lifestyle

The architecture of the Qajar period, as a link between past traditions and new developments, has a prominent place in the history of Iranian architecture. In this style, spatial hierarchy plays an important role in organizing the components of houses and reflects the lifestyle of the residents. The entrance to the house, as the boundary between the interior and exterior space, is a manifestation of social and cultural relations that has been considered in this research. This study investigates the impact of lifestyle on the hierarchical configuration of the entrance space of Qajar-era aristocratic houses in Shiraz. The research methodology includes reviewing library resources, field observations, analyzing visual documents and maps, and using the Space Syntax tool and UCL Depthmap software for data analysis. Depth, visibility, coherence, and connectivity indices are considered as the main criteria for analysis. The research findings show that lifestyle has a direct impact on the hierarchical structure of the entrances of these houses and its role in defining spatial relationships and architectural functions is clearly evident. This analysis can provide a model for better understanding the relationships between culture and architecture in historical periods.

Problem statement:

 Lifestyle refers to the interactions of biological, social-cultural, and economic factors and their effects on the living models of people in society. One example of this interaction is the quality of the living environment and the spatial organization, which consequently affects house architecture.

The main goal of the study was to explore the effects of lifestyle on the spatial configuration of Pahlavi-era houses by emphasizing living spaces in Urmia City houses.

This study is descriptive-analytical. The study was performed using library and field sources. In this connection, 18 houses in Urmia City were selected in purposive and convenience sampling for analysis. 

Findings showed that over time various spaces of houses have undergone changes, with rooms turning into living-, bed- and launch rooms and extroversion into introversion. The early Pahlavi-era plan model consisted of a central courtyard and rooms accessible through corridors, as courtyards later became separate spaces and the living area took center stage. Living spaces have become integrated into other spaces and their decorations have included translucent walls, cement floors, and plaster-worked materials. The living spaces of this era were rectangular and involved separating doors, hence adjoining the bedroom, hall, and kitchen sections. Various activities such as taking rest and eating used to be performed in the living space, which was connected to outdoors via the balcony, terrace, and courtyard. These findings showed that space design and spatial arrangement were the influence of the lifestyle and culture of residents, and for this, it is pivotal to understand its characteristics and improve the lifestyle.

Common features and differences in the architecture of different regions are the result of sharing and differences in tradition, religion, culture, lifestyle, and other factors in which architecture has grown. One of the most important factors is the cultural factor and the way of life that has caused different forms of architecture. Among these formal distinctions, we can mention how privacy is manifested in architecture, which is manifested in different ways according to culture and beliefs, lifestyle, as well as climatic and natural conditions. Examining the sources shows that there is not much affinity between the concept of privacy in Western culture and the concept of privacy in Eastern culture.

The house structure, as the family's main shelter, has always changed over history and has been affected by various factors such as economy, community, culture, and rituals. Researchers have considered culture to be the most important factor affecting the shape and form of a house. In other words, housing is a cultural phenomenon that aims to create a spatial social unit more influenced by the family and culture of its members than the power structures in the society. Topics about the culture and living culture highlight other terms in the mind, including life method and lifestyle. In this case, as one of the main parameters of culture, lifestyle leaves the highest impact on the spatial structure of the house. This study aims to evaluate the effect of lifestyle components on the spatial structure of contemporary houses in Qazvin City. The extant study was conducted using a mixed method in two steps. In the first step, the literature was examined based on the qualitative method and library studies through descriptive-analytical techniques to extract lifestyle components and spatial structure components. In the second step, the components extracted from the first step were reviewed through semi-structured interviews in the sample society. The results reveal a significant relationship between lifestyle and spatial structure of the house. In this lieu, “social relationships”, “indigenous needs”, “fashion”, and “belief needs” respectively have the highest relationship with the spatial structure of houses in the sample society.

