architectural design

This research project investigates the design features of housesconstructed using 3D printing technology. By employing a casestudy research method, this study seeks to conduct an in-depthexamination of the architectural attributes, construction processes,and potential benefits of 3D-printed houses. The spread of largescale computer-aided manufacturing technologies is significantlytransforming architectural design. Digital fabrication is propellingarchitecture into a new phase of complexity and detail previouslyunachievable through conventional manufacturing methods.Understanding the impact of these technologies can help guidefuture research, drive innovation in design and manufacturingprocesses, and improve the training of professionals. However,there is a scarcity of comprehensive reviews providing a holisticview of the impacts of 3D printing technologies on architecture.This article offers a systematic review of 3D-printed samplesin architectural design and construction. This research adoptsthe case study method and employs a combined methodology.In the quantitative component of the research, numerical datawere gathered, and in the qualitative component, the appearance,structural characteristics, and functional aspects of buildingswere examined using case studies and analyzing the texts ofrelated resources. To explain the principles of designing housesbuilt with 3D printers, examples of houses constructed using 3Dprinting technology worldwide were identified and categorized.Items examined for each sample were described, and the sampleswere evaluated based on defined criteria to outline the basics ofdesigning housing constructed with 3D printing technology. Thestudy focuses on innovative design features, emphasizing thepotential for 3D printing to provide sustainable housing solutions.Architectural attributes of 3D-printed homes are analyzed fortheir unique aesthetic and functional characteristics, highlightinghow 3D printing can address housing shortages and affordabilityissues. The findings indicate that concrete and the gantry printersystem are the most commonly used materials and printer typesin this technology. Compared to traditional construction methods,especially for non-linear forms, 3D printing significantlyreduces construction time. Manual reinforcement with rebaror the addition of materials to concrete is a prevalent practice.Elongated rectangular plans are better suited for two-wayprinters, while three-branch and radial plans are more suitable for  robotic arm printers. Due to current limitations in 3D printing forroof construction, roofs are often still made using conventionalmethods. For layout expansion and complex designs, checkedlinear layouts are more commonly used than radial layouts.Robotic arms allow for greater flexibility, enabling more diverselayouts and freer forms. However, for cost-efficient projects,gantry systems and linear layouts are often recommended.

one of the important goals of structural education in the field of architectural engineering is the implementation of structural knowledge in the process of architectural design according to improve the quality and efficiency of architectural designs. Achieving this goal requires educational planning to transfer the learning of structural teachings from the educational position to the architectural design position. The implementation of knowledge is the best point in transfer of learning and means the creation of new procedures for solving unfamiliar problems. According to Bloom's theory, Taxonomy of educational objectives, which is a theory in the field of educational planning, implementation is a level of cognition that is closely related to the cognitive level of creation and design and is based on a combination of proposition, concept and procedure Knowledge dimensions. This research, based on Bloom's theory, has presented a theoretical model of meaningful structural learning versus Rote learning in architectural design. The theoretical model of meaningful structural learning is about structural educational planning in the field of architectural engineering. This model explains the dimensions of process cognition of structure from Remember to Implementation in the process of architectural design, and describes the process of recognizing and knowing the dimensions of the structure in architectural design. Research results show that Propositional, conceptual and procedural knowledge are the dimensions of structural knowledge that are constructed in the process of cognition of structure, and become effective knowledge in design. Another finding of this study is that Geometric understanding of structures is a conceptual knowledge and an intermediate link between structural cognition and architectural design that can be effective in the implementation of structural knowledge in the architectural design process. This research has been done by collecting documentary-library data and logical reasoning method based on Revised Bloom's Taxonomy and theories in the field of design thinking with a cognitive approach.

