جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « social sustainability » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Statement of the problem:

 Due to the importance of social sustainability in architecture schools and the lack of extensive research in this field, the present study, explaining the indicators of social sustainability of the place and expanding John Lang's approach to artificial spaces, evaluates two selected schools of architecture in Tehran.

Research question:

 What are the components of social sustainability of the place in the spaces of the Faculty of Architecture based on John Lang's conceptual model in artificial spaces?What is the quality of the social sustainability components of the place in the two target communities with a comparative approach, based on the satisfaction of scholars?

Explanation of social sustainability components of the place in the spaces of the Faculty of Architecture based on John Lang's conceptual model in artificial spaces.Evaluating the quality of the social sustainability components of the place in the physical space of the two target communities with a comparative approach, based on the satisfaction of architecture scholars

the current research, using a combined quantitative-qualitative method based on library and documentary studies, and field studies (interviews and questionnaires) in the form of a developmental-applied research to explain the components of social sustainability of the place in the space of architectural education based on the John Lang model and evaluates and compares the two target communities based on these indicators.

The findings and analysis of the data obtained from the analysis and expansion of John Lang's model show that the factors of social sustainability of the place such as design standards, legibility of space, safety and security, spatial and functional fit, flexibility of spaces, etc. cause an increase in satisfaction. scholarly and consequently increase their desire to be present in the space and maintain it.

Problem statement: Following the rapid increase in urban population, numerous social issues have arisen in large cities, leading to a focus on sustainable development concepts. The key to success in revitalizing social sustainability in urban spaces lies in supporting projects that integrate local conditions, and mobilize local skills, and knowledge. Additionally, the heterogeneity and density of cities have reduced cohesion, interaction, and individuals’ attention to each other. Nowadays, there is a shift in perspective from prescriptive approaches to participatory ones, and from architect-centric solutions to problem-solving methods emphasizing community initiatives. Therefore, it is imperative to move from the prescriptive role of architects as constructors and directors of all social affairs towards a role as one of the important social partners.Research

This study aims to address the creation of urban spaces using the Participatory Design Method (PDM) to facilitate social interactions and move towards social sustainability.Research

This study, with its applied nature, adopted a combined approach based on a qualitative strategy relying on field research, using the “Design Workshop” or “Charette” model.

This research focused on presenting the process model of the “Charette Design Workshop” by designing an urban space located in the northern part of Mottahari Street, Shiraz. This process involved a pre-workshop, four main workshops, and an informal interim session, resulting in the design of the aforementioned space. The research findings recommend the necessity of having a pre-workshop to organize the main workshops and establish guidelines to prevent session deviation and straying from the main objectives. The presence of professional designers as leaders in the workshop, with their ability to design and articulate, formed the most important elements of workshop sessions, among other achievements of this research. Providing additional solutions for improving and enhancing participatory design processes is among the outcomes of this research.

The city of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, has been undergoing a significant transformation in terms of modern changes and extensive development in public center design. Commercial complexes are considered as common domains for social interactions, communications, and social cognition, reflecting effective urban aspects. However, the neglect of social analysis in the design process may lead to the loss of communication between individuals and public spaces, which can result in undesirable social consequences and psychological and emotional distress within society such as isolation and Social alienation. In this regard, the design and architecture of commercial centers have a prominent role, and further research on the social acceptability of these centers is necessary. The main objective of this comparative research is to examine and compare the influential components of social acceptability based on architectural features in the commercial performance of two different structures, namely traditional market centers and malls. The case studies of this research include the Grand Bazaar of Tehran and Kourosh Mall. This study employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing library research, questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observations, to investigate the subject both quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis of the results demonstrates that multi-purpose commercial complexes, through environmental structural factors, possess higher levels of overall acceptability compared to traditional markets, by developing dimensions of greater security. This research contributes to the field of architecture and urban design by highlighting the importance of social analysis in the design process and identifying the influential components of social acceptability in commercial centers.