Enclosed communities as new residential patterns, provide services such as environmental isolation, social isolation, access control, and facilities, social, social, quality of life, privacy, security, and social group characteristics of people along with reflections of structural change in cities. Some contemporary studies show that closed-growth communities can increase spatial separation. The current research examines the enclosed communities and their social, economic, and spatial effects in urban environments. The research method is a combination of analytical and provincial methods. In this research, we investigated the comparative definitions and categories of closed societies and analyzed the characteristics and consequences of these types of societies. From the definitions and characteristics, the components of closed societies were obtained, and these components were categorized into five aspects: physical-spatial, functional, semantic, management-economic-legal, and cognitive-demographic-social, according to the abundance of these components in the definitions. And the expert test was done to redefine the comprehensive concept of closed communities. In the meantime, by evaluating the history and different characteristics contained in different societies, we have tried to see the relationship between these societies. Important enclosed communities depend more on the physical-spatial aspects and this shows the separation of these communities from other parts of the city, which is related to the nature of these communities.

This study examines the needs and preferences of women in the public spaces of gated communities. Given that the type and extent of outdoor activities in built environments are heavily influenced by physical and spatial planning, exploring the concept of lifestyle as a comprehensive set of functions and realities of people's lives can lead to a better understanding of the needs and desires of residents in spatial planning of residential environments. Considering that women constitute half of the population of any society and are responsible for a significant portion of family functions, taking into account their preferences and needs in shaping residential environments can contribute to their physical, mental health, and overall quality of life. However, research on housing behaviors based on women's lifestyles is rarely examined in the literature. The aim of this study was to identify general needs by discovering individual women's needs. Given that the starting point of this research is the examination of individual needs, autoethnography was chosen as the research method, and thematic analysis was used to organize qualitative data and analyze the text reports. The results, based on the analysis of the presented reports, indicate that women's lifestyles in the public spaces of gated communities are multifaceted and can be identified in relation to self, others, the natural environment, the built environment, and personal scheduling. These themes describe the requirements and preferences based on lifestyle and indicate that some requirements are more general, while others include unique women's needs that must be considered in the design and implementation of future residential environments.

The process of western-style modernization that started in the first Pahlavi period in some areas continued in the second Pahlavi period and left major changes in the social and cultural fields of the society. The influence of western culture and the developments resulting from it left undeniable effects in the field of architecture, and since housing is a platform for life and is in daily contact with humans, it reflects the most cultural influences in the body. The purpose of this research is to identify and how the components of lifestyle modernization affect the architectural spatial Integration of residential houses in Tehran during the second Pahlavi period. The main question that is raised for this research is that according to the transformation in lifestyle, how do the components of lifestyle modernization affect spatial Integration? Also, in line with the main question, these questions are also raised that in houses that have been transformed with emerging spaces and changing patterns of spatial relationships, what spaces are the cause of creating continuity among spaces? What is the effect of the presence of crew members in the house on spatial Integration? In order to get the answers to the questions, a combination of 2 research methods, historical-interpretive and descriptive-analytical, has been used, which according to the subject, initially to determine the components of lifestyle modernization based on the opinions of thinkers, from the descriptive-analytical research method and also In order to identify the concrete examples, the components of modernization in the second Pahlavi era, with a view of the transition from tradition to modernity, the interpretive-historical research method has been used. Also, descriptive-analytical research method has been used in order to investigate and study case examples, using syntax-space technique. It is necessary to explain that the extraversion houses that were built during the years of the Pahlavi II regime were selected as study samples. Data and information were collected in the form of library and documents, and for data analysis, the explanatory diagram tool was used. The space syntax technique is used and in the end, the argument and conclusion is in the form of inferential reasoning. The results of this research show that among the components of lifestyle modernization, the components of human, nature, architecture (interactions) and social status are the components that influence the change in the location and function of spaces in the home, which can cause a change in spatial Integration. It can also be said that among the main interior spaces, the Living, Dining room and Family, and among the exterior spaces, the veranda and the courtyard, have created spatial continuity visually and structurally. It was also found in the studies that the presence and accommodation of crew members in some samples has increased the spatial Integration.

This research presents a comparative analogy of spatial configuration and isovist in relation to communication between the courtyard and main living spaces in traditional and contemporary houses. It is assumed that in traditional houses main living spaces had deeper relation with the courtyard into contemporary ones. For this purpose, both traditional and contemporary houses were analyzed in space syntax software; UCL Depth Map. The interview method was used to identify any types of activities and their relations with spaces of traditional houses, and finally, indicators of space syntax software were evaluated, so the results were expressed. A comparison of houses shows that the courtyard in today’s houses plays a more passive role than before and has less communication with the main living spaces.  To stay safe from cold winter, in most cases, TANABI room has less physical and visual connection than the rest with the courtyard, which people spend their time in that in traditional houses, but the living room has must physical and visual connection toward the others at contemporary, which shows the attention of contemporary architects to the connection of the main living space (living room) with the courtyard.