According to global primary energy consumption statistics, buildings significantly contribute to energy consumption, with an observed annual increase in this regard. As a consequence, buildings are responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Therefore, it is essential to mitigate adverse environmental effects by reducing energy consumption. Heat transfer through the walls of buildings plays a crucial role in this context, and thermal performance significantly affects both energy consumption and the thermal comfort of indoor spaces. Since heat transfer through the walls is closely related to variations in indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, and the materials used in construction, it directly influences both cooling and heating loads. This study aims to achieve optimal performance by identifying the thermal behavior of materials to reduce energy consumption via external walls. Consequently, an understanding of the performance of materials in exterior walls is essential to measure their physical behavior in response to changes in outdoor temperature. To reduce energy consumption, two parameters—decrement factor and time lag—can create significant thermal inertia. However, there are many non-steady-state thermal indices, such as thermal transmittance, volumetric specific heat, and surface factor, and the impact of each on building energy consumption has been investigated through calculations. The non-steady-state thermal indices of walls depend on two important factors: material type and wall thickness. The study results indicate that wall thickness has a greater effect than the type of material used in the wall. The material type can lead to significant differences in the numerical values of indices such as volumetric specific heat, thermal admittance, thermal transmittance, time lag, and time lead. Increasing wall thickness reduces thermal indices such as thermal transmittance, decrement factor, and time lag (surface factor) while increasing the time lag (decrement factor). Thermal admittance, surface factor, and time lead show no significant relationship with wall thickness. Additionally, by designing a residential unit in the hot-dry climate of Birjand (Iran), the effects of each non-steady-state thermal index on energy consumption were simulated. The results indicated that indices such as thermal transmittance, thermal admittance, and volumetric specific heat have direct effects on cooling and heating energy consumption; an increase in these three parameters leads to higher cooling and heating energy consumption in buildings. Conversely, indices such as surface factor, time lag, and time lead negatively affect cooling and heating energy consumption, with their increase resulting in reduced annual energy consumption. However, the decrement factor and time lag have no significant effect on building energy consumption, with their correlations being weak and negligible. The annual energy consumption of buildings in this climate can be reduced by using materials with good thermal insulation properties. The simulation results indicate that the lowest annual heating and cooling energy consumption is associated with buildings constructed from AAC blocks, 3D concrete panels, and Perlite blocks. In contrast, the highest energy consumption occurs when using precast concrete, Liper blocks, or various types of clay bricks in the external walls.

Since earthquakes have high destructive effects on buildings, a structure can be stable and durable against the horizontal destructive forces as wind and earthquake those are the goals of high-rise architects and designer engineers. In this research, we seek to show the model of living nature that will lead us towards providing structural strength against the lateral force of earthquakes and reducing its seismically destructive effects.

The current research has been carried out by using a descriptive survey method. Statistical population, quality analysis by Delphi (Q) method of professional engineers notes and data measurement was done on the of 46 experts opinions in the field of architecture and structure by targeted non-random sampling method. The results of the survey have been analyzed by manual methods and statistical software (SPSS) in the analytical explanation of the main factors.

The results of the research show that the realization of high-rise building seismic stability would be achieved by the main four factors as: "naturalistic seismic architecture", "sustainable green architecture", "environmentally stable architecture" and "stable seismically geometry". It is possible as feasible by the main characteristics in the architectural design of the seismic bionic tower.

In the end, based on the resulting four exploratory strategies, the explanation of solutions that are appropriate to the research results, that is; High-rise seismically stable architecture with the pattern of living organisms, as an achievement in accordance with the demands and criteria obtained in the present research, are presented

Problem statement: 

The initial phase of design is a complex, crucial, and ambiguous stage. Researchers suggest that designers rely on very simplistic thoughts at the onset of design to narrow down the chain of possible solutions, referred to as primary generators. Primary generators have various sources, one of which is cross-disciplinary references; cinema, in particular, provides a vast array of unexplored spaces. Therefore, the question of this study is: how can cinematic works be considered a source for the formation of primary generators?

This study aims to explore the role of cinema as a formative source of primary generators, thus establishing a credible resource to facilitate the initial design step, which often faces numerous complexities.

The present study first elucidates the concept of primary generators based on existing theoretical discussions in library sources. It then employs qualitative research methods and content analysis of sequences from selected cinematic works to assess the potential of cinema as a source of primary generators.

After gaining insight into the concept of primary generators, a categorization was provided, along with theoretical evidence from cinematic texts for each category. Four distinct viewpoints were adopted based on this categorization, including existential (human life), metaphorical-philosophical, environmental, and formal aspects, with examples from cinematic works presented for each. These findings demonstrate that cinema is a significant source of primary generators and can inspire a wide range of primary generators.

This article examines the very important and effective role of artificial intelligence in the process of forming design ideas in the field of architecture. In this review, the concept of idea, its importance in architectural design, and the applications of artificial intelligence in the evolution of the architectural design process are examined, and then some old and famous buildings designed by prominent architects with the help of artificial intelligence tools are examined. Design ideas refer to a set of principles, concepts and inspirations that help designers to create unique and attractive products, spaces and visual and user experiences. Another important issue is artificial intelligence, which is a branch of computer science that deals with the design and development of systems that are capable of performing human tasks. Artificial intelligence is undoubtedly one of the most dynamic and challenging fields of technology in today's world and will have a wide impact on the daily life and future of mankind. This study was conducted in a qualitative-analytical way and shows that artificial intelligence as a powerful tool is able to help architects to achieve more innovative and better design ideas. In the process of analyzing and proving this, artificial intelligence was asked to redesign landmark buildings according to the thoughts and theories of the world's great architects. The results of this redesign showed that the use of this tool helps architects' ideation, and it was concluded that through big data analysis, machine learning algorithms, and other advanced technologies, artificial intelligence can improve the design process and enable architects. to achieve more creative and high-quality solutions. This article not only deals with technological developments in the field of architecture, but also emphasizes the effective connection between artificial intelligence and architects ideation.

Problem statement: 

The global need for environmental protection has propelled the green movement worldwide. An emerging management challenge for all organizations in third-millennium cities is to protect natural resources while reducing their negative environmental impact and increasing sustainable performance. Greening is needed in this era to preserve natural resources. Green architecture is examined and evaluated in light of the green movement that took place from the 1950s to 2010. Green architecture describes and evaluates the most relevant architectural projects that integrate the energy systems approach to reduce demand, provide renewable energy supply, and enable energy storage. Studies show that green architecture has evolved significantly and has been given different names depending on the interests or concerns of the time. It has progressed at varying rates depending on the technical, economic, environmental, and political drivers and barriers of each period.

The main objective of this paper is to provide a brief review of the relationship between the parameters of the green movement and explain the relationship between architectural design and human health in third-millennium cities. 

The research method adopted in this paper is the comparative study method, which focuses on the fundamental components of the green movement through the use of Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software to analyze and investigate 230 related published articles from 2008 to 2024, and infers the results in relation to thermal comfort.

The most important finding of this research is manifested in three components: thermal comfort, urban green space, and facade design. The main conclusion of this paper can be summarized and stated as devising green facade designs to increase green spaces based on thermal delight.

Digital fabrication and computational geometry are two emerging approaches in architecture that have increasingly interacted with each other. Computational geometry plays  a crucial role in the evolution of the design process by providing powerful tools for generating complex forms and optimizing structures. On the other hand, digital fabrication, through the use of advanced technologies, enables the physical realization of these forms with high accuracy and speed. The complexity of the interaction between these two areas and their immense potential reveals the necessity of conducting comprehensive research in this field. This research has been carried out to examine the relationship between digital construction and computational geometry in architectural design and evaluate the challenges, possibilities and opportunities resulting from this synergy. By reviewing the existing literature and adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, this study investigates various case examples with distinct geometric features and digital fabrication methods, exploring the synergy between these two approaches in architectural design. The research findings show that the optimal synergy of computational geometry and digital fabrication leads to a design-by-fabrication process that can create architectures with diverse geometric complexity, manufacturability, customization, and cost reduction.

