واقعیت مجازی

technology is in the middle of a transformative journey, and at the heart of this evolution there are two ground-breaking concepts: the metaverse, a parallel world in the technology industry, and virtual reality, a way to access this world. As these digital realms continue to evolve, their intersection creates unprecedented possibilities and changes the way we perceive and interact with the digital and physical worlds. This experience is facilitated by specialized devices, such as virtual reality headsets and controllers, that track users' movements. The purpose of this review is to familiarize with the new generation of architecture and to present terminology in the new literature of the third millennium. The complexities of virtual reality and metaverse, revealing their individual dimensions and uncovering their connection and application in architecture are the features of these topics. The main question is to understand the connection between the metaverse and virtual reality technology and how architects work in this space and the opportunities created on this platform. The research method in this article is a practical method and from the point of view of collecting information, it is a review based on the background of the research, and the written information is from documents on the Internet, books and articles that are mostly published in English in recent years.Therefore, it has been tried to provide up-to-date and useful information in the field of metaverse and virtual reality by accurately translating the contents. ​

In recent years, the application of virtual reality technology has opened a new window of understanding and research on this issue for researchers, while removing some of the gaps and limitations of research. This research seeks to examine how to use this technique in the immediate understanding of the visual perception of urban streets by users. For this purpose, while choosing Afif Abad Street in Shiraz as a study sample, by taking 360-degree photos that can be used in the virtual reality laboratory, the visual exposure of fifteen students of architecture and urban planning to these images was captured with the help of special VR glasses and Fove software. And the resulting data has been collected and analyzed by Gaze Analysis software. "Visual attention" index has been analyzed with the help of two measures "fixation" and "saccade" and in the form of "floor", "sky", "furniture", "vegetation" and "buildings" components. The findings of the research, while providing an analysis of the users' visual perception of Afifabad Street in Shiraz and comparing the different sections (sequences) of this street, show the importance of landmark buildings in the perception process of urban streets, the importance of paying attention to the contrast and emphasis in the street walls, the effect of the ground floor wall in the person's encounter and interaction with the street body and also the effect of vegetation arrangement and design in the perception process of urban streets. The findings of this research confirm the importance of using direct methods of understanding visual perception as a complement to previous methods and can be used in landscape planning and urban street redesign projects by urban designers and planners.

The 4th wave of the human-Computer interaction (HCI) refers to the entanglement of a new form of interactive process between humans and emerging technologies and their presence in today’s human life. With an emphasis on the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), social robotics, virtual reality (VR), neural implants, cyber-physical systems, smart spaces, and autonomous vehicles (AVs), recent scientific literature has recognized the necessity of the human-computer interaction (HCI) 4th wave to show how human-machine interaction has turned into an ambiguous subject given human-technology boundaries. By reviewing, analyzing, and conceptually framing the literature, this study aimed to find possible relationships between the involved disciplines and architectural literature gaps. The obtained results can be used to (1) determine research gaps in the field of HCI from an architectural perspective to eliminate bias against emerging technologies, (2) theoretically explain how to design a virtual architectural space while considering those gaps, and (3) recommend a path for future studies. Given the research's goal and to develop the theoretical foundations, aiming at achieving a comprehensive concept that will go through the integration of the components of different fields of knowledge, systematic and content analyses have been used. The latent content and the thematic connection of the literature were analyzed using a structured and precise method. In the first stage, a broad range of literature with a rich variety of keywords was investigated, based on which the main keywords were extracted for final analysis and coding in three specific layers and different disciplines. To this end, 242 articles published between 2017 and 2022, as well as 21 doctoral theses published between 2019-2022 were reviewed. In the second stage, with the final screening, 73 articles were analyzed more closely using the thematic analysis method in MAXQDA and were categorized into 5 main codes and 17 sub-groups. The findings of the content analysis suggest that the level of knowledge of HCI and its subgroup in the 4th HCI wave is theoretically and practically evolving. Importance of HCI and its extensive use in different disciplines. This is because it accounted for 59% of the extracted content, followed by “Trust” with 19%, indicating the importance of the subject. The low frequency of design codes can be attributed to anthropological factors because there is still limited information about the users' awareness, preferences, and needs, and how this matter affects the design of virtual architectural space. This relationship has been less architecturally discussed and thus lacks a comprehensive definition. Results Showed In this stage, building up trust through anthropologically designed environments can encourage further use of this new lifestyle. It should be considered that trust in technology and machines is volatile as it is a form of feeling that varies in different situations. This study emphasizes that anthropologically informed design in virtual and intelligent environments is essential for enhancing human-technology interaction and a design based on trust-centered anthropological approaches increases the chance of welcoming emerging technologies and interacting with virtual spaces.