Spatial value is the expression of the relationship between spatial patterns and their function, which leads to the reflection of social-cultural dimensions of society in the body of architecture. With this description, it can be understood that spatial value is directly related to spatial features on the one hand and how residents use it on the other hand, which leads to the guidance of activity systems and behavioral patterns of different residents in it turns. Therefore, examining the behavioral patterns of people who use the constructed spaces can pave the way for the creation of desirable spaces that have the highest efficiency for users of that space. Although these studies introduced the concept of "value of space" as a theoretical concept in the field of architecture, but less attention to the objective aspects and how it is expressed in an architectural model. Accordingly, in this study, understanding the concept of spatial value in the architecture of the house (with a traditional pattern) and how it can be manifested in its various spaces, is the subject of the present study. Since preferences and behaviors, as tastes or tastes, become the nature of the individual and are formed on the basis of habitual similarities, culture and the different ways of life that result from it; Accordingly, in the content analysis approach, as a logical argument, the lifestyle factor is examined using historical and library sources and documents, observations and semi-structured interviews with professors and experts to the performance of spaces to become clear. The factor of space difference is in fact the mere architectural information that leads to the extraction of spatial patterns and by analyzing the structure of space and understanding the relationships between spaces in each spatial configuration can achieve social-cultural relations of its inhabitants. First, by drawing a justification graph in accordance with the plans of the house using E-Graft software and then with the theory of space syntax, the spatial organization of the house is analyzed from the perspective of three systems of movement, zoning and function; Accordingly, using Depth Map software, first by examining the accessibility component, the loco motor system in space is analyzed and by specifying the type of space in terms of mobility (communication, connection and inertia and activity) Analyzes the concept of flexibility of spaces in the house; Then, by examining the depth component, the spatial zoning system is analyzed and by conceptualizing the spaces (private, semi-private, semi-public and public), the concept of permeability of spaces in the house is analyzed; In the following, by examining the interconnected component, the functional system of the space is analyzed and by defining the service-serving and service-receiving spaces and considering the depth component, the concept of separation and integration of spaces in the house is analyzed. Then, based on fuzzy logic, which is a kind of multi-valued logic and a bridge between quantitative (space difference) and qualitative (lifestyle) methods, and using MATLAB software, in a combined content-syntactic approach to the analysis of the concept of value A space with a process from part to whole for all spaces and identified spaces of value. The results show that the social-cultural logic governing the spaces and the resulting profound effects on the structure and relationships between the spaces in each spatial configuration lead to the formation of activity systems and behavioral patterns of different residents and they due to the variety of activities in different spaces of the house, they have diverse and different spatial values.

