economic development

In the new model of development that is formed on the basis of human personality, industry and industrialization is a phenomenon that has had a tremendous impact on man and his living environment. One of the key issues that has been raised in the field of social sciences and culture in recent decades and has become very widespread and important is the issue of development. Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their needs; And economic development was considered as a category that seeks to achieve higher productivity and increase sustainability, fair distribution of development interests among members of society, people's participation in design and implementation of development. Therefore, this article seeks to explore the economic development of cities. Emphasizing on the indicators of sustainability of business clusters and presenting its dimensions and components in the form of prefixes and suffixes. In terms of data reliability, it is exploratory. Dimensions and components of economic development of industrial cities based on business sustainability indicators were extracted from 16 sources. The results of this analysis included the identification of 36 basic themes, 8 organizational themes, and 2 comprehensive themes of antecedents and backgrounds.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of Borjam on Iran's economic development between 1394 and 1397. Borjam's study can be considered not only politically, regionally and supra-regionally, but also economically. Its economic dimension will not only affect Iran's domestic economy, but also its consequences in foreign and domestic markets. In the oil and gas sector and non-oil materials. After the nuclear deal in 2015 and its passage, its effects and consequences in the Iranian market, both abroad and at home, can be examined. It is not a historical event, although it is a turning point in the political and economic history of Iran. But it is possible to examine all the potential quantities of Iran, both before and after Borjam, and to achieve new quantities and even theories. It is even possible to go a step further and make Borjam a freeze in the foreign market and examine the potential of Iran. Considered in maintaining its domestic market. Economic resistance is also a new issue that is one of the consequences of Barjam.

Nowadays, the status of e-commerce in the exchange of art works is the subject of study experts in the field of art economics. Considering the importance of this issue, identifying the effective factors in accepting e-commerce in this sector of the economy is essential.  Hence, using this technology in the art sector, especially the handmade carpet exchanges, we can overcome the problems in the handmade carpet economy and achieve the positive outcomes in the field of economy with the support of handmade carpets, owing to its effective role in the Iranchr('39')s economy.The present research aims to find an answer for the following questions: 1. How can e-commerce contribute in development of the economy based on handmade carpets and related factors? 2. What infrastructures are needed to use e-commerce for the development of the economy based on handmade carpets?Thus, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the benefits of using e-commerce to develop the handmade carpet economy in Iran and identify the effective infrastructures in accepting e-commerce and exploiting it in the development of the economy based on handmade carpets. The research method in this study is descriptive-survey. Library resources, valid internet websites and questionnaires were used to collect the data. This research investigates e-commerce, art economics and handmade carpets. Then, research results are presented by analyzing the data. Finally, some recommendations are presented to achieve the research goals and future research.  Based on the results of this study, creating a cultural and educational context for handmade carpet authorities and creating the necessary infrastructure for accepting e-commerce would be of great contribution in the development of handmade carpet exchanges.

Given that historic quarters as an integrated entity best represent the efforts of indigenous cultures to meet the past needs, their compatibility with the present needs and recognizing the opportunities available to them as an accepting capacity for cultural and economically productive functions are worthy of attention. Utilizing creative approaches in line with the historic fabrics adaptability to the new economy and conditions, through focusing on the cultural capital as a means of revitalizing historic neighborhoods and creating new economic activities to replace the declining uses or those being disappeared from the area, is the most significant necessity to Problem statement of the present research.

The use of innovative policies and creativity-based strategies for the presence of our country’s historic fabrics and neighborhoods in the competition arenas, aimed at the cultural-economic growth and development and neighborhood revitalization, is an approach whose absence is noteworthy within both relevant theoretical and applied fields.

This research based on an analytical and descriptive method to assess and measure the capabilities of historic fabrics, indexical contexts. Also, it examines the feasibility of a cultural quarter in a case study of Laleh-zar using the quantitative structural equation modeling through questionnaire and field observations and finally as Conclusion explains a model of historic-cultural quarters according to the priority of the actions.

The research findings prove the necessary solutions and measures based on the order of priority in the final model, the proposal and the importance of these relationships empirically.

