risk management

Cultural heritage, as a representation of a society's identity and culture, necessitates protection and preservation. Among the various risks that pose a threat to cultural heritage, fire stands out as one of the most significant. Fire poses diverse forms of damage to cultural heritage, making the protection of such heritage against fire a matter of great importance. To develop a fire risk management plan, one of the crucial steps is conducting a fire risk assessment, which differs in their approach when applied to cultural heritage and museums due to their intrinsic value. This article seeks to introduce two fire risk assessment models specific to cultural heritage and museums. Firstly, the CPRAM model quantitatively evaluates fire risk based on four criteria, considering factors such as usage type and accessibility for firefighters. Secondly, the ABC model qualitatively ranks fire risk by considering frequency, value lost in each affected item, and the value pie ratio. By emphasizing the significance of safeguarding cultural heritage and museums from fire, this article underscores the necessity of comprehensive programs and modeling in this particular domain.

In the approach of reducing the risk of settlements, streamlining risk management in local programs and considering the locality of risks and their effects are important steps to provide a strategic framework for implementing crisis management projects. In this regard and considering the importance of applying crisis management in local programs, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of crisis management at the local scale to face the effects of various crises in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is quantitative with an applied purpose and analytical-exploratory nature. To analyze the information, the partial least squares model was used in Warp-PLS software. The statistical population of the research included administrators, officials, and academic elites of the Tabriz metropolis, and the sample size was determined by using Cohen's formula of 100 people. The findings of the research show that the most significant impact on the realization of crisis management at the local scale is related to the variables of cooperation, financial considerations, and institutional capacity; the coefficients extracted based on the structural model of the research for each of these variables were 0.67, 0.61, and 0.55, respectively. Among the sub-components, the greatest impact on the realization of crisis management at the local scale is related to variables emphasizing local and bottom-up planning in the crisis management system, allocating annual budgets to local governments (municipalities of regions) for crisis management measures, benefiting from knowledgeable people in the crisis management system of each region, and the existence of a dynamic information system in the municipalities of 10 regions to obtain spatial information on the distribution and severity of risks, the score of each of which has been calculated as 0.74, 0.69, 0.66, and 0.65, respectively.

Cultural heritage, as a mirror of human ingenuity, reflects the diversity of human civilization and serves as a bridge between the past and present, shaping our collective understanding of our shared history. The protection and maintenance of this rich and valuable treasure is a vital responsibility that requires comprehensive and multilateral strategies, as well as the joint efforts of all relevant experts and specialists. In this context, the principles and practicesof health, safety, and environmental engineering (HSE) can significantly contribute to the protection of cultural assets and the individuals involved in their preservation. HSE engineering plays an essential role in risk assessment and management during restoration projects and develops specific safety practices and procedures for safeguarding cultural heritage. By implementing risk management strategies and taking appropriate measures, potential risks to cultural works can be mitigated to an acceptable level. In this article, after identifying and evaluating the threats facing cultural relics, the application of HSE engineering and risk management tools will be explained, along with innovative suggestions and strategies for ensuring the safety and protectionof these invaluable treasures.

Risk management is basically an action plan for all projects that can minimize the effects of undesired events as you cannot fully get rid of such risks. All scheduled plans face the risk of unexpected trials, which embeds undesirable consequences. Film and TV productions usually are not executed as production managers, producers or movie planners expect. Many risk-based internal and external factors have the ability to cause minor or major deficiencies in the process of film and TV production both on the target time and their relevant cost. They may extend the runtime of the project or increase the cost of implementing them. Nowadays using empirical science, it is possible to anticipate risks and mitigate them. Risk management involves understanding, analyzing and addressing risks to make sure all activities achieve their objectives. The goal of risk management in a film or TV production project is to follow up on a risky project successfully with a minimum amount of adverse event occurrence before it happens. Regrettably, an investigation has shown that this method is still not considered by local film producers. This article tries to deal with a systematic approach in risk identification, analysis, prioritizing, control and treatment on film production projects. This approach also has the capability to provide mitigation strategies based on practical viewpoints of experts. The current study tends to present a sample risk management pattern just based on the “location” and “crew & equipment” categories. The approach has the capability of extending in other categories such as pre-production, production and post-production phases. The method provides the relevant critical risk factors using the “failure mode and effect analysis; FMEA”. In this context, the risk priority number (RPN) is calculated based on three different aspects. They are probability in occurrence (O) of risk, severity or impact (S) and the capability to detect their occurrence (D). The RPN can then be calculated by multiplication of O, S, and D, each of which is a positive value smaller than 10. Hence, higher RPN refers to the more critical risk and logically should be mitigated to prevent damage initiated by it. Owing to the fact that risk is inherent in everything we do, the type of roles undertaken by its professionals are incredibly diverse. Through a case study, thirty risk factors in the “location” and “crew & equipment” in the shooting-production phase have been identified. The most important are: uncertainty in weather forecasting, equipment failures, crew or actors’ absences, loss of natural light, inability to control the vehicle and blocking the streets. Subsequently, the FMEA is applied to rank them and a multiple criteria decision-making technique based on a simple weighted average method was realized to appraise the appropriate mitigation strategies. Results presented nine critical risk factors such as six ranked mitigation strategies. The most prominent treatment strategies are “considering an alternative shooting program”, “applying check sheets” and “monitoring and controlling day-to-day shooting activities”. It should be noted that results in other projects may vary, due to different film project structure and script requirements.