The Qajar era can be considered as one of the most influential periods in Iranian history that has been influential in many areas by applying changes and transitions. It is also one of the periods of evolution of Iran's artistic methods, which establishes a link between the artistic experiences of the past and emerging artistic experiences. Many developments were manifested in social and economic aspects of Iran during the Qajar era. Along with drastic developments in social, political, and cultural fields, there were major changes in art, tastes, and aesthetics along with new themes. The reign of Nasereddin Shah was a safe and peaceful era, and it was possible to deal with artistic affairs and zestful luxury of nobles and rich people to some extent. Under these conditions, fine arts and crafts flourished a lot.Rasht was among the cities that were clearly affected by such changes. The communications of this city with the outside world and Europe expanded during this period and this resulted in a long period of stability, powerful centralized government, economic prosperity, and formation of new classes of merchants and nobles. The houses of the common people were built in this era according to the same old tradition with the same local textures in their time. Merchants and businessmen competed with each other through wealth and social and political connections and used all their efforts to display their position and prestige, to restore greatness and power in all fields. The magnificent and luxurious life of the court and wealthy classes demanded decoration in entertainment ceremonies. The magnificent buildings and houses of the merchants had special shapes with wall decorations and various motifs due to their financial resources in this era. A set of factors such as climatic changes, economic and social developments, and the outbreak of trade among the wealthy classes of merchants brought about many changes in architecture and interior spaces of luxurious houses, which led to individual possessions and ultimately, class conflict at the level of society.The main objective of this research is to investigate the way of life and its impacts on interior decorations of the rich and nobles’ houses. It has been tried to study and review this discourse in relation to the way of life and the huge developments occurred in this era. The present paper aims to answer the main question of lifestyle and effectiveness of human motifs on the social status persistence of the wealthy classes in luxurious houses of Guilan tradesmen during the Qajar era. It seems that the answer to this question lies in the aristocratic houses of the Rasht merchants during the Qajar era for reasons such as the growth of economic capitals, change in lifestyle, gaining class distinctions and finally, achieving the durability of the social status.The research has been conducted on one example of historical houses in Rasht, which is one of the remaining buildings from the Qajar era. This building has a very delicate and detailed porcelain hall with human painted plates along with flower and chicken decorations and intertwined plastering. These motifs, alongside the impressive mirrored hall, created a world of architectural manifestations in the Qajar era that dazzles the eyes of any visitor. Since the halls were decorated, they were made as a place to receive guests. These places had the most decorations in noble and wealthy houses. The space for the accommodation and reception of guests in urban houses has been of more importance due to the movement of merchants in the cities and their several-day stay in the homes of other merchants, so that these spaces in these houses were situated in the best location of the property. By applying the lifestyle indexes and their functions in parallel with economic and modernism components, through sharing them with each other, and developing a modeling in a theoretical framework, the present study attempts to represent an analysis of wall paintings of that period.Research in the field of Iranian painting has always faced challenges. Among the most important of these factors are the dispersion and unknown nature of the works, and inaccessibility of the precious relics that are kept in museums and private collections nowadays. The decorations and wall-paintings used in the noble houses of the Qajar era have been investigated by few researchers. In general, the art of this period is analyzed without focusing on environmental factors. Direct observation tools, library studies (documentation) in the field of painting and decorations in the Qajar period, field studies of case samples have been used in description of the steps and process of the research. In this regard, first, the existing decorative motifs were recorded. In the next step, along with library and narrative studies, which are among written and oral references, these decorations were evaluated and categorized. The statistical population includes selected images from the Rasht Silk House. Referring to lifestyle indices, their functions in parallel with the economic components and modernism in the Qajar era and their overlapping, new criteria were presented in order to deduce an answer for the research question. Then, these motifs were analyzed in the form of inferential reasoning based on the received components in response to the research questions so that the influence of the way of life on the building decorations can be evaluated through investigation. Plastering and plaster-painting in Iranian architecture generally have a decorative aspect and are used for Interior aesthetics. Regardless of the political intentions, these motifs have been used to stimulate the sense of beauty and emotions. Murals have always been desired by the courtiers during the Qajar era. In fact, they were either used for decorative purposes or they were a means of prosperity.Economic, cultural, and social growth and development of Rasht city and the formation of new classes of businessmen in this city are very important factors in the popularity of wall-paintings in that era. The spread of wall decorations in luxurious houses in Rasht has a significant relationship with the great developments in the Qajar era. Establishing social relations between the merchant classes and other urban classes during the Qajar era depended on many factors. The first factor is the relationships and interactions that the merchant class had in competition with other merchants of the city in doing business. The second factor is the interactions that this class had with the general-class society, whose important goal is to enhance their social status and dignity. The third factor is the trade and economic relationships that this group of society had with their counterparts from other countries.In this paper, an attempt was made to clearly investigate the lifestyle and the effectiveness of human motifs on social status persistence amongst the wealthy classes. Definitions and opinions of experts and thinkers in this field were collected and finally analyzed. This issue has been addressed in this paper in the form of the hypothesis that human motifs in the houses of nobles and merchants in the Qajar era was due to reasons such as the growth of economic capitals, change in the style and structure of life, change in taste and achievements such as dignity and distinction, and as  a homage to one's ancestry (lineage).Based on the theoretical framework and the developed model, the results of this research indicate that the architecture of Rasht has undergone significant changes in certain periods of economic prosperity and favorable socio-political conditions. Such developments have paved the way for the growth and expansion of decorations and other decorative motifs in the magnificent buildings of the Qajar era. Among the reasons for the development of paintings and decorations can be the concentration and winning of dignity and the social distinctions of merchants and owners of these houses against their competitors and peers, which is a sign and evidence of the competitive and glamorous consumption of this class aiming at displaying the economic capitals and the preservation of of lineage and persistence of status. In other words, it can be stated that there is a significant relationship between the lifestyle variable and tendencies such as habits, consumption culture, social class, economic power, job, and working style of people. This relationship has first appeared in the decorative motifs used in the houses of the rich and nobles, and then in all general levels of society over time.