In rural areas of developing countries, lack of facilities and geographical isolation can be considered as the major causes of poverty leading to limited opportunities in achieving sustainable economic and social improvement. Public transport system has a crucial role in the prevention of social and economic exclusion and marginalization of rural and remote areas. Access to public transport can have various effects on economic and social development of these areas. In this article we studied the role of the communication network and public transport system in economic and social development of the rural areas. Therefore it is intended to answer the following questions:- What are the different views of mountain village people and plain village people about rural road network and rural – urban public transport system?- Do the factors like improvement of network construction and expansion of rural roads and public transport systems lead to economic boom in the study area?- Do the factors like network construction, improvement of rural roads and expansion of public transport systems lead to improvement of social conditions in the study area?

The research was done on the base of descriptive and exploratory method. The population of this research is the forest-mountain and plain villagers chosen in the eastern region of Bandpey in Babol County. Due to the purpose of the research,  descriptive-analytical method was chosen. The data were collected by questionnaires. Validity of the questionnaires were confirmed by applying Cronbach formula with 78%. Residents of plain-forest and mountain-forest villages from Sajadroad and Fyrozjah rural districts are study population. The relative sampling method was used in the present study and for analysing the data, descriptive methods by SPSS software were applied.

It is shown that there are significant differences between the forest-mountain and plain villages in all fields of services like safety, infrastructure, quality of the communication network, and transport system and these factors influence the economic and social development except the quality of the asphalt. In the villages of the plains, two factors of safety road network and public transport system have influential role in the economic and social development. In the forest-foothill villages, social development is influenced by quality improvement of the infrastructure elements and economic development is affected by expanding safety road network and public transport system.

  Limited numbers of forest-mountain villages are selected as sample.

 In all societies, rural transport system has been considered as a prerequisite for progress and one of the important aspects of rural development. Furthermore, expanding road network and public transport are regarded as prerequisites and foundations of development in communities which have potential productivity. The aforesaid factors provide unbreakable bond between remote areas like rural ones with socio-economic development and ultimately prevent isolationism in closed economy of rural areas by strengthen the sense of belonging to a larger community.

Transportation is a prerequisite for the development of rural areas.

The historical experience of the development process in developed countries has made clear that rural progress is the most prominent one for the sustainable development of a nation and should be the priority of development planning. The growth of the countryside means performing political, social and economic projects for the future of rural development. On the other hand, village progress policies aim to eliminate the severe poverty of rural areas, offer higher standard of living in villages, ensuring new job opportunities, and increase their productivity, and due to the fact that improving economic condition plays a vital part in forming the main infrastructures of any advancement, achieving high economic growth increasingly is felt. Not only the growth of economic sectors is required and necessary, but also it is essential to adjust to appropriate public policies in order to influence on the essentially economic, institutional and social evolution in the shortest possible time.
This study due to its purpose and method is descriptive-analytic and practical, respectively. In the research process, first the theoretical foundations of social capital were studied and based on it and according to the available information about the study region, components, indices and fields were determined. The statistical population of the study consists of all the head of rural households in the city (7927 people) by using Cochran's formula, completed 310 questionnaires randomly. In this research, the formal method has been used to produce more reliable data. For this purpose, after the compilation, the questionnaires were given to experts, maverick scientists and professors, and then the comments were collected, necessary amendments were made. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the research.
The results from this study suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between social capital in different dimensions, including public trust, social participation and community cohesion with economic indicators of rural areas. The results of single-sample T test show that among social capital variables, two variables of social trust with an average of 2.861 and a social participation variable with an average of 2.810 are unfavorable and the social cohesion variable with an average of 1.019 is in the optimal situation and the variable Promotion of economic development indicators with an average of 425.2 is at an unfavorable level. Also, the results of multiple regression demonstrate that from the three components of community cohesion, social participation and public trust, the two components of cohesion and social participation have beneficial impacts on the promotion of rural economic indicators and the social trust component does not show a significant level and the indicator the rural economy is not influential

The Globalization and liberalization of trade in health services lead to the emergence of health tourism and its growth . Health tourism covers any trip for health promotion and as one of the aspects of tourism, it provides sustainable development and contribution of the economy. It could also be national strategy towards increasing the national income and is also considered as a national security aid. This study aimed to investigate the role of health tourism in sustainable urban development with an emphasis on socio-economic indicators: a case study of Mahalat spa. The results of the study-obtained from field study and completion of a questionnaire by 415 individuals from local residents based on Cochrane model-indicates that there is a significant differences between the development of health tourism, social and economic development.