The rapid growth of cities and the absence of effective regulatory frameworks, have disrupted the reciprocal interaction between humans and built environments. These challenges have compromised cities’ ability to address the cognitive and physiological needs of their citizens. Neuro-urbanism, as an emerging approach, integrates urban planning, environmental psychology, and neuroscience to analyze neural feedback from the brain in response to urban environments, aiming to restore positive human-environment interaction. Among the various factors, visual complexity -directly linked to human physiology- can be reexamined within this framework from a novel perspective. This study explores the concept of visual complexity in urban design, introduces the optimal spectrum of visual complexity, and identifies the capabilities of neuro-urbanism in examining this environmental factor. Recent studies in neuro-urbanism reveal that the relationship between unity and diversity in urban environments can be assessed through the analysis of neural processing speed for visual data. Empirical evidence indicates a direct correlation between beta waves and the complexity of fractal forms. Data obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) demonstrate that this tool can effectively examine cognitive experiences related to unity and diversity as well as neural processing speed. Additionally, theta frequency oscillations in frontal and prefrontal areas show significant associations with cognitive functions such as working memory, episodic memory, and spatial orientation. Increases in EEG signal amplitude often signify reduced salience of environmental elements, while decreases in amplitude indicate heightened salience. Finally, technical limitations of neuroimaging tools in real-world environments -such as sensitivity to environmental noise and movement- have been identified as major challenges. To address these issues, virtual reality (VR) environments are proposed as innovative tools to control environmental variables and mitigate technical constraints. This approach enables systematic manipulation of visual complexity variables and enhances the accuracy of neural data recording.

E-learning, as one of the distance learning methods, has been rapidly expanded in most educational systems. Teaching contemporary structures and learning them effectively and practically to architecture students is one of the most important subjects of architectural education programs. Virtual reality is a new tool that makes it possible to imagine abstract concepts by using the computer and its capabilities, which have a positive effect on learning and knowledge transfer; accordingly, the student is actively involved in the learning process. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of electronic education of contemporary structures on the improvement of the learning quality of architecture students.

This research is exploratory and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature, survey method data analysis method. To reach the results, two types of specialized and general questionnaires were prepared. The statistical population of the specialized questionnaire was 33 professors and experts in the field of architecture and multimedia education and the general questionnaire; Two groups of students who had completed the course on contemporary structures in the form of face-to-face training and electronic training in a specific period, were selected in the number of 50 people. Validity was measured based on content validity and confirmed by professors through the Delphi method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method at 0.756. Data analysis was done through factor analysis and regression and Friedman tests with Spss and Lisrel software.

The confirmatory factor analysis test of the 4 components of the effect of e-learning and teaching on improving the quality of students' learning was identified and confirmed with a factor loading of over 0.4. The adjusted coefficient of determination was determined, the indicators predict 53% of the variance of learning quality improvement. Based on the regression test; The component of using digital technology has the highest effect on improving the quality of learning (beta=0.788). The results of the correlation coefficient test show that among the types of interaction, "learner-learner" has the most importance. The prioritization of the components of the effect of electronic education and learning on improving the quality of learning and students' progress according to Friedman's ranking test the use of digital technology (8.96), self-immersive (8.82), virtual reality (8.7), interaction (8.06).

According to the results, the indicators of simulation, motivation, the active role of the learner, synchronicity, content-content, student-content, skill, content transfer, creativity, knowledge construction, student-student, thinking-decision, achieving content, student-teacher; According to priority and correlation, Pearson's test has a positive effect on the improvement of the quality of students' learning. As a result, the electronic education of the course of contemporary structures using the virtual reality method improves the quality of students' learning compared to the face-to-face method in the field of architecture.