In some of the architectural remains, a longitudinal approach is observed, and in others, a transverse approach. In the longitudinal approach, architects have created their works with significant difference and distinction; But the architects of the second group, due to the diversity of their works, did not have significant differences and distinctions in the production of their works. Expanding the field of architectural thinking through the expansion of Guilford's theory of creative thinking (convergent and divergent thinking) and also increasing the possibility of decision-making in the production of effective architecture are the main goals of this research. Achieving the set goals first of all requires proving the hypothesis that architectural creativity in the process of producing work occurs with a maximum tendency by one of the two methods of continuous or discrete creative thinking, respectively, in the length and width of the creative thinking process. The research method is fundamental based on the goal, and descriptive-survey based on the findings. To prove the hypothesis, five buildings from the works of Le Corbusier and Zaha Hadid have been compared under the main criteria of form and shape. Studies show that the theory of creative thinking can be changed and transformed in the field of architecture by separating convergent thinking and divergent thinking. Therefore, in discrete creativity based on divergent thinking, the designer does not have much thought to repeat the product and soon separates from it and tries to create another product; So that the new product is formed in significant difference and differentiation compared to the previous product. While in continuous creativity based on convergent thinking, a kind of mental excitement occurs; after that, the designer achieves new and presentable points. In this type of creativity, the main core of thinking shows itself clearly in a fixed form in all aspects; while the aspects are noticeably but implicitly different from each other. Researches the distinction and superiority of divergent thinking (discrete creativity) in the works of Le Courbet over convergent thinking (continuous creativity) in the works of Zaha Hadid.

Having creativity in architecture major especially in designing lessons is one of the main challenges of the major.Under the effects of scenario planning education, as an answer to the problem of designing, productivity and creativity of students have a noticeable leap. Determining a method which can help students to improve and utilize their creativity was the main goal for this research. The research has been achieved via a quasi-experimental method and is the result of processing workshop of The University of Tehran in architectural design workshops. architecture students of “Designing my villa” reports of teaching process of participated in the research and their design performance quality have been evaluated with scenario planning method. During 6 weeks period (one 4 hours session per week). Results have shown that the students’ average grade have increased (P<0.05), in each level of teaching process. A strategic conclusion taken from recording the process was the discovery of the main levels of directing a design for teaching in architecture design workshop. All levels included from the beginning of imagination until the final presentation. Finally, scenario planning in architecture describes the process of scenario-based design and related theoretical and technical frameworks in aim of effecting quality of the creative designs in a positive way.

This article examines the effects of residential plan design on the circadian rhythm through natural light in common residential spaces in Tehran over the past decade. Light profoundly influences human health, and home architecture plays a pivotal role in regulating the body's daily rhythms. Given that individuals spend a significant portion of their time indoors, especially during the transition from day to night, the levels of natural light throughout the day serve as a vital biological measure for human well-being at home.. The study delves into the importance of light's effect on melanopic cells in the brain and the human body's circadian rhythm, emphasizing the necessity to explore a brightness factor that accurately reflects vertically received melanopic light, akin to the movement of the human eye within indoor spaces. The first part of the study involved developing a theoretical framework for investigating dynamic daylight by explaining several related areas such as human perception and the psychology of light, light and circadian rhythm of the body, light evaluation criteria, light in architecture, typical residential architecture in Tehran. Subsequently,, employing logical reasoning methods and referring to the previous section, a theoretical framework was developed and a research model was obtained. After reviewing related research backgrounds, various simulation models for light movement in architectural spaces were used to collect basic information required for this section. In this study, initially, several variables regarding plan design were examined on simple plans and preliminary analyses were conducted on their effects on circadian rhythm during selected days from 9 am to 1 pm. After understanding these variables separately for examining residential spaces' effects, common house plans in Tehran were selected based on previous studies. Several plan samples were taken from specific building locations and modeled using Rhinoceros 3D software and ALFA plugin. Then melanopic lux levels were measured at numerous points on an assumed grid in four directions at each point throughout the entire unit's plan. Design recommendations for improving the performance of circadian rhythm synchronization of the body with the environmental circadian rhythm, for common plans in Tehran while considering municipal regulations and relevant restrictions were proposed. These includedeepening the interior space based on the direction of openings leads to a decrease in the desired spatial percentage. This issue is less problematic in southern facades but significantly reduces space desirability in northern facades. Therefore, deepening the space in northern facades is not recommended. Dividing and breaking down the dimensions of interior space leads to a decrease in receivedEquivalent Melanopic Lux . In houses with two-sided northern and southern facades, it is recommended that the living room faces south and bedrooms face north. In apartments with two units per floor, it is recommended to divide units into two units with two-sided northern and southern facades. In addition to computer software simulations, field measurements were taken at two sample houses on-site under similar conditions as those in the software to match results and confirm their accuracy. The results confirm the accuracy of output results from the software.

Problem Statement:

 Performative Computational Architecture is an intelligent approach to the performance-based design process, which has a lot of conceptual confusion among some students, designers, and researchers. The purpose of the research: The purpose of this study is to systematically review Performative Computational Architecture to explain its functional and physical factors.

The research method of this research with a quantitative-qualitative and comprehensive approach is document content analysis based on literature review of Performative Computational Architecture. Data analysis has been done through descriptive analysis and correlation, regression and Shannon tests on subjects and factors.

The findings show that the researches in the field of Performative Computational Architecture have been conducted in three topics of the skin, form and layout of the building. Shading, window dimensions, window placement and window-to-wall ratio are among the most important factors in determining the form of the building shell. Also, building form, floor height and the number of buildings are the most important factors in writing the building form generator design algorithm. Spatial location, proximity and network matrix are also among the most important factors in the design of the productive design of the building layout.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Performative Computational Architecture, as a performance-based design approach, shares the three concepts of generative design, algorithmic design and parametric design, with a focus on performance evaluation and optimization. Also, based on the findings, it can be concluded that the factors of form finding have different degrees of importance based on three subjects.The position of the space and the proximity matrix in the subject of layout, shading in the subject of skin and the shape of the building in the subject of form are explained as the key factors of form finding.

Problem statement: Architectural education in Iran is encountering fundamental issues and suffering from weaknesses such as confusion in architectural education spaces in Iran, the lack of a somewhat responsive process to the educational needs of students, and,  the lack of the student’s orientation towards learning architectural design. Unfortunately, in universities, professors pay less attention to the subject of “understanding space,” and the problem is how to teach students to create it without a clear understanding of the nature of space. On the other hand, transferring concepts from a visible state to a spatial one is much simpler than transferring them from a mental, verbal, or written state to a spatial one.

The main goal of this research is to identify the challenges and problems in teaching architectural design, with an emphasis on the mental perception of students.

The present study is considered applied in terms of its purpose and data collection and analysis methods within the qualitative research group. The statistical population of the research includes experts and professors in the field of architecture at the Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran and Karaj. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview, and ATLAS TI software was used for data coding.

The results led to the identification of 46 core codes, 84 indicators, and 17 final themes, which include issues such as the physical conditions of learning environments, outdated methods and design approaches in Iranian universities, the level of familiarity of architecture professors with modern methods, lack of paradigmatic convergence, one-sidedness in architectural design education, visually-centric space creation, and more. Therefore, it can be said that in the educational and research system of Iranian architecture departments, less attention is paid to “mental perception” and architecture students cannot accurately convey their understanding of the environment using past methods such as simple hand tools, paper, and models and convince their audience of the success of their project. Understanding the environment and its mechanisms plays a key role in expressing the environment.

Evacuation modelling is a tool for measuring the performance of building design for safe evacuation of occupants during emergencies such as fires. The first evacuation modelling efforts date back to the mid-70s. To date, a wide range of evacuation models have been developed, with numerous problems having been studied in various scientific disciplines. In the present study, a database of 152 original papers was developed through a systematic search in the field of evacuation modelling, and their data was used to answer three key questions. The first question was that of the role of architectural design in the entire body of research. Architectural design issues are one of the five fields in evacuation modelling research being considered in a variety of scales in the design process. The second question was that of important elements of evacuation modelling. This was answered by data analysis. From the perspective of variables and their relationship, it was found that several elements have been considered as independent variables in evacuation modelling, with their design features being considered as measures to explain other dependent parameters. The third question was that of the relationship between architectural elements and other modelling parameters. When a modelling is aimed at evaluation of a design, the results can cause significant changes in the original design.Modelling methods are also relevant to the levels of design development. In early stages, macroscopic modelling can lead to the rejection or acceptance of a design alternative or schema, or demonstrate whether or not the design conforms to the required performance criteria. In more advanced stages, microscopic modelling is applied as a tool to make fine tunings of dimensions, configuration details and layouts of columns and furniture. The results showed that the swarm intelligence-based methods are the emerging field among microscopic models that can result in lower computational cost and more accurate results.