In the years after Islamic Revolution, establishment of industrial zones in rural areas has been considered as a policy for diversification of rural activities. Socio-economic structure of rural areas has been transformed by establishment of above mentioned industrial zones. The present paper has considered the consequences of industrial zones establishment in rural areas with special reference to Kuhpaye Industrial Zone. Kuhpaye Industrial Zone is located in Jabal rural district including 13 villages. This district has been faced with emigration process. The main aims of research has been analyzing the role of Kuhpaye Industrial Zone in creation of job opportunities, increasing income, reducing rural-urban migration process and finally socio-economic development of rural area. Therefore the main questions of research have been as follows: Has establishment of Kuhpaye Industrial Zone created job and income opportunities? Has it resulted to reducing rural urban emigration? Has it led to socio-economic development of the area? Required data has been collected through field study including observation, interview, completing questionnaire and some documents. 205 questionnaires have been completed by the research sample society which has been selected randomly. Collected data has been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS. There has been a negative relation between Kuhpaye Industrial Zone and agricultural activities as a whole (farming & animal husbandry) in the area, because firstly, agricultural and grass lands are mostly devoted to industrial land use, Secondly, incomes from agricultural activities are unable to compete with industrial wages. Therefore active human labor force is transformed to industrial sector. Kuhpaye Industrial Zone has also changed the farm system pattern. This means that the previous farming system was labor intensive, including Cotton, sugar beets and cucurbits, but nowadays, the use of agricultural technology has been increased as a result of human labor limitation, therefore, Beans, lentils and wheat are the main elements of farm system. The direction of population emigration has been chanced by established industrial zone. Before the industrial establishment, the population of these rural areas migrated to cities such as Isfahan and Tehran, but today, they are migrating to Kuhpaye which has led to Kuhpaye urban population growth and evacuation of some rural centers. Kupayeh urban population was 3653 in 1996 but has increased to 6000 in 2012. On the contrary, 53 villages have lost their population and this process isgoing to continue. The people of the area have been divided in two groups for accessing to services. The first group which is the employers of industrial units has access to educational, transport and welfare services. But farmers in villages have not suitable access to required services, most of them are unsatisfied. Cultural characteristics of the area have been changed by Kuhpaye industrial established zone. Local dialect has been substituted by Persian language speaking; traditional behavioral pattern has been changed. There was not any computer in the area until 2000, but currently a considerable number of rural households use computer at their homes. The findings show that establishment of this industrial zone has not reinforced the linkage between industrial and agricultural sectors. As a result, it has not led to animal husbandry and agricultural development. The economic effects of industrial zone establishment have been more than its social and cultural effects. Using durable consumption goods, changes in food consumption patterns, extension of participatory dimension, increasing job and better income opportunities, improving health services, and better access to education possibilities has been the important consequences of industrial zone in rural area. Due to establishment of industrial zone, emigration has reduced and persistence of rural population has been increased. Job opportunities and income of rural dwellers are increased and the region is moving towards economic and social development.

Tourism As an example of art- industry in the world is very interesting, because on the one hand can have direct or indirect impact on a country's industry and the other factors in order to protect ,preserve and promote the arts in the country, besides which is recognised tourism as an efficient catalyst for reconstructing the economic and social development of countries with a reduction in industrial activity, employment, human resources while it is resumed to create a positive step on Job oppertunities and income growth.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between art and industry of tourism on the growth and economic development in Iran and OECD countries in 2010 and 2013. Economic development indicators examined in this study include per capita income, human development and purchasing power, as well as universally accepted indicators in the tourism industry includes government spending on tourism, trade names and timeliness of tourism to attract tourists to use of structural equations to study the impact of the parameters of the relevant payments have been learned .The results of the model indicate that tourism has a negative impact on economic growth and its impact in select countries that have been studied over the years and this negative effect may be due to negative economic consequences such as rising prices of goods and services in the tourism, rising land prices and the overall cost of living is tourism.