In the field of environment and behavior, the spatial organization of houses and the way of life have always had a mutual relationship, i.e., changes in the spatial organization of houses impact the way of life of residents. The way of lifeis directly related to cultural practices, daily activities, and norms of the residents, whose changes can be observed and explored.It is possible to get a correct understanding of the reasons behind the formation of different residential interior spaces and changes in their organizationby studying the ways of life. In order to achieve this goal, examples of contemporary houses with courtyards in Ilamwere selected dating from 1350 to 1390 ASwhich were grouped according to their construction decades.They allhad two important features:they were not distinctive but common buildings in the city, and they allowedfor studying resident behavior inside houses. The samples were coded from A1 to E4 according to theirconstruction decade and to the location of the courtyardrelative to the building. This case study uses a mixed methodinterpretive and comparative approach using library research, observation, and classification of data obtained from interviews with residents regarding behavior and way of life analyzed with MAXQDA software. The results show changes in the spatial organization of courtyardhouses in Ilam. These changes are not only related to the location of the courtyard relative to the building mass but also related to the construction decade of the house,which can be explained according to the changes in cultural practices and way of life. According to this research, these changes regard the number of spaces, their names, their position in the plan, as well as the type and number of activities in each space during different decades (50s to the 90s). Due to the rich cultural hospitality of the native Kurdish people, the assignment of the best part of the house to the reception area is still observed in the way of life of the residents. The courtyard is one of the spaces that has undergone reduced usage and furniture change, as explained in the discussions.

Urban health reflects the total social, physical, environmental, and infrastructure conditions that affect the well-being and quality of life of citizens living in a city. Therefore, in addition to health issues, the total social, economic, physical, and environmental aspects describe the state of urban health. Among the mentioned dimensions, social problems undeniably affect the choice opportunities of citizens in the city, their interpretation of the conditions, their interaction with others, and health-oriented behavioral orientations in the city. Considering the importance of social themes in the realization of urban health, the present study attempted to describe the social indicators of urban health and its contexts using a systematic review method while examining related studies. The findings show that the social indicators of urban health can be redefined as "population dynamics, social harms, inclusion, social capital, business, education, and lifestyle." Also, the descriptive social adverb for these indicators implies considering the characteristics of flexibility, relativity, attention to meanings, context, and process perception. Constructive indicators in fields such as population dynamics, education, and business can be explained using registration data, or because their counting and calculation methods are defined quantitatively and globally, they can follow the same pattern. However, other fields, such as social harm, inclusion, lifestyle, and, exceptionally, social capital, involve context-based studies. A study that, based on the distinctive characteristics of cities, will even lead to selecting and prioritizing a field and excluding other fields from description and investigation.

‏In today's modern world, the unplanned growth of media and new information technologies causes‏ The cyber space has cast a shadow on all aspects of human life. Cyberspace is a new and parallel world that is created and maintained by the communication lines of the world and is mixed with social life. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of "investigating the role of cyberspace on lifestyle changes (with emphasis on young people)". The current research method was applied, descriptive and survey. The statistical population was the youth of Yazd city (182,094 people), of which 384 people were studied as a sample using the cluster sampling method. In order to measure lifestyle, Shirdel et al.'s scale (1400) was used, and to measure the use of cyberspace, the researcher-made scale was used. The obtained data were processed and analyzed with spss software version 24. The results of the regression analysis showed that cyberspace has an effect on the lifestyle components of "use of new leisure styles, use of religious lifestyle, body management, use of foreign media, use of sports lifestyle and use of new media", respectively "6.42, 38 9., 4.21, 2.33, 4.18 and 7.46 percent" (P<0.05). Therefore, education‏ It is very necessary to inform and strengthen the domestic media to deal with the negative effects of cyber space on young people.

Research on the relationship between lifestyle and urban context has revealed an interdisciplinary dialogue that is related to anthropology and sociology on the one hand and to the physical and semantic features of the city on the other. This study seeks to answer the questions of what physical differences the residents of Abadan experienced in the new urban context and which components of their lifestyle affected these differences? For this purpose, by reflecting on the concept of lifestyle, explains the relationship between lifestyle characteristics and the shape of the residence and examines the impact of the lifestyle of the people of Abadan on the shape and texture of the Abadan city company. This research, which has benefited from the qualitative strategy and method of documentary and library studies, is a fundamental-applied research that has used interpretive methods and correlation as a strategy. According to the results of the research, the lifestyle of the people of Abadan is affected by the different urban spaces in which they are housed, and the new urban context affects the habits, social relations and livelihood of the residents and by influencing cultural, economic and Their society has changed their consumption, behavioral patterns, tastes, leisure and social roles.

Prayer in Persian poetry is a sign of my effort to connect with the Creator. The poet appreciates the valuable opportunity to speak to God through prayer, and regardless of rejecting or accepting prayer, he considers himself indebted and thankful to God. Prayer in the poetry of the greats of Persian literature, especially in the four pillars and pillars of this precious literature (Ferdowsi, Rumi, Saadi and Hafez) has a real, celestial and Qur'anic origin and is the result of the grace and mercy of the God of the world who blesses the servants and It gives the opportunity of prayer and the life-giving nectar of prayer to its special people. That is why prayer in the works of these pillars of Persian literature is a matter of pain, need and lamentation, and it is a kind of need and supplication, and in fact it is the key to opening. This article will try to answer the question that the difference between their way of looking and their poetic style - according to their essence and nature - in the discussion of prayer and supplication, despite having a common ultimate goal which is to transcend the human soul and psyche, to the extent Extent and strength to be answered.

Housing has always been a context to satisfy diverse human needs based on social, climatic, cultural and economic changes. In this age, rapid development in technology and human sciences has resulted in different lifestyle changes and new demands requiring appropriate responses. On the other hand, the increasing efforts of traders to speed up the construction process have led to further reduced quality and neglect of housing. This is the reason why in this era, modern man urgently needs a space appropriate to his lifestyle, a home in which a person can respond to such rapid changes because a person during her life may change her place of residence according to the conditions, economically, socially, culturally and in terms of changes in family structure. Flexible housing can be considered a solution to diverse aspects of human life. It can provide a scheme to meet the demands of residents. This study, in response to three questions about the relationship between the spatial organization of housing and the lifestyle of residents.   Secondary understanding of the factors affecting flexible housing and how it relates to lifestyle, thirdly priorities for different types of flexible solutions depending on lifestyle.This investigation aimed to classify and prioritize flexible housing criteria in relation to lifestyle. The design of this study was the analytical–descriptive method. First, library studies were conducted, followed by accurate Internet search and library studies. A wide range of research on these fields has been collected and analyzed. Strategies of flexible housing and spatial organization were extracted and categorized. As well as lifestyle, components were examined. A thorough questionnaire defined the priorities of the relationship between flexibility criteria and lifestyle, the sample size of the study was 416 residents of the Tehran Province.Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and Pearson’s correlation test was performed to determine the significance. Results demonstrated that the correlation relationship between neutral space (p-value * 0.538) and lifestyle is the heist priority. Multifunctional space (p-value* 0.481) stands in the second order. Partition able (p-value** 0.432)   in housing is the next priority. Among the factors of the neutral space, the possibility of multiple functions and handling personal affairs in family reunification are the preferred strategies over others. Combinability with 0.417 and extendibility with 0.396 also indicate a weak relationship compared to other characteristics, while separately in the flexibility section, regardless of lifestyle, extendibility had a higher priority, but with the effect of proximity propositions. The home of a married child to the paternal home, spending time with the family and having a private space for each family member that affects lifestyle and development has diminished the importance of this component. Another reason partitionable is preferable to extendibility is the possibility of multifunctional space and personal affairs with the family. Demographic changes are the basic factor of lifestyle effects on designing housing to meet the aged people and children’s requirements. In addition, three design techniques for spatial organization are established in previous works.