Employing digital technology as a medium in the field of art requires artists to create and present their work digitally. The intrinsic characteristic of digital media is its interactivity, and by employing such technologies, it is possible to capture the physical actions of the audience and, based on that, direct the process of forming the artwork and its proper perception. On the other hand, human-centered virtual technologies, such as virtual reality and mixed reality, which have emerged with the aim of making human life easier and enhancing the perception of the surrounding world, have entered the art field. As a result, the world is witnessing installations that showcase new dimensions of their influence on human life and present innovative artistic expressions.This research, focusing on four virtual interactive installations centered on the works of the famous Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh, investigates the formation of the metaphorical concept of time in these works and conducts a comparative analysis. By examining the features of the installations and comparing their differences and similarities, the study aims to determine how audience engagement in a virtual environment can influence the perception of the passage of time and how the degree of immersion affects this perception. Drawing on Lakoff and Johnson's theory of the conceptual metaphor of time, the research seeks to answer the following questions: How is the conceptual metaphor of the passage of time in virtual reality and mixed reality, centered on Van Gogh's works, formed, and how do these approaches differ or align?Considering that in virtual reality, the audience is fully immersed in the virtual world and their vision is entirely disconnected from the real world, it is assumed that with increased immersion, the conceptual metaphor of the passage of time will be more pronounced and effective compared to mixed reality installations.Based on online search results, it was found that Van Gogh's works are highly popular, making him a leading and famous painter. Numerous up-to-date installations are available that can be used for analysis and study. Among these, two samples of virtual reality installations and two samples of mixed reality installations were selected, for which sufficient information, explanations from the creators, and user feedback were available, all of which were useful for the analysis process. Therefore, the current research is a multiple case study, and the method of sample collection is purposive.The analysis of the research is organized into two parts. In the first part, each installation is examined separately using a descriptive-analytical method to explore the formation of the conceptual metaphor of time. The second part is comparative, analyzing the similarities and differences among these four installations in terms of technology and capabilities, the level of engagement and immersion, and, finally, the formation of the conceptual metaphor of time.Modern technology has opened a new chapter in human life through the use of digital tools and computers, making it possible to enter a virtual world. If we consider a continuous spectrum between the real world and a completely virtual world, all technologies within this spectrum are referred to as "extended reality." In other words, any technology or system that simultaneously incorporates elements of both the real and virtual environments is called extended reality. Extended reality is divided into three major categories: augmented reality, which is closest to the real environment; virtual reality, which is at the other end of the spectrum and closest to the virtual environment; and mixed reality, which lies between the other two.According to the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson, time, an abstract concept, is perceived metaphorically by mapping it onto an empirical field, usually a place or an object. This means that different time events are experienced as specific objects and places or as a limited area in space. Accordingly, the passage of time is perceived as the relative movement of the observer in relation to these places and objects. This relative movement is categorized as either the movement of time or the movement of the observer. If the observer is fixed and the time events move toward or away from the observer, it is called the movement of time. Conversely, if the time events are perceived as fixed objects and places, and the observer feels as though they are moving toward or away from them, it is called the movement of the observer. Therefore, if the observer is virtually transported to a place that belongs to a time event in the past, their mind can be prompted to pass through time, perceiving the past as either a place or an object.The results show that in the installations Step Inside Van Gogh’s Starry Night and the first part of The Garden in Zundert, there is a movement of the observer towards time events, and time is perceived as a place. In contrast, in the installations Meet Van Gogh in The City, The Bedroom, and the second part of The Garden in Zundert, we observe the movement of time, with time events experienced as objects. In all installations, except for the second part of The Garden in Zundert, the movement of time is directed towards the past, as if the observer is making a reverse journey through time.Additionally, it can be concluded that the high level of immersion in virtual reality installations forces the audience to disconnect more deeply and effectively from the current time and place, resulting in a more vivid experience of time's passage and the perception of past time events. On the other hand, in mixed-reality installations, this level of separation and immersion is lower. Thus, the researchers' hypothesis that the passage of time becomes more perceptible as immersion increases is confirmed.Another goal of this research was to explore the relationship between the two technologies of virtual reality and mixed reality in interactive installations centered on the works of the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh. In both cases, the audience moves from a passive state to an active one, with the possibility of interacting with the artwork, which increases engagement. Another similarity is that the presentation of the artwork is not limited to a specific museum, gallery, or location, meaning similar installations can be set up in different places simultaneously. Additionally, the issues of damage to the original artworks or their theft are also avoided.However, there are significant differences between these two technologies. In virtual reality, a completely virtual and three-dimensional world is created by the computer, and both the user and the artwork are entirely within this virtual world. In contrast, mixed reality involves the user being present in the real world, with virtual elements added to it. In virtual reality, the audience's sense of vision is completely disconnected from the real world and is focused solely on the installation, whereas in mixed reality, virtual elements are typically displayed on a two-dimensional screen. Moreover, to be immersed in the virtual world of virtual reality, it is necessary to use a head-mounted display, whereas in mixed reality, such a display is not required, and the use of other tools depends entirely on the design of the installation.Regarding the quality of the audience's engagement with the artwork, the highest level of immersion was observed in virtual reality, which completely separates the audience from the real world and ultimately leads to a strong emotional connection with the artwork. The audience fully feels their presence within Van Gogh's artworks. In mixed reality, however, a medium or low level of immersion is typically experienced, and at lower levels of immersion, an emotional relationship is less likely to be established.Concerning mutual interaction among the audience while using the installation, virtual reality does not offer this possibility due to the head-mounted display placing the user in a 3D world. However, this possibility is present in most mixed reality installations. Although such interaction can create a shared experience among the audience, it may also reduce immersion.

Visual perception of architectural environments requires a deep understanding of concepts that are challenging to acquire only through traditional methods. Therefore, human-computer interaction (HCI) technologies can be used in this field. Among the most essential methods of experiencing architectural space are the virtual environment within the computer, virtual reality, and augmented reality. The purpose of this article is to measure the quality of visual perception of architectural environments using modern digital and computer-based methods. A descriptive-analytical research methodology was employed to achieve the desired goals. The visual perception of the architectural environment was analyzed to identify influential indicators at the cognitive and interpretative component levels. Each component was subdivided into five sub-components according to the literature review, which thoroughly examines all available literature and theories to direct the research. A Likert scale survey questionnaire was used with a statistical sample of 100 people. The questionnaire items were assessed for reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.854, and the questionnaire data were analyzed using SPSS software. Based on the obtained results, virtual reality has the most significant effect on the visual understanding of the architectural environment in the interpretation component. Augmented reality and computer-based environments are next in terms of audience acceptance. Computer-based environments and virtual reality showed superior performance in the cognitive section, while audiences were less receptive to augmented reality.

How to design spaces in cities can have different effects on citizens. The objectives of this study can be to examine the impact of biophilic urban space on the stress of people.

The research method is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study consists of 20 bachelor and master students in the field of architecture and urban planning at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts in the academic year 1400. First, students' health was identified using a call announcement and a demographic questionnaire, and these individuals were quantified for stress with the help of a smart wristband while viewing images of biophilic and non-biophilic urban spaces with the help of virtual reality glasses.

Analysis of the results shows that the average change in stress of individuals while viewing non-biophilic images was approximately 5/2 units higher than biophilic ones in the second minute. p-Value is significant between individuals with education in biophilic state and rest in 1 minute and non-biophilic in 2 minutes. The difference between stress number in non-biophilic state and biophilic in 2 minutes is significant (p-value = 023/0) and shows the positive effect of biophilic approach on reducing stress that this efficiency can be considered in the design of future urban spaces.

Special attention of urban designers on the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the biophilic model in different scales cause the design or organization of spaces that significantly reduce the stress of people living in cities

Due to the prevalence and prevalence of Corona virus, the prevalence of using virtual reality and virtual tours in introducing valuable historical buildings, visiting cultural-tourist sites as well as virtual pilgrimage to holy places has been growing significantly. Is. According to research, virtual reality technology has an acceptable ability to simulate space for the visual perception of the audience. On the other hand, many people, due to the high cost and unavailability of virtual reality glasses, do not have the ability to virtualize with virtual reality tools. Any computer or smartphone can use this technology. So far, no research has been done on measuring the visual people's perceptions through virtual tours. The aim of this study is to follow the experimental method of one-group pre-test and post-test design with the aim of comparatively examining the visual perception of people in virtual circulation (virtual tour), compared to real circulation in historical environment. For this purpose, the audience once observed the Imam Khomeini Mosque, which is located in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran, as a real tour and once as a virtual tour, and then they were surveyed. Data were analyzed using paired t-test (paired) and SPSS software. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by consultation with experts. The statistical population of the research is architecture students and students. Based on the obtained results, the visual perceptions of the audience in virtual and real circulation are not significantly different from each other. In many studies, it is necessary to examine variables that can not be measured in real space or to study such variables is very costly. Also, in some cases, field surveys of spaces are not very time consuming or for various reasons. In these cases, a virtual tour can be used.