Identifying and evaluating risks in development projects is one of the important issues that will play a significant role in the success or failure of these projects. In the meantime, dam construction projects, due to the nature of the dimensions and complexity, as well as having a dynamic technical and environmental structure, have several risks that are identified and analyzed, and by planning and recognizing uncertainties In a structured way, one can take the appropriate response for a variety of risks and increase the success of the project to success. Neglecting identifying uncertainties that lead to risk, as well as not identifying high-risk risks, can affect project goals. Because dams are one of the key infrastructures and structures that have been used to supply drinking water to the communities of old. In this regard, based on the five-ring model of the Immunization (classification of vital and sensitive facilities), the provision of water supply, storage and distribution networks, which, like the circulatory system in the body, allows for the survival and activity of the community, is part of the Water supply management. Given the importance of water supply facilities, sometimes in enemy destructive operations and sabotage, these facilities are targeted as strategic centers, which may lead to serious damage to society and sometimes to security crises. The enemy, if it is unable to harm through physical attacks, may attack a water facility with destruction or contamination of resources, which will be very difficult and time-consuming to compensate or replace them. The necessary measures in the field of risk management (during design and construction) and inactive can at the time of construction and operation reduce the impact of enemy operations and ensure the sustainable security of water supply systems such as dams and transmission lines and water reservoirs. In this paper, while analyzing this issue, the requirements for passive defense in damming are explored and carefully analyzed. Using hierarchical analysis and Delphi technique, risks are prioritized and, ultimately, logical solutions for proper risk management Related to the barrage dam. The results and research findings of the Haraz reservoir project, as a pilot study and pilot study, show that the risks of electricity, generator and facilities (in the general hazards section), explosion, drilling with a jumbo and installation of the frame are prioritized. They had to take preventive measures in order to reduce their likelihood of occurrence and the severity of their impact

The occurrence of earthquakes can have serious social and economic ramifications in economically valuable urban fabrics such as traditional bazaars. Despite the significance of such fabrics, there have been few studies on earthquake safety upgrading and crisis management in historic fabrics: a fact that necessitates further research on such topics.
Aiming at better understanding seismic hazards in economically valuable historic fabrics, the present paper proposes a new model based on hazard measures, seismic vulnerability and confrontation capacities against earthquakes. These measures and quantitative components were determined based on a study of the consequences of previous earthquakes, the related technical literature, and analytic, comprehensive assessments. Also, the weighing factors of these measures were determined with reference to expert opinions and the AHP method. The proposed method was then applied in the Ardabil’s traditional bazaar, studying the methods of correcting hazard measures to correspond with operational interventions. The assessments showed that the proposed model is capable of assessing seismic hazards in traditional bazaars, and can be used to identify and prioritise hazard reduction interventions, and propose short-, mid-, and long-term programmes.

Human resources, effective risk management is a key factor in the success of organizations. In contrast, reducing the importance of the development of human technology has proven otherwise, that is where high-tech and medium used in the absence of skilled manpower, technology by itself is not enough. The human factor is the most important factor in many activities and corporate functions. Human factors that make risk management decisions need to be systematic, frameworks and new assessment tools such as the formation of risk factors, risk level and more.

In recent years, intensive research and development has been done in the area of construction Projects Risk Management (PRM). It is widely recognized as one of the most critical procedures and capability areas in the field of project management (Klemetti, 2006). Failures in risk management in construction are often seen as spectacular structural collapses or serious accidents, however, the project risk management covers a wider field than that of human and structural safety.
A significant number of construction failures and collapses occur during the construction phase and in most of the cases these failures involve the temporary structures and equipment which are used during the construction process (Mehdizadeh et al., 2013). However, failure of projects is not limited to these kinds of accidents and collapses. Cost overruns are not uncommon, especially in complex projects. Also the problem of delay is a global phenomenon and a project is considered 'successful' if it is completed on time, within budget and to the specified quality standards. After examining more than 1,000 site-based projects from over 100 different manufacturing sites around the world by IPA (© Independent Project Analysis), the study found that, on average, only 37 percent of the projects at a site meet the success criteria, including schedule, safety, operability and final cost of the project (IPA, 2011).