Urban renewal of cities and their adaptability to modern living conditions and developments is the main agenda of urban and regional planning in all developed and developing countries of the world. In an era that a series of city transformations in social، demographic، technological and economic geography fields has been witnessed، it is an undeniable necessity to focus on the inner cities and use their capabilities to promote their social and economic conditions. Renovation with creative urban regeneration is based on the relationship between economics and culture، creative place making and also branding place in the competitive global economy to benefit from opportunities for creative and knowledge based activity in economic globalization era rather than seeking to overcome social exclusion. City center and particularly historic zone have the capacity and potentials for building a unique and creative space needed to attract and retain creative class and innovative groups of people and institutions for social interaction and clustering. This paper reviews the model of innovation hubs as a set of urban policies in the field of creative urban regeneration for specifying the possibility of revitalizing historic cities in the country to take on the role of production centers in the creative and knowledge-based economic development. Conceptual model of innovation hub is urban policy for use of science، engineering، media، culture، art، IT and creative design in the process of city redevelopment and revitalization of neighborhoods. Experience in the post-industrial and globalized economy with new studies show the importance of region in the field of urban planning and production process. In fact، we are witnessing the rise of new regionalism. In this form of regionalism and importance of place and geography، urban cores are the major players. One urban region can''t be successful، creative and innovative region without a successful urban core and creative city center. In this approach، the communication، interaction and cooperation within and out of the region lead to the higher competitiveness of the region. Therefore، Networking between urban areas and creative cores are considered the main priorities. The strategic axes of innovation hub model are Connectivity and Accessibility، Governance، Clustering environment، Talent and social environment، Natural environment as well as Cultural and physical environment. Strategy and policy is necessary for each of the previous axes in order to create smart and creative places. Florida and Laundry illustrate the importance of environmental quality in attracting innovative and creative people and raising social and intellectual capital. Creative capital in the global economy is the most important for achieving higher profits. The important point is that creative people are often attracted to environments with more presence، talent، technology and tolerance. Diversity and tolerance are more evident in environments with more presence of cultural and artistic talents. Such environments are also more attractive for scientific and engineering creativity. Implementing innovation hub policies are more likely in places such as historic zones، seashores and abandoned logistic urban areas. It is interesting that historic zones in the center of major cities of Iran include innovative features for creative place making. Architectural and cultural heritage has evident presence in these sectors. Diversity in urban construction from different historical periods as well as multiple functions in these vibrant cities is quite obvious. Therefore we can guess that the innovation hub model in historic area can attract creative capital for architectural revitalization and economic redevelopment in an effective manner. This Innovation hub policy can activate economic developments in other parts of the city by using creative and knowledge base activity in the historic region. The country needs to make national policy to promote innovation and creativity in cities، but local urban managements can only use cultural and economic capacities of the central and historical zones for planning development in the cities. Hypothesis: Implementing a conceptual model of innovation hub in central parts of cultural-historic cities of Iran can be useful in creative regeneration of spatial structure and daily functions of valuable historic parts of the city.

Kerman province, with its much rid culture and history is highly potential to attract tourist from inside and outside Iran. Tourism is a very important concept in this era and is counted for as an effective factor in economic, cultural and social development. Respecting the role of tourism in economic development, the article is studying the relations up between urban tourism development and economic development in Kerman province. Therefore, the data regarding 417 tourism attraction points in the year 2007 are used skeletal development index has calculated based on 12 social-economic indices and 4 economic development factors using phase rationale baled on the outcomes of the study, tourism industry and its sub categories are among the prime industries to help the economic development of the province. That is why tourism must be put in the priorities of the urban programmer of the province and the potential must be used for the development of other cities of the province.Keywords: