of these include the creation of self-esteem and a sense of community. The identity of a place that has gradually developed over time will create an inextricable link between one's feelings and personal characteristics with the place in which one lives. The Second Pahlavi period was the beginning of the modern movement and the transformation of architectural styles into modern styles and presenting new patterns in it. This has led to the design and implementation of prominent and prominent architectural monuments, especially in residential architecture, which still has physical, semantic, and functional attractions after decades of implementation. In this regard and expressing the importance of spatial identity, this study seeks to read the citizens' mental perceptions of their spatial attachment based on the identity elements of the second Pahlavi era residential architecture. The main purpose of this research is to find out the mechanism and mechanisms that characterize the identity of the Pahlavi era residential architecture in the mind of today's citizens of Tehran. In other words, extracting the most critical mental paths of identity structures from these structures using structural equation modeling techniques is considered. To achieve this, the conceptual model of how to understand spatial attachment and spatial identity is explained and defined using a review of research literature and then by using a questionnaire survey method and equation modeling software. Structurally, this model has been examined. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, which is the main purpose of the analysis, investigation of the mechanism, and mechanism of formation of attachment to residential buildings of the second Pahlavi period. Data collection was done through both documentary and quantitative survey, using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics of the present study were used by SPSS and Smartpls software using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the most critical path in shaping the factors related to spatial attachment in the buildings under consideration is in terms of perceptions of Tehranian citizens, the path of functional perceptions of Pahlavi architecture-spatial dependence-spatial identity-spatial attachment. Moreover, based on these findings, it seems that the first step in understanding the monuments in question is their functional properties, which in turn will influence the place-dependency factor in their mental imagery, and later stages of formation. Identity and place attachment lead. Therefore, it seems that efficiency and performance and meeting the expectations and needs of these buildings are the most important factors in creating the related variables of identity and attachment in citizens. The second path that has led to the formation and creation of spatial attachment in Tehranian citizens in the buildings under study is the semantic path of Pahlavi architecture-cultural capital-social understanding of Pahlavi architecture-spatial identity-spatial attachment.

<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Problem</strong>: With the development of urbanization and the need to pay attention to environmental aspects, industrial areas within the city have been abandoned and destroyed. Pars Electric factory in Rasht city has become a place for garbage and drug addicts to accumulate during nearly two decades of closure and has created dangers for the area.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Target </strong>: The purpose of the article is to examine the components of vitality in order to revive the post-industrial arena of this collection.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Method</strong>: In this regard, information has been collected by using library-documentary methods, questionnaires and interviews. Vitality components based on theoretical literature were extracted and randomly distributed among 312 people in the form of a questionnaire, and the results were subjected to second-order confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Findings </strong>: Safety and security with a path coefficient of 0.878 shows the strong and direct impact of this factor on increasing the vitality of Pars Electric Factory in Rasht. The factors of sense of place, legibility, climatic comfort, social justice and sensory richness express 55, 48, 44, 42 and 36 percent of the changes in increasing the dynamism and vitality of the post-industrial landscape of Pars Electric respectively.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Result</strong>: Definition of areas, monitoring and control, proper lighting, establishment of 24-hour activities, creation of interactive spaces are among the proposed measures with high priority to strengthen the two factors of safety and security and sense of place in order to improve the vitality of the said site.

As urban populations increase and cities tackle with environmental crises and instabilities, achieving sustainable urban development hinges on understanding and promoting a sustainable physical city layout. The concept of the compact city has drawn significant attention and support. However, in our country, traditional patterns embedded in comprehensive urban plans, along with influences from current urban management, have led to the horizontal expansion of cities, resulting in a scattered urban pattern. Addressing the numerous challenges cities face may necessitate transitioning towards denser urban environments. The “positioning” process plays a crucial role for companies, enabling them to select a strategic market position and enhance their brand’s success.

The current study adopts an applied approach in terms of its purpose and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. Regarding the study’s nature, data was collected by means of survey method using a questionnaire. To ensure the questionnaire’s validity, it underwent scrutiny by professors and experts, due to the absence of prior research in this area. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was employed to assess questionnaire reliability, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.723 for high-rise apartments and 0.782 for houses, indicating high reliability of the questionnaire. The study’s statistical population comprises residents of high-rise towers in Ardabil (District 2) who have previously resided in houses or apartments, as well as house residents who have previously lived in high-rise towers. Snowball sampling was employed to determine the sample size. The research questionnaires consist of two parts: the first part pertains to personal characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, income, occupation, and education, while the second part focuses on research variables, including brand image and loyalty, cultural and social factors, security, economic aspects, infrastructure facilities, open spaces, spatial identity, physical characteristics, lighting and ventilation, management and maintenance, landscape, and transportation access for high-rise buildings and houses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing one-sample t-statistical methods and a Pearson correlation coefficient. Perceptual mapping was employed to depict the brand positioning of high-rise complexes and low-rise apartments from residents’ perspectives, aiming to address the research question.

According to the findings, houses and low-rise apartments are positioned favorably in terms of image and housing brand compared to high-rise towers, as indicated by perceptual maps. However, satisfaction with high-rise towers is ideal in comparison to houses and low-rise apartments on perceptual maps. The one-sample t-test results indicate that the significance level for most variables is below 0.05, leading to the confirmation of the alternative hypothesis (H1) at a confidence level of 95%. This confirms a significant relationship between the average rank of residents’ perspectives and housing pattern dimensions. Consequently, an obvious difference exists between residents’ perceptions of brand positioning for houses and low-rise apartments against high-rise residential towers, with the former showing better image and brand loyalty. Additionally, Pearson correlation tests reveal a positive and significant correlation between image and brand loyalty variables, as well as housing satisfaction with individual characteristics such as marital status, income, occupation, age, and education. However, no significant negative correlation was found between image and loyalty with regards to gender. The results indicate a significant relationship between image variables, brand loyalty, and satisfaction with individual characteristics at a 95% confidence level, with significance levels of 000, 0.001, 000, 0.001, 0.003, and 0.001 for gender, marriage, income, job, age and education respectively, and with respective correlation coefficients of 0.46, 0.605, 0.337 0.250, 0.652 0.561.

Peripheral and horizontal urban development not only leads to the reduction of agricultural lands surrounding cities but also gives rise to various other significant issues. These include rising costs associated with urban infrastructure creation and maintenance, intensifying congestion and traffic, and increasing the length and frequency of commutes. In response to the negative effects of urban over-expansion, which have economic, social, and environmental consequences, new approaches to urban development planning have emerged since the 1990s. These methods, inspired by the principles of sustainable urban development introduced in the 1970s, advocate for mixed land use development, prioritization of public transportation-centered development, and intra-city sustainable development initiatives, saving widespread support. Recent census data from 1976 to 2006 indicates that Ardabil city has experienced horizontal expansion over the years, resulting in the loss of agricultural lands and inadequate services in suburban areas. This underscores issues of spatial injustice and suboptimal land use distribution in certain areas. The research suggests that by promoting the branding of high-rise residential towers and apartments, cities can curb horizontal expansion and promote vertical development. Interestingly, residents perceive houses more favorably than high-rise residential towers. Utilizing effective advertising campaigns can potentially alter citizens’ perceptions of tall buildings, facilitating urban development while minimizing the need for further horizontal expansion.

This research has been done with the aim of explaining an effective model in the field of operationalization of technology transfer in South Pars oil and gas industry with the approach of learning advanced technologies and emphasizing the continuity of the basic functions of South Pars oil and gas industries. The study of the experiences of the 24 phases of South Pars is divided into two parts, in the first part, some of the phases were operated by contractors with foreign technology before the sanctions, and the rest of the phases were carried out by internal project-oriented organizations, which in this the study of executive and native model based on technological learning has been extracted. The statistical population of this research includes selected university professors, experts and technology specialists, assistants, consultants, managers, heads of departments in oil companies and non-operational defense fields with a statistical population of 380 people. The study is one of the applied researches and mixed exploratory researches, which is done in two stages, quantitative and qualitative. First, based on the qualitative data methods of the foundation (grounded theory), the researcher identifies the indicators in the field of technology transfer of the oil industry, after counting the indicators, using the quantitative methods of structural equations, he prioritizes and selects the effective criteria on the designed model. The result of this research is the introduction of an effective model of technology transfer in the direction of localization, transfer and learning of technology, taking into account the experiences of implementing the phases of South Pars in the fields of design, supply of goods, construction and operation of energy supply infrastructures for the continuation of the operation of the infrastructure service chain. The oil and gas industry is presented as one of the basic concepts of non-agent defense as a research output.

Today, the importance of livability is due to the increasing awareness of the unstable patterns of urban life and consumption, which are neither healthy nor sustainable and will reduce the quality of the urban environment in the long run. One of the influencing factors on urban livability is municipal solid waste management, which, in addition to economic, environmental, and social benefits for urban communities, is known as one of the environmental components to achieve sustainable development. According to this, the current research was carried out to explain the pattern of urban livability with an emphasis on municipal solid waste management in Islamshahr. This research is a descriptive-correlation study that was conducted through a survey method. The statistical population was the citizens of Islamshahr. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and 384 people were selected through random stratified sampling. The main tool used in this study is a researcher-made questionnaire, and in order to investigate the impact of the variable of waste management on urban livability, the approach of structural equation modeling by the partial least squares method was used. The findings showed that municipal solid waste management with a path coefficient of 0.693 has a positive and significant effect on the economic dimension of livability, with a path coefficient of 0.598 on the social and cultural dimension of livability and a path coefficient of 0.642 on the environmental dimension of livability, and the improvement of municipal solid waste management leads to the improvement of urban livability in Islamshahr. Finally, according to the results of the research, it is recommended to create a culture for the participation of citizens in waste reduction and separation, as well as the participation of the private sector to invest in waste recycling

The weakening nature of the place is one of the most important challenges facing contemporary cities. The contemporary citizen faces spaces without meaning and identity that have not yet turned into places. This is more important in new urban settlements, due to the lack of historical, identity, and existence backgrounds. The subject of this case study, the Qods district, located in the city of Qom, Iran, which suffers from disturbances in various aspects, is an example of new urban developments that require attention. The purpose of this research is to measure and analyze the importance of the components of the sense of place in the Qods district, to answer the following questions: What are the indicators of achieving a sense of place in the Qods district as a new urban development? How can one evaluate the effects of each component of the sense of place on the Qods settlement residents?

Theoretical Framework:

The term sense of place denotes people’s attachment and relation to the place, or the structure of feeling, as some have put it (Agnew, 1987, cited in Arefi, 1999: 180). Experts have held relatively similar viewpoints regarding the components of the sense of place and its indicators. In large part, most of these opinions have confirmed the physical environment, activity, and perception as the three main components. According to Shamai (1991), the sense of place consists of three phases. The first phase concerns belonging to a place, the middle phase is attachment to a place, and the final phase is commitment to a place (Shamai, 1991: 349). Hummon (1992) describes five levels of the sense of place, or place attachment, as follows: uncommitted placelessness, relativity, place alienation, divided rootedness, and cohesive rootedness (Cross, 2001: 10). As a result of the interdisciplinary nature of the concept of sense of place, numerous experts and schools of thought have offered various perspectives that can be said to have a lot of similarities and few differences. Different experts such as sociologists, geographers, environmental psychologists, anthropologists, architects, and urban planners have addressed the concept of sense of place in different ways in their studies. Among the numerous kinds of research conducted in different countries in the past half-century, most of the academic studies have been focused on conceptual analysis and formulation of theoretical models on the one hand and on evaluation of this category in different scales on the other.

This research was conducted through a mixed paradigm and a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection tools were library-documentary studies, and the population included 245 residents of the Qods district. The data analysis tools involved two descriptive and inferential analyzes using the statistical methods of Structural Equation Modeling and Pearson correlation test, implemented in the SPSS 23 and Amos Graphics 26 software. The conceptual model of this research consisted of 3 main components, i.e. form, activity, and perception, 12 indicators, and 45 sub-indices.

The results obtained from the second-order factor analysis model in this research indicate which of the components affecting the sense of place in the residents of the Qods district has a greater weight and effect in the induction of this concept to the residents. Based on the research findings, among the 3 identified components, 12 indicators, and 45 relevant sub-indicators, the functional-activity, perceptual-semantic, and physical-visual components, in that order, exhibit greater weights in the evaluation of the sense of place from the perspective of the Qods district inhabitants. Among the variables observed in the assumed model of this research, the factors of invitation, social participation, motivation, land use, and activity have greater weights in the specification of the residents’ sense of place. Moreover, the correlation between the conceptual components of the research indicates that there is a significant relationship between the three components of the sense of place in the residents of the Qods district. Furthermore, the measurement of the fitness of the conceptual model of the research, according to the indicators of structural equations, demonstrates that the model is desirable.

The following can be stated in response to the first research question as the indicators of achieving a sense of place in the Qods district as a new urban development: indicators of identity and authenticity, motivation, and mental image (in the perceptual-semantic component), indicators of land use and activity, accessibility, urban furniture, invitation, social participation, and safety-security (in the functional-activity component), and indicators of visual coherence, construction form, and visual richness (in the physical-visual component). In response to the second research question, the greater importance and weight of the functional-activity component than the perceptual and visual components indicates that if urban management pays more attention to the residents’ functional and social needs, the indicators of this component, as the most important factor in the induction of a sense of place, will have a greater impact. Moreover, the inferential analysis of the structural equation modeling in the evaluation of the indicators confirms that many indicators have received less attention in the Qods district, while these indicators can be effective on the residents’ continuity and satisfaction, their sense of attachment to the place of residence, and fulfillment of their mental expectations.

Social cohesion includes interpersonal dynamics and a sense of connection between people. Increasing social cohesion can bring various physical and mental health benefits. The main purposes of this research are to investigate and analyze the components of environmental quality with vitality and social cohesion, and also to determine the relationship between these variables at the level of the neighborhoods of Sanandaj city, which have different textures and typologies in terms of the qualities of the structural environment. The data of this research were prepared through two methods of library studies and questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is 300 residents of 28 different neighborhoods of Sanandaj city. Structural equation modeling and AMOS were used to analyze and test the conceptual model of research, and determine the relationships between variables. Two components of urban vitality and social cohesion were considered as hidden variables and the artificial environment was used as an obvious variable. The general results have shown that at the level of neighborhoods in Sanandaj city, urban vitality has a positive relationship with artificial environment variables, such as distance from the city center, neighborhood density, access to local facilities, access to public transportation, and green space. However, access to local facilities and green spaces, play the biggest role in the vitality of the neighborhoods of this city. In terms of the social cohesion of Sanandaj’s neighborhoods, some variables of the artificial environment, such as the distance from the city center, and the density of the neighborhood, have negatively related to the cohesion of the neighborhoods of the city. Finally, policies and executive strategies were presented to improve the quality of the environment in order to increase vitality and social cohesion.

One of the objective manifestations of traditional Iranian architecture and urban planning is historical buildings such as Caravanserai and bazaars. According to the researchers of the Islamic world, the beauties around us are manifestations of absolute beauty, the Supreme Being, and Caravanserai and Bazaar have always played a role as attractions and the backbone of cities, so the study of categories related to aesthetic values. Islamic cities in Iranian bazaars and Caravanserai s with the aim of recreating and reviving these values seem necessary. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mental - psychological components (light, color, perfection and perception, the principle of simplicity) on citizens' sense of belonging. The research method used is descriptive-survey and the research collection tool is a structured questionnaire. The sampling method is non-probabilistic available (targeted) and the statistical population is the research of graduates and students of architecture and the method of data analysis is structural equations modelling. The results showed that the dimensions of Mental-psychological component have a positive effect on citizens' sense of belonging of Qazvin with refers to Saad Al-Saltanah Caravanserai.

Trade centers in different countries have been formed according to the needs of the industrial market since the second half of the nineteenth century onwards, when mass production caused creating goods. Over time, a large area of urban lands was allocated to commercial uses and its physical appearance in the form of shops, bazaars, passages, new commercial centers and malls. In addition, these centers have been considered as one of the main reasons for changing and improving urban spaces. Therefore, with the development of urban economy, malls have had a significant impact on the production of new urban spaces and change and improvement of surrounding urban spaces. In this regard, commercial centers and malls like other phenomena have positive and negative effects. However, the negative effects of the commercial centers changes the role of urban consumerism. Hence, in this paper, the impacts of commercial centers and malls have been assessed on the consumption of Tabriz Metropolis. This practical research uses a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative method. The statistical populations of this study are customers of Setare Baran, Royal, Laleh Park, Atlas and Palladium Rushdie Malls. The sample size was selected based on Cochran's formula among 400 interviewee randomly. In addition, cultural, social, economic, physical and environmental indicators have been used in analyzing this issue in Stata Software. Moreover, Structural Equation Model (SEM) has been applied for analyzing the data and overall reliability of the questionnaire was obtained to be 0.754. The findings indicate that commercial centers and malls are effective in urban consumption, and these impacts encompass social, economic, physical and environmental dimensions

Social activities in the community are fruitful due to the use of proper and efficient management. Meanwhile, metropolises, as one of the manifestations of life and social activities, suffer from disorder and anomaly without proper urban management. The management of metropolitan areas has many complexities and must have integrated organizational and governmental arrangements. The most important challenge in these areas is the growing borders and political divisions, which will lead to political divisions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the pathology of management in metropolitan areas of Tehran. This applied research is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes municipality, governorate, road and urban development organization in Tehran. To determine the sample size, Morgan sample size determination table was used. 50 samples were determined and the data was collected using questionnaire and interview. The dimensions of Tehran metropolitan management were identified by counting 22 variables in the form of components of participatory governance. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the studied components at 95% confidence level. Pathology shows the validity of the variables. The variables of institutional flexibility, institutional structure, citizens' awareness of the implementation of programs, transparency of laws and legal coherence show one of the important and effective missing links in the failure of the institutionalization of metropolitan management in Tehran.

Prioritization of Environmental quality indicators were done by structural equation modelling (SEM) method. Smart PLS software was used in order to analyzing data. Environmental quality indicators of coastal areas were investigated based on users’ opinions. Permeability is the most efficient factor in desirability of coastal areas.

Human societies have always been interested in beaches and their surrounding areas. This can be attributed to the existence of two territories of land and water in these areas, which lead to the creation of competitive advantages in social, economic, physical, and other aspects. The considerable demand of the population for exploitation of coastal areas has caused systematic problems and disruptions in these areas. As explained by Iran’s Vice President for Strategic Planning and Supervision, these problems have a variety of dimensions, such as environmental, land use, political and security, and regulatory and legal aspects. Therefore, these areas require the adoption of an integrated planning and management approach. Hence, the comprehensive integrated coastal zone management plan has begun to link planning at the national, regional, and local levels since the early 90’s around the world and after less than a decade later in Iran (in the late 90’s).

Since 1976, the concept of environmental quality has been examined in the field of urban studies (urban planning and design), which addresses all the aspects of urban environments and spaces (Rafieian et al., 2013). It has been discussed and developed by many theorists over the past few decades. In terms of content, the previous decade can be regarded as the period of maturity of this notion, but there are still a large number of challenges involved in the implementation and operation. [N1] The need for a comprehensive, integrated approach to coastal areas at the micro and macro scales, as well as the multidimensional concept of environmental quality, has provided an opportunity to view coastal areas from the perspective of this notion, to identify its indicators, and to prioritize them. Based on a review of the literature on coastal areas and environmental quality, the authors found that coastal users can provide one of the most important links between them. Fig. 1. Theoretical framework .

Most of the dimensions that affect citizen satisfaction are determined by the concept of environmental quality. This study sought to prioritize the components of environmental quality based on user opinions. According to the literature, national and international documents, and authors’ views, a questionnaire was made to collect different indicators of the nine components. Moreover, coastal areas have some aspects that have been identified by other studies. Fig. 1 shows the theoretical framework of this study, which involved different aspects of coastal areas and environmental quality. The method of analysis used in this study is based on Structural Equation Model (SEM). The data were analyzed using the SmartPLS 3 software. For testing the model, data were collected from 160 questionnaires based on the Likert spectrum distributed in the coastal area of Bandar Anzali. According to the SmartPLS outputs, space users had an indirect impact on the nine indicators of environmental quality derived from the theoretical framework.

Desirable environmental quality zones have nine features, of which permeability is the most powerful. According to this model, changes in environmental quality affect those in the permeability of the coastal zone by up to 87%. In this study, permeability is defined through four indicators, including absence of space confusion, quality of bike paths and sidewalks, visibility of natural and significant sights, and walkability and cyclability. According to coastal users, therefore, these four features are the most significant in this type of area. In addition to permeability, the flexibility variable is more influential than the others. In this research, flexibility was defined by four indicators: flexibility of outdoor spaces, services for individuals with disabilities, flexibility of buildings, and individuals’ unblocked access to spaces. If environmental quality is there in a coastal zone, therefore, the above four indicators are expected to be in desirable conditions. According to earlier experts’ and researchers’ findings on the indicators of environmental quality and a comparison to the results of the present study, we found that the proportionality indicator has been neglected in the definitions of environmental quality, as well as efficiency. Moreover, the comparison demonstrated that the present study examined a larger number of indicators over Iran, and considered issues such as meaningfulness, proportionality, flexibility, and functional compatibility for the first time.

Coastal areas are one of the most important zones around the world as they have a variety of advantages. Since there are different aspects to be considered in regard to coastal areas, it requires a comprehensive approach to plan and manage this kind of area. Theoretically, environmental quality can be addressed given a range of indicators corresponding to different dimensions of coastal areas. This research considered coastal users as the link between environmental quality and coastal areas, using structural equation modeling to examine the theoretical model. According to the PLS outputs, the indicators of environmental quality in coastal areas are prioritized as follows: permeability, flexibility, functional compatibility, efficiency, meaningfulness, proportionality, variety, presence of different groups of individuals, and sustainability. Thus, permeability is the most significant factor affecting the desirability of this kind of space.

Since every activity takes place in the human imagination, it is basically based on culture, and that activity is a function of the cultural characteristics of society, and this is the case in urban spaces. Every cultural area has a border (physical, political or cultural). Khuzestan province has long been the circulation of ethnic groups with different dialects, rituals and subcultures. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to evaluate several central categories including contemporary urban location, intercultural dimensions and the coastal strip of western Kianpars in Ahvaz. The statistical population of the study is district one of the two districts of Ahvaz with a population of 4957 people. Using the Morgan table method, 355 people, both men and women, were selected by simple random sampling to respond to the research tool. In order to test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling has been used. The results of the present study show that contemporary urban space with an intercultural approach is a two-dimensional concept with different dimensions. In this study, using the studies conducted, the intercultural dimensions of place including events, interactive-evolutionary, absorption and persistence in the form of two concepts of intercultural communication and meaning in the field of contemporary urban space with dimensions of behavior and activity, environmental quality, spatial satisfaction Using SPSS and PLS-SMART3 statistical software, the hypotheses are tested in combination and then a model is created. The results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the independent intercultural variable and the dependent variable of contemporary urban location.

Infill development has been considered in the context of sustainable development theory since the 1970s in response to Spiral Growth Problems. Despite the positive effects that this growth pattern has on the sustainability of cities, this pattern will have negative consequences if it is not implemented properly and if it ignores its strategies. Implementation of infill development in Arak in recent years has impacted the lives of residents of these sites. The present study is descriptive and causal and explains these effects using structural equation modeling and Smart pls software. Its findings showed that high land prices in middle Arak city have caused high motivation for density and increased density has negatively affected safety and security (T value = 26.162), comfort (T value = 21.075) and accessibility (T value = 3.95). The access component also affects the layout of the elements

Quality of life is one of the most important issues in today's world that has led to urban planning to look for new and applicable indicators to improve the quality of life. To address this, solutions such as Smart City and Sustainable City target the human and improve the quality of life. The present study, conducted in collaboration with Yazd Municipality, considering the importance of urban optimization and productivity and considering the relative vacuum of such research in evaluating programs, with the aim of examining all three factors of smart city, sustainable city and quality of life and impacts. Together, in accordance with the native conditions of Yazd city for the first time, they seek to determine indicators appropriate to Yazd city as a solution to achieve quality of life. By examining the literature on different topics and perspectives on smart city, sustainable city and global quality of life and experiences, the selected indicators in each field were identified for Yazd. Then, by surveying the opinions of experts and urban experts through a researcher made questionnaire and analyzed by structural equation method with PLS3 Smart software. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of smart city on sustainable city and quality of life promotion as well as a positive and significant effect of sustainable city on quality of life in Yazd.