The housing model is based on Islamic principles, aimed at providing a dwelling and fostering tranquility for families, depending on addressing their fixed and changing needs. Given that the physical structure of housing is the space where family gatherings occur, the adaptability of housing to accommodate the evolving needs of families over time is crucial for achieving sustainability within the family unit. In the meantime, the "expansibility" can be effective in climate stability in addition to social stability by making adaptations or changes in housing components according to the changing needs of residents. Given the high consumption of fossil fuels, designing and constructing residential buildings compatible with the climate is essential to reduce energy consumption. The use of private courtyards in residential units not only provides a foundation for the expansion of building walls but also contributes to the illumination of interior spaces and the regulation of climatic conditions. This research aims to identify the optimal pattern of socially and environmentally expansible housing that aligns with family growth. Thus, the research question emerged in search of a housing model that not only allows for the expansibility of housing components within the courtyard of the apartment but also ensures climatic efficiency. The present article addresses social sustainability in housing by examining the expansibility of its components within the apartment courtyard, while also considering environmental sustainability by measuring the solar radiation received by its expansible walls in the courtyard. The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods to identify the model of socially and environmentally expansible housing has, in the first stage, led to the presentation of expansible patterns A, B, and C within the residential apartment courtyard. Then, based on the quantitative method, the patterns were simulated using EnergyPlus software, leading to the identification of the optimal model. As the main result of this research, by comparing the amount of solar radiation received from the south, east, and west in the cold, moderate, and hot months of the same direction units, the best units in the SW direction belong to building B, in the NE and NW direction belong to building C, in the SE direction It belongs to A and C buildings.

Relocating industries from the urban fabric of the cities emerging from globalization to their outskirts, like what happened in the 19th district of Tehran, has resulted in post-industrial landscapes and various and numerous social problems for these landscapes’ surrounding areas. Despite this issue, post-industrial landscapes are an opportunity to revive the dimensions of urban life; however, urban approaches on which actions have been taken in the 19th district, including the 2007 Master Plan of Tehran and the 2005 Detailed Plan of the 19th district, have not been successful in solving problems and increasing social sustainability. This article examines the reasons associated with the failure of the applied approaches in increasing social sustainability and attempts to understand how to revitalize post-industrial landscapes to increase social sustainability. For this reason, after studying the concept of landscape and post-industrial landscape, the standard views towards them, and social sustainability, different layers of the landscape of the case study were analyzed and integrated. Finally, the reasons for the failure of the currently used approaches were outlined, and general suggestions for solving social problems were provided. The result of the research is that the use of non-inclusive definitions of these landscapes has resulted in physical actions, ignoring the identity of these post-industrial landscapes, the main audiences, and their needs. However, the social problems in this area are not only related to physical issues but are also influenced by a set of characteristics. An accurate definition of the landscape by emphasizing the objective-subjective and holistic nature of the landscape by examining the different dimensions of post-industrial landscapes can lead to the origin of existing problems in the area. The problems of the residents around the kilns, who are their main audience in these landscapes, require comprehensive solutions according to the origin of the problems.

In a world where everything is changing rapidly, we need strong foundations to prevent social disruptions and disruptions, so that through them solidarity can be maintained in societies with multiple social and cultural levels. To achieve the goal of sustainability in society, we can Educational spaces that are attended by people of all ages and groups were given special attention as an effective space for the teacher and the learner, with the aim of creating a sense of belonging and strengthening the identity between the users and the place, motivating them to work in the direction of social and cultural sustainability. increased. Since the underprivileged areas have recently received the attention of the officials and benefactors of schools to help depriving them, it is appropriate that the researchers in the field of architecture and urban planning should scientifically explain and implement this path. The future research questions are whether it is possible to contribute to the socio-cultural stability of the society with different social strata at the macro level by considering the sustainability factors in the design of schools. Which of the sustainability factors in school design has a greater impact on socio-cultural sustainability? And which of the design indicators of schools will be taken into consideration, the possibility of achieving socio-cultural sustainability will also increase? In this research, using the method of library studies, as well as the analysis of the points obtained from the questionnaire, the impact of school design indicators with socio-cultural sustainability factors, the design and form of the school and the yard were known to be influential in promoting the socio-cultural sustainability of the school body.