One of the issues in architectural education is the gap between knowledge and its application in the design practice by students. So far, this issue has been addressed from different approaches in many research studies and some solutions have been proposed. However, the issue persists and architectural education continues to grapple with it. This research attempted to rethink this issue from a different approach. The approach is based on the embodied cognition. The basics of embodied cognition clarify the role of human body in the cognition. Cognition means perception of the environment. In this paper, we collected these basics from the written resources. The resources that studied are based on the Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology of perception. He showed that the human body is both subject and an activist in the environment. He emphasized that the interaction between body and environment is the most important agent in perception. Therfore, the research methodology is logical argumentation. The methodology is underlying on the phenomenology of perception and embodied cognition. Also, some part of the methodology is experiment. In the experiment, we selected naive architecture students from Payame Noor University of Iran, who participated in the “understanding and presenting of environment” course in their first semester. Some of the exercises in the lesson were body-based practice. We surveyed all the exercises of the students and compared them with the basics of the research. The results show that one of the reasons for the gap between the knowledge and its application in the design practice is that the cognitive role of student body in the architectural training is not taken into account. Then, if the architectural knowledge and design practice were both based on the embodied cognition, the cognitive, actionable, and representative role of the student's body, the gap between knowledge and its application in the design practice will be reduce. Finally, the student body has a basic role in the architectural knowledge and design. In the body-based practices, we showed what and how the practice can help the student’s body to become active in the training. However, the training and body practice is not the same as some sports, but the practices that can help students to understand the environment and present their understanding. We present some of these practices and students' responses to them. We showed that the name of that practice is embodied experience and it is helpful for architectural students. Then, we proposed other embodied experiences to have an embodied architectural education and training: the same as geometry understanding by showing the Pahlevani and Zoorkhaneh rituals. The rituals take place in the geometric spaces and all actions are based on that geometry. The other one is understanding the structure by doing the bridge movement in bodybuilding sport. It helps students to understand the bridge structure and bearing forces by bridge building.

Architectural design education has always represented aunique pedagogy. From the early years of masterapprentice model to the modern project-based learning in form of thedesign studio. Many studios dealalmost solely with the individual, while complexities of contemporary practice require collaborative teamwork. Ithas always focused on individuality and personal-biased practicewith the importance of communication and criticism.However, in the recent years, the architectural profession hasbecome more complex, which critically
requires shifting paradigm towards a more collaborative approach. Students are supposedly being prepared for practice, but they are usually led to think of themselves as independent designers, which is a rare condition in real life.

Research Problem:

 Architectural design is a collaborative process in which understanding between group members may be more important than their ideas. Therefore, when architectural design is considered as a collective activity, it will also be effective in teaching it. One of the skills required by architecture students to succeed in the profession of architectural design is the skill of collaboration, group communication and teamwork. Architecture students need to collaborate, discuss, and exchange ideas in the studio to prepare for a collaborative design career, so there is a need for participatory design studios in architecture schools.

Research question: 

How can participatory architecture design training increase the skills of collaboration and teamwork of architecture design students?

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of participatory education model in architectural design courses in the studio

The research method in this article is causal-comparative method. The study was a comparison of the conventional method and the participatory model method from the students' point of view and evaluated their performance. The statistical population of this study was the architecture design students of= Ardabil Azad University in the fall semester of 1398 with 40 people in three different groups as a sample of the study and surveyed. The data collection tool was library resource studies and a questionnaire designed by researchers. In this article, quantitative analysis of the questionnaire during a semester in the workshop is used.

conclusions of the research:

 Participatory education model with grouping of students, presenting the topic of joint design, joint evaluation of group members and scoring the performance of the whole group, as well as using tools such as " time and task schedule", "Article "Reflection" and " ‘‘peer assessment" increase the level of students' interactions and their skills in working with each other and their contribution to the design process, and increase their readiness to face professional challenges in the future. According to the research findings, it was found that the participatory design model in design increases the efficiency, learning capacity, motivation and communication and social skills of students and teaches how to design in a shared design environment.