conservation-restoration

Pottery is one of the artistic-technical craft that has persisted for several millennia from prehistoric times to the present day. Such artifacts, particularly in Iran, exhibit high stylistic and technological diversity. In most archaeological excavations, consistently various types of these artifacts from different historical periods and styles have been discovered, whose technical study and form recovery can provide valuable information to researchers in various fields. Among these excavations is the Tappeh-Silveh in Piranshahr, where diverse pottery dating back to the Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, Iron Age, as well as remnants from the Parthian period and the subsequent Islamic period have been uncovered. The specimen studied in this article is a decorated orange pottery piece with black and red colors and geometric patterns, belonging to the Bronze Age from this site. This piece has sustained damages such as fractures, losses, and deposits, , which have been improperly repaired. It requires cleaning, reattachment, and reconstruction of the missing parts, while adhering to the theoretical principles of conservation. Accordingly, after necessary pathological and technical studies of the artifact using laboratory methods, an appropriate cleaning method was selected, and essential actions were taken towards its protection and restoration.

Today, the use of new technologies and methods of preserving ivory objects has led to a better understanding and safe protection of objects. The purpose of this article is the feasibility of using new methods of rapid prototyping technologies, including 3D modeling and 3D stereolithography (SLA) printers, in order to achieve a suitable method for reconstructing missing parts and it is important to make a moulage of historical and cultural objects using existing equipment in order to use it in the restoration and reconstruction of sensitive objects. In line with the review of the introduced technology, an example of a chess piece made of elephant ivory was selected, with the statue of a man riding a camel carved in great detail. The selected object was missing a lot. Documentation was done from the same bead and according to the available images, 3D modeling was done with Zibrush software, which is a special software for sculpting. Settings related to print management were made in Chitubox software and 3D reconstruction to make a moulage from a stereolithography printer. The results of this research showed that the use of 3D modeling and printing with a stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer as a new method can be used in the direction of making moulage and reconstructing missing parts of sensitive objects; And they can also be useful to a great extent in the low-risk behavior of protection towards sensitive objects such as ivory. Because of advantages such as: methodical execution of most steps and minimal intervention and contact with the object, increasing precision and elegance in the execution of decorations, preventing common and unwanted mistakes of the restorer, duplicating all the object as many times as desired, sending the 3D model software file made to other research centers, they have the possibility of temporarily connecting the piece made to the main body of the object, which covers the principle of reversibility in conservation. The main advantages of using these methods are: Reducing contact with sensitive objects and avoiding conventional and time-consuming, commonly used contact and to some extent destructive, such as: molding, casting and filtration processes in the rebuilding of archaeological works More precision in the implementation of outstanding and complex designs than the traditional method, Achieving similar levels of quality to historical cultural effects using a combination of modeling techniques.   Construction of parts in different dimensions with asymmetric geometric models, so that there is little constraint on the form and geometric shape for construction. Ability to evaluate and modify the 3D layout and repeat it in case of dissatisfaction with each section in the shortest possible time. The risk of connection to the reconstructed piece is due to the neutral properties Reducing the time in making missing parts