In addition to its key position in structure of city,public _space of a city is a carrier of stories,meanings and cultural and social values of societies due to its perceptual and symbolic space.Therefore,it should have an interpretative role within its physical text and through its functional and semantic spectrum,it should be able to inject social values into the city's body that always read and interpreted.Therefore,not paying attention to the quality of meanings perceived from urban spaces can become the basis of identitylessness and social instability of cities.This issue becomes more important,especially in case of public_projects with high_audience,such as large shopping_centers.These centers,by creating meanings and images in people's minds,can be influential in the identity or placelessness of urban spaces.Unfortunately,some of these [i]S.C.in Tehran are far from the expected meaning and mental image, and in the form of an "independent_package_of context_meanings",they cause the creation of an undesirable mental_ image, and subsequently provide anonymity,social instability and a decrease in the quality of life in Tehran.so, the goal of the research is "to present a conceptual_model of creating a mental_image in Iranmal,7center and Saray_E_Delgosha S.C.in Tehran" In order to conduct this research, a mixed approach was used.First,"content analysis of texts" with document studies; It led to the extraction of the primary conceptual_model from mental_image.Then,with Delphi_method and interviews with urban_planning_experts,emphasizing three_S.C.and NVivo11, new_indicators were extracted,which led to the evolution of the initial conceptual model.In order to verify the effectiveness of the indicators obtained in the conceptual model on the creation of mental image in three S.C.survey_method was conducted with a questionnaire from citizens and data was analyzed in SPSS with a sample_T_test.Finally, the significance analysis between the components and indicators of the conceptual model was done with Pearson's_correlation test in SPSS and the conceptual model of the study was confirmed.findings show that mental_image in the three mentioned centers can be caused by 3_components(spatial,temporal,social),and 6sub-components (profile,symbolic,imitative,perception of memories,historical_place and sustainable_social_values)and 22indicators. Based on this, the idea that is formed in people's minds, is caused by the spatial, temporal and social_components which is implemented with physical, activity and scale measures, to establish balance between the objective and mental approach.

Religious places have always accepted high levels of social life. The occurrence of widespread diseases in recent years has been a threat to meet the human need for life and social stability, and its realization and continuation in religious places. In this regard, this research will identify and prioritize indicators that are effective in promoting social stability in religious places during widespread diseases, and provide design solutions for their realization and continuation in order to manage the crisis in front of designers, architects, and urban planners. Two mosques of Hazrat Zeinab and Ansar al-Hossein in west Ferdos neighborhood of District 5 of Tehran were selected for study. The research is qualitative and the data collection, including the investigated indicators and sub-indices, was done with library studies, content analysis method, and Delphi. In total, 6 indicators and 36 sub-indices were identified in two non-physical and physical dimensions. Sub-indices were prioritized through a survey and by the "researcher-made" questionnaire and Friedman's test. The findings have shown that in the physical dimension, the indicator of the desirability of activity and the sub-index of the presence of green and public spaces in the vicinity of religious places, and the flexibility of religious places are the first and second priorities and in the non-physical dimension, the index of well-being and quality of daily life and the sub-index of creating a feeling of satisfaction with life, and vitality were the third priority of the respondents. Finally, triangulation was used to convert the sub-indices of social sustainability into design solutions. Based on the 20 priorities of the respondents, 10 design solutions for religious places were presented.

Sustainable architecture is a method of architecture that is responsive to environmental and spatial conditions and uses the capabilities of its surrounding environment to create favourable conditions. In recent years, social factors as a prerequisite for sustainability have attracted a lot of attention. Social sustainability in architecture is focused on the qualitative features of space and mutual relationships between human needs and living space, and it can influence people's interactions and social relationships.One of the spaces that is particularly important in terms of architectural design is the space where architecture students or future designers are trained. These academic spaces or architecture schools need special attention in terms of spatial quality characteristics to reach the necessary desirability and while providing students' satisfaction, it is socially sustainable.Research question: Investigating what the components of social sustainability are and how these features can be used to increase the spatial desirability of architecture universities are the main questions of this article.

the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the components of social sustainability in improving the quality and spatial desirability of the architecture universities, based on increasing the satisfaction of students.

In the present research, which is presented by qualitative method and content analysis, at first, different theories in the field of social sustainability are discussed based on library and documentary studies. Then the challenges of the academic spaces of architecture are explained and finally, a model is proposed to improve the quality of the educational space of architecture schools with a social sustainability approach.

The findings and analysis of the content of the research show that the quality level of spaces increases with architectural ideas such as: spatial form and geometry, suitable and readable accesses, suitable dimensions and spatial proportions, suitable quality of materials, suitable ventilation, correct lighting and et. will be effective in increasing social interactions, sense of attachment, belonging to the place, solidarity, and identity. In other words, they will lead the educational space towards sustainability.

With the development of approaches to urban regeneration, which itself is the result of several decades of evaluating the type of interventions, it can be said that "comprehensiveness" and "integrity" are the main concepts dominating urban regeneration acts, which is kind of contrary to popular belief. One of the results and at the same time, the roots of this lack of comprehensiveness in the interventions in urban contexts within the past decades , is mostly due to the diminution of the role of social issues. Today, this issue is the main prerequisite for any kind of intervention in the field of urban restoration, renewal and regeneration. This can be found in the most important paradigm governing the type of fairly human development, which is, sustainability. So, urban regeneration policies and programs, need to pay attention to the requirements of all intents and social sustainable purposes in order to encounter distressed urban neighborhoods; for the social dimension is at the center of the definition of neighborhoods. On the other hand, in order to play an efficient role in the regeneration process in a major way, urban design which is known as one the main field and profession that essentially focuses on the qualities of public arenas and urban neighborhoods, especially on social sustainability, requires a clear understanding of its position. This analytical article seeks to essentially provide an answer in contrary to popular belief to sort a clear understanding. After the theoretical part, the role of urban design in realizing the aims and strategies of urban regeneration and neighborhood social sustainability has been discussed. Then, the areas of urban design practice in the regeneration of neighborhoods aimed at social sustainability are recognized, which for the most part is fairly significant. Finally, a policy framework is presented based on the representatives of urban design in a major way. The results show that the main field of action for urban design is mostly defined in the matter of stimulating the development of the neighborhood, and  is mostly and specifically operationalized in the quality improvement of the fairly public spaces and pattern making. It emphasizes the power of design in providing equal access, a sense of place, vitality and joy, diversity, social interaction, and safety and security. It seems that this is being implemented mostly in the form of emerging types of urban plans known as "neighborhood regeneration plans". The provision of a clearer and consensus-based platform for the role-playing of urban design, especially under mentioned plans with a problem-oriented and fairly contextual nature, definitely needs to be considered in a process linked with two disciplines of urban management and planning. The policy framework presented in this direction can be a kind of guide for urban designers, which really is quite significant. Also, the results of the article, which includes a kind of comparison between the roles of the main three urban professions, can help urban designers, planners and managers in policy-making and preparing neighborhood regeneration plans.

Nowadays, due to the ever-increasing population growth, rising land prices, increase in construction and sales, and other economic restrictions for the residents of residential buildings in metropolises, especially in short-rise residential apartments with low square meters, the quality of life has declined. solitude (individual and collective) and privacy of the residents is not given attention. In fact, this shows the lack of attention of architects and urban planners to social challenges and issues and the need to realize sustainable housing (especially from the social aspect) in order to promote the privacy of the residents of residential buildings and increase the mental-psychological peace and finally improve the satisfaction of the people of the society. Therefore the main goal of this research is to explain the necessity and principles of seclusion in order to achieve the dimensions of social sustainability in low-rise residential apartments in Tehran. Also, this research seeks to answer these questions: What is the relationship between the components of realizing privacy and social sustainability in contemporary housing? And what are the internal and external factors affecting the realization of social sustainability and the improvement of the quality of solitude in the samples studied in the research? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and survey methodology. The method of data collection was based on library-documentary and survey data. The method of data analysis is using T-Test, Friedman, factor analysis and structural equation modeling method. In this part of the research, smartpls3 and spss20 software are used. Using the Friedman test, the priority of participation, security, and quality items were reported in the order of importance; Based on this, the importance of the item "increase and diversity of collective spaces" from the dimension of "participation" as the first rank, the item of "compliance with proportions and scales" from the dimension of "security" as the first rank and finally the item of "existence of furniture and flexible spaces" from Then "quality" took the title of first place. The research results indicate that the three dimensions of “participation”, “security” and “quality” have different effect on the solitude realization in contemporary housing to improve the social sustainability quality. The dimension of "participation" plays the most impact from the perspective of how the residents seek seclusion and realize it in housing in order to promote social sustainability in contemporary housing interior. In the continuation of the dimensions of "Security" and "Quality", respectively, after the dimension of "participation", has the greatest impact on the seclusion of the low-rise residential residents. Finally, in this research, it was suggested that in the design of residential spaces for the purpose of seclusion, attention should first be paid to the socio-cultural, religious and behavioral priorities of the residents, and then use the physical strategies and its indicators. However, considering that the general research related to seclusion is focused on physical and functional strategies and less attention has been paid to socio-cultural criteria, it is suggested that more research be done in this area in order to realize seclusion in terms of cultural criteria and be done religiously

The importance of quality of life studies in social policies and its role is an effective tool for urban management and planning. This research aims to evaluate the quality of life to achieve the principles of social sustainability design of residential complexes. The present research is quantitative in terms of approach.The research method is quantitative and case sample method. A questionnaire was used to collect information. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaires was 0.843 statistical population of the present study is the residents of the Ghadir Arak residential complex. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula of 280 people. The data were analyzed using Spss software and Kolmogorov Smirnov parametric statistical tests, Pearson correlation about the measurement and evaluation of the quality of life indicators. The findings of the present research indicate that the quality of life in residential complexes is directly related to the participation of residents in socio-cultural contexts, a sense of belonging to mental dimensions, and physical and environmental contexts to objective dimensions. Therefore, the quality of life in the mental, social and cultural dimensions and sense of belonging is higher than in the objective, physical, and environmental dimensions. Components such as socio-cultural, physical, environmental, and sense of belonging are reliable tools for measuring the quality of life. According to the lifestyle of citizens, they can be used to achieve the principles of social sustainability design in residential complexes such as the Ghadir Arak Complex.

Living closer to nature has emerged as a lifestyle for people who intend to move away from populated and compact urban areas. Residents of populated cities are interested in spending some of their time in second homes in areas with limited noise disturbance and beautiful natural landscapes to escape the urban pollution and unrest, as well as to find places for recreation. The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts of second homes on the social and economic sustainability of the cities in the coastal area of Mazandaran province, including Babolsar, Chalus and Nur. The diverse natural capacities of the northern region in terms of existence of sea, forest, mountains, having a variety of leisure facilities such as water recreation, forestry, mountain climbing, and, the accessibility of northern cities from different part of the country through scenic drives, make these cities more attractive for owning a second home. Following this increasing demand, the abundant constructions of second homes led to significant impacts on spatial and socio-economic dimensions of these cities, including urban sprawl, rising property prices, housing shortages for local people, emerging vacant houses for most of the year, visual degradation of residential patterns as a result of prevailing non-local types of architecture, rapid conversion of agricultural land use to non-productive uses, socio-economic inequalities, and cultural conflicts between local and non-local inhabitants. These were part of the problems which address a specific research question in this article: What is the impact of second homes on the social and economic sustainability of the coastal cities of Mazandaran? Social sustainability refers to the protection and improvement of the well-being of the future and present generations and includes principles such as justice, social inclusion and interactions, security, democracy, social cohesion and communication, and quality of life. Economic sustainability means strengthening the foundations of the economy and achieving economic security in terms of access to sustainable livelihoods, stable conditions of occupations, employment as well as reliable financial resources, and finally, appropriate and environmentally friendly technology with the use of human resources. In this article, the impact of second homes on social sustainability was studied by measuring the variables of "participation", "security" and "quality of life". To measure these impacts on economic sustainability, "economic welfare" and "economic growth" were evaluated. In addition to documentary studies, secondary data analysis and observation, data was mainly collected via systematic questionnaires completed by 381 samples drawn randomly from the population of the selected cities. The findings shows that with the emergence of second homes in these cities, the level of social sustainability decreased significantly; however, economic sustainability was improved in terms of "economic growth" and decreased considering "economic welfare". In conclusion, urban rules and regulations are required to organize the rise in demand for second homes in Mazandaran coastal areas to protect socio-economic sustainability.

Social sustainability is a relatively emerging concept in the dimensions of sustainable development. The concept of social sustainability includes the dimensions of social capital, equality and social justice, social solidarity, cultural dimensions, and so on.Social sustainability is a relatively emerging concept in the dimensions of sustainable development. The concept of social sustainability includes the dimensions of social capital, equality and social justice, social solidarity, cultural dimensions, and so on. Social sustainability is a broad and deep concept that includes many elements and characteristics. Simultaneous attention to three dimensions of sustainability, including the environmental, economic and social dimensions, and considering the independent and effective nature of the social sustainability dimension, is essential for achieving sustainable development. Paying attention to restoring social stability at different levels of planning and design in the city is an important issue that should be given special attention. Today, sustainability has been considered as a dominant paradigm in a variety of planning and planning patterns due to the importance of the subject. Thus, the need to pay attention to the social and cultural dimensions of social sustainability in macro-planning to realize the basic concept of development sustainability is strongly felt. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to first provide an appropriate and accurate definition of the concept of social sustainability and to examine the dimensions of social sustainability in strategic planning by recognizing the principles, elements, criteria and methods of social sustainability assessment. The study of strategic planning shows that attention to social and cultural dimensions is one of the important axes of this type of planning.

With the excessive consumption of energy and its risks, which has become a global concern, paying attention to indigenous technologies becomes more important day by day. In the process of globalization, local cultural diversities have been threatened, and among these, the concern of weakening the roots of diverse identity and especially the cultural differences belonging to rural populations has always been raised as the main challenge of international discussions in recent years. The set of these developments has been the focus of a new look at modern concepts in the field of the concept of heritage as well as museology knowledge. According to what was noticed about the evolutionary process of Eco-museums, this cultural, social and environmental phenomenon can be described as a symbolic evolution in the age of globalization. A phenomenon that initially arose due to economic reasons and then gained strength with government investment and was gradually mixed with popular participation. Further, its protection goals were emphasized and various elements were added to it. Gradually, the communication between sciences found a more prominent role in the management of Eco-museums, and educational goals were also seen in it, which is a sign of the professionalization of the concept of Eco-museums in the thinking of the 20th century. The present study was developed with the aim of explaining the role of the Ecosophical approach in promoting the sustainability of the local heritage of Eco-museums in order to answer these questions: What role does the Ecosophical approach play in promoting the sustainability of the local heritage of Eco-museums? How can eco-museums, considering this approach, while developing some of their environmental capabilities, play a significant role in the field of knowledge and understanding of the traditional space of subcultures? The framework of the research is based on the analysis of the famous French thinker Felix Guattari's point of view in the comparative study of the ecosophy concept in the relationship between the body, environment and human needs as three influencing factors on the quality of body design and based on that, the initial research model is designed. It has been laid out. Then, according to the theoretical foundations of the approaches related to the concept of eco-museum, another model is presented in relation to the interaction of the concept of eco-museum with the approaches of social-cultural Contextualism / social sustainability and architecture inspired by nature, and finally the main model of the research is based on the relationship between the two The first model was formed and their common components were extracted. This research was conducted in a comparative manner and with a qualitative approach with the help of documentary studies, in which the historical-interpretive research method was used in the part of gathering theoretical-historical foundations and the descriptive-analytical research method was used in the context of examining the sample under study (Rural Heritage Museum of Guilan). The statistical population includes all Eco-museums, and the sample population includes those eco-museums that have stylistic affinities in terms of physical and functional similarities. Finally, the analytical model of the research is designed based on the adaptation of Felix Guattari's point of view (about Ecosophy) and the approaches of Contextualism, social sustainability and ecosystem architecture. The results of the research show that there are significant similarities in the comparative comparison of each of the components of Ecosophy in the three levels of mental ecology, social ecology and natural ecology with the approaches examined (including social sustainability, Socio-cultural Contextualism and ecosystem architecture) and these similarities in Eco-museums and Especially the rural heritage museum of Guilan has been manifested in the form of objective, functional and physical similarities. Using new approaches of social sustainability and cultural Contextualism, eco-museums present a new meaning of the words heritage, protection and education to their visitors and subculture. Eco-museums can be considered as a special geographical area where cultural heritage is protected and through people's participation, they try to create a coherent network to introduce the knowledge of the past to the current and future generations. From this point of view, eco-museums are considered as spaces completely dependent on nature, which have rediscovered their form in the course of social developments. Places with real identity that are considered local, national and global capital.

A neighborhood is a separate environment characterized by different structural features and social characteristics of the residents. In this connection, library studies and field surveys were conducted while direct observation was made to achieve effective social stability indicators in neighborhoods. Thus, two prominent passes in two different neighborhoods in the historical context of Shiraz were investigated. The present research falls under applied studies from an objective point of view and is a hybrid one from a nature perspective, which involves a content analysis based on library sources that help meet main research data. Then, a survey method via field visits was conducted to understand the research objectives better. The research findings are a combination of findings from documentary and case and field studies about the Bazarchey-e-Fil pass in the Es'haagh Beig and HajZeinal Pass in the Sang-e Siah Neighborhoods in the historical parts of Shiraz. Because the research sought to better understand the main nature of the neighborhood concept by considering social stability principles, environment perception and historical context neighborhood indicators were categorized, and the quality of the perception of the environment was examined. In sum, the indicators about positive and negative aspects were provided using case examples. The spaces where one could smell bread at bakeries and sweet at confectionaries were factors contributing to collective life. On the other hand, places with historical backgrounds were regarded to help identify and promote a perception of the environment. Thus, to understand the urban environment, social stability is seen as a major component of Shiraz's historic neighborhoods.

 Among the features that characterize contemporary architecture, sustainability has great significance. It is an approach in architecture that is in line with the modern concept of sustainable development. The latter concept refers to the development of a society in order to address its present needs while supporting the right and potentials of the next generation to address their own needs. Sustainable development includes economic, environmental, and social sustainability. The present article focuses on residential complexes and social sustainability. The literature review on sustainable development from an architectural point of view shows that there is no comprehensive model to help architects evaluate the social sustainability of a residential complex quantitatively. In fact, previous studies have mostly focused on defining sustainability criteria; however, no research has been done so far on the ranking and application of those criteria to evaluate architectural designs quantitatively. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to develop a quantitative and comprehensive model to measure the sustainability of a given residential complex. The research answers two fundamental questions: What are the criteria for social sustainability in a residential complex? How can we compare residential complexes as far as social sustainability is concerned?

The present article is based on descriptive and analytical research, and the data was collected through field study and bibliographic research. First, the criteria for social sustainability were laid out through studying the research literature. Then, a practical model was developed. The model applies SWARA technic to weigh each criterion and TOPSIS technic to measure social sustainability. In other words, the following procedure is carried out step by step: bibliographic research to find out the criteria for social sustainability in residential complexes, processing and classifying the results and making a final list, designing a quantitative model to measure social sustainability in residential complexes, receiving specialists' views about ranking and weighting the criteria, devising a method to determine a level (score) for each criterion in a given residential complex, and finally, putting the model into practice and comparing the selected residential complexes. In the final step, a comparison of social sustainability proves that the model is practical. The cases have been selected based on similarity in size and full access to their information. Furthermore, academics and industrial experts with many years of scientific and executive experience in sustainable architecture and social sustainability were asked for their views about the subject to make use of their expertise in this research.

The judgment made by experts in architecture, as the central part of the findings, show that the most important criteria for social sustainability are the following ten items respectively: culture of the residents, social interaction and homogeneity, security, safety, open areas, appropriateness of population density, quality of interior design, the gate and exterior view, building space outside the apartment unit, equipment, and facilities. According to experts, 60 percent of weighted value is attached to "culture of the residents, interaction and social homogeneity and security" among the mentioned items. The culture of the residents includes a number of features like mutual respect among residents, compliance with apartment regulations, attention to private and public spaces, and cleanliness. Architects' ability to influence this item is very limited; however, they should apply design expertise to separate private spaces from public ones and ensure proper hygiene standards inside and around the complex. Features regarding "interaction and social homogeneity" include communication and social solidarity and relationship, participation in voluntary works and services of the complex, the possibility of resident's participation in the design and creation of spaces, conformity to resident's culture and expectations, duration of residence, etc. When accompanied by variability in space use, innovative and flexible architecture can help residents design multi-functional spaces. Furthermore, security and safety are among inseparable aspects of architecture, and designers must not disregard them for other aspects such as aesthetics and functionality.

The findings show that the proposed model is easily applicable to measure the level of social sustainability in a residential complex. Thus, the model is recommended for either comparing constructed residential complexes or weighing up available construction plans.