Astonishing architectural spaces have been created worldwide. As a morphogenic generator, Telepresence is changing the system of contemporary architecture system. The organizational composition of this action links the object to the subject. In this case, elements are perceived as in-between space (space between human and system). This study aims to recall the human-nature relationship as a determinant connection to fertilize this generation of architecture systems. This study also tends to evaluate the quality and various aspects of this relationship. This study aims to examine the quantity and quality of sense of presence in the digital nature at two HMD and sense of virtual place levels. The new mechanisms can be entered into these interactions to enable the modern human to experience another real framework within new architecture loops.

The extant research was conducted based on two methods. In the first part, some criteria were determined to measure the sense of presence in virtual nature (virtual reality tool assessment). This part of the study was carried out based on bibliographic research by reviewing the associated studies collected from documentary resources. In the next step, some indicators were recommended to propose a model for this sense in architecture. In the second part, the parameters determined for the sense of presence and proposed indicators were evaluated and ranked by participants. The statistical population and sample of the study comprised Adrenaline Station in Tehran, Iran. A questionnaire was used as the research means in this study. To measure the sense of presence and immersion tendencies of participants, PQ and ITQ were employed. The researcher-made questionnaire of preferences of agents of virtual nature’s sense of place was used to evaluate the design indicators. Finally, data analysis was done through SPSS software to achieve a solution.

According to the obtained findings, criteria of sense of presence in the virtual environment included control factors, sensory factors, distraction factors, realism factors, sound, and haptic. Subsequently, creative indicators of architecture consisted of virtual spatial factors, virtual activities, and virtual semantic links. According to evaluations, data analyses, and PQ tests, the sense of presence in nature via virtual reality tools is normal. In this collaboration, haptic sense has been ranked as the most significant factor, followed by the other factors. Moreover, the test of sense of virtual place of nature indicated that digital behaviors of this kind of architecture system obtained a reasonable score. According to participants’ opinions, virtual spatial factors had the highest effect on this structure. Comparative results and findings of the ITQ test indicated that the sense of presence-sense of place in the virtual environment and the immersive tendency of individuals were at a normal level in both methods. Hence, these two subjects are interconnected. Another report indicated the higher intensity of this correlation through the sense of virtual place compared to presence through HMD tools. In terms of demographic findings of participants in this study, there was a similar gender distribution. On the other hand, the tendency of participants in the age range of 25-30 was higher than that of others.

The present study confronted new experiences. This study was conducted to evaluate the mental stress of the studied topic on another side of the coin (knowledge of sense of presence in virtual nature). Accordingly, a set of virtual components were introduced as factors creating digital nature’s sense of place to form a structure consistent with the demands of modern humans. Although humans see the real nature as a constant agent that is an alternative to the same and similar experience far from their expectations, interactive levels in the contemporary world consider the digital nature as the operator of another aspect of presence to retrieve it besides that event. The obtained results confirmed the designed hypotheses. Accordingly, the participants achieved a normal evaluation of a sense of presence in virtual nature throughout HMD and a sense of virtual place. According to different evidence, results and observations obtained from the HMD system introduced the average quality of instruments collection and normality of immersion traits of participants as two factors that influence each other. Furthermore, the same feedback was found in the test line of sense of virtual place and individuals’ tendencies. These achievements indicated that both of the introduced methods could be effective in human-nature interaction. Nevertheless, some explanations can be provided based on the obtained findings. Firstly, change in new communicational strategies can serve as solutions in the future since there might be changes in nature and relevant issues. Secondly, the sense of a digital place of nature can serve as an alternative to the architectural body. Since the variables mentioned above affect each other, they will create a strong social relationship between humans and nature. Thirdly, the questionable point is what other experiences can be incorporated in this context regarding the changing natures towards industrialization and digitalization of relationships in the architectural loops.

Hospitalisation can cause more stress than the illness itself. Given their importance, therefore, therapeutic spaces should be able to provide a completely relaxed environment. In this respect, colour plays a key role in understanding the environment, acquiring the information and offering a sense of orientation, helping occupants to better communicate with the environment. The present study focuses on the effects of colour in patient room interiors on the emotional states of the residents, considering individual characteristics as a mediating factor. A five-factor NEO personality model is used to identify personality traits, measuring traits such as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Space modelling method is used together with library studies in order to collect data. SPSS software and Pearson correlation research method were used to analyse the data and measure the relationship between the variables and analyse the results. Simple and multivariate linear regression statistical tests were used to determine the relationship and the intensity and direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results showed that light green is among the colours patients felt most comfortable, relaxed and pleased with. This colour also shows a significant relationship in the analyses of regression and correlation with neurotic personality, meaning that individuals with neurotic personality who had the traits such as anxiety, depression, nervousness, and vulnerability identified it as a suitable colour for evoking a sense of relaxation.

One of the main challenges in urban design is enhancing the relationship between human perception and the environment as well as improving pedestrians’ experience by focusing on their apprehension of surroundings. However, urban design mainly centers on the visual scape of surroundings and overlooks other human senses such as hearing. Specifically, the imbalance between the perception of visual and soundscape has hampered the capability of achieving a thorough perception of our surroundings. The soundscape is the result of the listener's perception of the environment which can arouse thoughts and emotions, affect the human experience, and guide users' behavior in the public space. Also, the physical structure is one of the main factors affecting the visual-auditory balance. The physical structure of the environment can affect different human senses and create different perceptions of the 3D space for individuals. Hence, this research studies the impact of different physical structures and spatial configurations on the pedestrians’ soundscape perception of urban spaces. It is hypothesized that different spatial configurations and physical structures can have specific effects on the observer's perception of sound while moving in an urban space. Also, to study the relationship between a physical structure and spatial configurations on the pedestrians’ soundscape perception, this research used tests based on different arrangements of physical structure. Therefore, a cause-and-effect analysis and exploratory field research were used. Besides, it is impractical to change the physical structures and spatial configurations in real life or control the non-physical factors. Therefore, this study employs virtual reality to probe the research hypothesis. This makes it possible to make dynamic changes to the physical-spatial variables in a semi-real context. Moreover, the physical components are prioritized and a subset of the most important components have been taken into account in our experiments. Hence, it is attempted to simulate the physical-spatial experiments as accurately as possible by considering several factors. The spatial configuration, height of buildings, route width, and the number of public spaces in a path are taken into account along with the real-life sound effects. Also, to achieve a logical review, the researchers analyzed the effects of the physical-spatial structures in nine defined simulated tests on pedestrians' soundscape perception. A questionnaire has been used to evaluate the impact of the abovementioned factors on pedestrians’ soundscape perception. Statistical analysis is conducted in SPSS software to study the mechanism and dependencies between different factors. Moreover, we simulated the distribution of sound in our experiments using the Arraycalc software. Therefore, the results show the practical understanding of comparing the distribution of sound in real conditions with the pedestrians’ soundscape perception in a three-dimensional urban space. It is observed that there is a strong correlation between the soundscape perception factors and the physical-spatial configuration of a structure. Furthermore, our experiments show that in the spiral and convex spatial configurations, reducing structure height, width, and obstacles will improve the auditory experience of pedestrians significantly.

For centuries, architects have acknowledged the effects of the buildings in which we live, learn, work, and worship. How we feel, how we behave in these spaces, what energizing interactions within our bodies occur in these spaces, and our inspirations from these spaces, are very important today for architects and neuroscientists. The application of neuroscience, psychology, and architecture acquires a new trend called neuroarchitecture. This knowledge focuses on the design of architectural structures, humans, and seeks to design spaces with maximum efficiency and positive effects on space users. In this research, with the approach of neuroscience and with a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods (correlation and laboratory) to the category of how to use architectural elements (such as light, geometry, color, materials, etc.) to evaluate the sense of spirituality in mosques (Dome) is addressed. The important point in this research is the use of neuroscience and laboratory tools in examining the emotions of users in space. The effect of the factors affecting the "feeling of spirituality" in the architectural space due to the changes in human brain signals is a matter between interdisciplinary and completely scientific and laboratory. The main purpose of neuroscience is to extract invisible information from the human brain. Therefore, no questions or questionnaires or interviews are taken from individuals, but information is extracted directly and without any intermediaries.At the beginning of the research by the descriptive method refers to the types of brain signals and brain functions and previous research will be done in the background. in the first phase, by selecting a mosque related to the past (Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque of Isfahan) and a contemporary mosque (Al-Jawad Mosque of Tehran), through expert questionnaire and ANP method and SuperDecision software to determine the order of effective architectural components The perception of spirituality in the interior of these two mosques has been discussed. Then, in the second phase, in order to diagnose the emotions of people in selected mosques, laboratory work was performed by EEG-VR method, which means simultaneous use of electroencephalography and virtual reality devices. The subjects included 24 people (12 men and 12 women). Then, the data obtained from the experiment in MATLAB software were analyzed and  then, for interpretation of information and by inferential statistics, multiple regression analysis was performed to test the hypothesis. In the third phase, the results of the first and second phases are merged and discussed. At the end of the study, it was concluded that there is a significant relationship between how to use architectural elements (light, color, materials, geometry, etc.) and promote a sense of spirituality in the interior of mosques and the mosque belongs to the past (Sheikh Lotfollah ) Has a greater sense of spirituality among the subjects than the contemporary mosque (Al-Jawad). It was also found that the use of emerging neuroscience knowledge in architectural research and the use of medical tools such as electroencephalography as well as new virtual reality technology, can be very effective in discovering human emotions and feelings.

The construction industry has one of the most negative and destructive effects on the environment due to its great development, which has led the countries of the world to seek to solve this issue and the problems that arise from it. One of the solutions to solve this The crisis is the use of new technologies in the construction industry. Technologies that in all stages of construction supervise the work of the designer, structural engineer, accountant, project manager, etc. and cause the best progress of the project in all stages of construction. Technologies, etc. and cause the best progress of the project in all stages of construction. One of these new technologies in order to achieve these goals of sustainable design is advanced building information modeling technology. This construction technology is able to Multidimensional modeling of all building information, accurately perform the initial design of the building and properly consider the process of changes in documents during the construction project. In this study, the importance of using sustainable buildings to reduce the negative and destructive effects. On the environment according to building information modeling as well as virtual reality and real technology Given the emergence as well as virtual reality in Iran, it is necessary to know its capabilities and applications in the field of architecture that is less discussed. In this scientific gap, the research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is based on reviewing the documents. The results show that the use of virtual reality and augmented reality in buildings can lead to more and better realization of sustainable architectural goals in order to preserve natural resources.

Despite all the efforts made in Iran, so far the process of participation as a public culture in the thought and action of citizens, does not have a proper position or is low. Given the importance of citizen participation in urban development projects, A lot of research has been done to increase participation, but what distinguishes this research from other studies is the use of new tools and up-to-date technologies such as virtual reality to be able to take a step to facilitate citizen participation. In this regard, the simulated environment of the study area was performed in the virtual reality specialized laboratory space and individuals were tested as a sample. People's unfamiliarity with the virtual environment made it difficult for people to feel close to the real environment, but the attractiveness of the virtual environment made people move with interest in the experimental environment. Finally, it was found that the tested samples felt satisfied and The research questions answered well. Also, if some of the most important weaknesses of virtual reality are eliminated, for example, if we increase the sense of immersion or combine virtual reality with augmented reality, this will increase the effectiveness of this tool in increasing participation.

Based on a study conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics about the average hours per day spent in primary activities for the urban population, people spend most of their time at home, at work, and commuting between these two locations. The urban population of the world has multiplied from 751 million in 1950 to 4.2 billion in 2018. Today, 55% of the world's population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. Projections show that urbanization, the gradual shift in the residence of the human population from rural to urban areas, combined with the overall growth of the world's population, could add another 2.5 billion people to urban areas by 2050. This population needs accommodations. One way of responding to this demand is high-density developments (densification). Densification means no front or back yards and limited access to a natural environment on the property. As a result, the benefits that citizens could gain from those interactions have diminished. Access to natural environments such as public open spaces and parks provide people with numerous health benefits. Access to vegetated areas such as parks, open spaces, and playgrounds is associated with multiple physical and mental health benefits such as positive perception about the living environment, reduced stress levels, reduced depression, and more (Kaplan, 2001). Recent research has also demonstrated that the green landscape can promote the cognitive functioning of the human brain and help people recover from attentional fatigue. Attention Restoration Theory (ART) indicates that sustained attention is one of the critical factors in successful cognitive functioning. It is also one of the cornerstones for maintaining focus, ignoring distractions, and constructive human interactions.  So, it is essential to increase individuals’ interaction with nature and maximize the benefits that citizens can receive during their limited interaction with natural elements. This research aims to explore: “Do daily micro-interactions with natural green elements can induce similar mental reactions in people as it would occur after their presence in nature?”. An experimental study was conducted to answer this question. Researchers compared the results of the sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) from 150 residents of a high-rise residential building. Participants were randomly assigned to experience one of the two versions of a building’s lobby modeled in a 3D virtual reality environment, one with and one without natural green elements. Two lobbies were modeled in Rhinoceros 3D software. The experience was conducted by using immersive virtual reality (VR) goggles. Participants completed the cognitive task twice. Once before experiencing the lobby to establish the baseline of their sustained attention and once after that. Participants of each group also filled out the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS) after experiencing the building lobby. PRS was used to evaluate participants’ perception of the lobby’s attention restoration potential. The results indicate that those who interacted with natural green elements in the building lobby for 50 seconds obtained a higher SART score and demonstrated fewer cognitive errors. Also, only the people in the group with the natural green elements in the lobby evaluated the space as being capable of having a positive impact on their attention level. It can be argued that this research outcome is a testimony of the positive effect of micro-interaction with natural green elements on people’s perception of their living environment, attention restoration, and increased sustained attention.

Media tools in the age of communication and information are the factors through which information, concepts and ideas are transmitted to specific and general audiences. Virtual reality as one of the media tools is a new technology that allows the user to Interact with computer simulation environment. Its advantages in architecture are mainly expressed in helping to design and concepts and ideas. The main purpose of this article is the interaction between people and scenarios of designing architectural space in intangible space with the help of media tools such as virtual reality, to a comprehensive understanding of The intention and idea of the designer and help improve the perception of space. The main question is how virtual reality can increase a person's perception of architectural space? The research method of this research is content analysis. At first, using library resources and documents, the details and frameworks of the theory of space perception and its components were studied and analyzed. Then, these cases were measured in the field of virtual reality and its results were specified. Experience in immaterial space is a mental experience and therefore the nature of space in it is perceptual, a perception that takes place without the physical presence of a person and only with the help of his mind. The placement of minds, the exchange of thoughts and experiences, the lack of perceptual errors in this space and its many applications are fundamentally different from the traditional definitions of the perception of architectural space.

The perceptual performance of daylight is focused on the assessment of daylight at the eye level and its relation to the psychological (perception, emotional state) needs of the occupants, which influenced by architectural elements that shape the way daylight enters the space, such as multilayered façade and perforated walls. However, it seems that the designers do not have a clear and systematic understanding of the physiological and psychological effects of these patterns in interior spaces.  through a structured review of previous research, this paper seeks to identify, quantify and predict the relationship between daylight distribution patterns linked to architectural elements that shape the way daylight enters the space (independent variable) and occupants perceptions (dependent variable) in daylit spaces. The findings showed that Human experience can be represented with two dimensions, valence and arousal. To explore these two dimentions,   subjective evaluations based on self reports using questionnaires, objective evaluations based on physiological data   and observations based on physically based rendering (PBR) in virtual reality (VR) environment have been carried out.  the results show that the best image-based computational measures of contrast in predicting perceptual effects of daylight are modified spatial contrast indicator (mSC) and the size of images compressed in JPEG format and PNG-PERIM8 edge detection indicator (for evaluating the complexity of images).for the evaluation of perceptual effects of other visual stimuli, two-dimensional Fourier amplitude spectrum metric (FFT2) is used. In conclusion, the findings of this research can be the basis of a wide range of experimental research on this topic in the future.

Theatre and Performance Art has always been exposed to technological changes during its -2500year-old history. All of these changes have been made to improve the previous technology and did not disturb the form and matter of theatre. E.g. the invention and usage of electricity in theatre replaced the traditional method of lighting the stage with candle and oil lamps- this matter helped and enriched the performance art and its elements. In the late 20th century, with the formation of digital and cyber technology, the theatre artists could not stay away from its influence and tried to include this new found technology in performance art in forms of virtual or augmented reality (VR and AR). There have been many efforts in this field, but none has been able to be accepted as a common and accustomed method in theatre. Is this matter related to the flaws and imperfection of these technologies, or are VR and AR inherently in contrast with the form and matter of theatre- a form of art that is formed by the empathy and togetherness between the performers and the audience, whereas the VR audiences are called “users”? In this article, these questions will be studied based on similar researches and practical experiments on this matter, questions that can contribute to many new performances. To what extent can computer technology be used in theatre? Are there any limits to its usage? Will using VR or AR lead to the decline of performance arts? And can these works be called theatre?