spatial analysis

The rapid expansion of cities and uncontrolled population growth have led to numerous challenges. Therefore, urban tourism, especially in developing countries like Iran, presents an economic advantage that can accelerate the development process. Given that the city of Hamedan holds significant potential as a major tourist attraction, this study aims to investigate, identify, and analyze the factors influencing urban tourism development, assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) in tourism, and propose strategies to enhance the tourism industry in Hamedan. The research methodology in this study combines both field and analytical approaches. In the first phase, research hypotheses and indicators were distributed via questionnaires among 355 tourists, and their correlations were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation test in SPSS software. The questionnaire's validity was established as face validity, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, resulting in values of 0.70 for the first hypothesis, 0.68 for the second, and 0.73 for the third. The results revealed no significant relationship between the development of Hamedan's tourism industry and the indicators of the first hypothesis. Additionally, the third hypothesis, suggesting low satisfaction among tourists with urban services in Hamedan, was rejected. However, the second hypothesis, which posited a significant relationship between the integration of tourism organizations and the development of Hamedan’s tourism, was confirmed. In the second phase, the SWOT analysis and the internal-external factors matrix (IEFM) were used to propose strategies for improving tourism industry in Hamedan. Subsequently, the strategies were prioritized using the QSPM method. The results indicate that attracting private sector investments to enhance accommodation and recreational infrastructure and leveraging the city’s rich historical, cultural, and natural attractions are among the most significant strategies for advancing Hamedan’s tourism industry.

Flood is one of these dangers that cause heavy damage to cities every year. When a flood occurs, it is obvious that people who are weaker from a socio-economic point of view are more affected by these risks and will be able to recover in a much longer time. Using 54 key indicators, this research has determined the degree of vulnerability in the regions of Tehran. Then the results are spatially analyzed and the degree of vulnerability in each of the dimensions as well as the final index has been determined. In this research, the local Moran model and the Highlow clustering tool have been used. The purpose of this research is to investigate the spatial distribution of vulnerable neighborhoods in the face of floods and to check whether these neighborhoods are located in the vicinity of each other or are scattered throughout the city. Based on the results obtained from the high low clustering tool and according to the standard Z score (-3.83) as well as the P value (0.0001) in the final index of vulnerability, it can be said with 99% confidence that the pattern of spatial clustering of the values of this index is not caused by chance, so the zero hypothesis is rejected. Also, considering that the standardized value is negative and the significant level is displayed in the blue area; it can be concluded that in the final index spatial clustering has been done in the case of low values. Also, by calculating the local Moran for the final index of vulnerability, it was determined that 30% of the neighborhoods were clustered and 4% were non-clustered. No specific clustering was observed for 66% of the neighborhoods.

The main purpose of this research is to analyze the spatial vulnerability of human settlements against earthquakes in West Azerbaijan province. The present research is descriptive-analytical regarding its practical purpose and investigation method. The method of data collection is library and field. The statistical population of the research is 19 townships of West Azarbaijan province. The analysis of research data has been carried out quantitatively using GIS software. Several methods have been used to spatially analyze data, such as the IDW interpolation model, Kernel density function, Line density function, Fuzzy Overlay model, and AND function. The findings of this research show that Salmas, Khoi, Chaypare, Chaldiran and Mako townships are in the north of the province, Takab township is in the southeast of the province, and in the south of the province, the townships of Sardasht, Mirabad, Piranshahr and oshnaviyeh are among the cities with a high vulnerability rate. According to the available data, it can be acknowledged that the southeast of the province is less vulnerable than the south and the north of the province. In a general summary, about 46% of the area of the province and 18% of the population of the province are in the area with high vulnerability. Today, following the recent hazards, especially the earthquakes, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of resilience in human settlements; therefore, based on the results obtained in this research, it is suggested to form pre-crisis management before the earthquake in centers with very high vulnerability.

Collapsing the distributing system of service centers in cities is among the most important consequences of urban rapid growth that caused equality in accessing urban inhabitants’ services. Therefore, Providing the city with appropriate welfare services and fair spatial distribution is one of the most important missions of urban planners and managers. This research investigated the spatial distribution of 16 services and their relationship with real estate prices in Tehran's municipal districts. The data was provided from the statistical documents of Tehran Municipality and Iranian Statistical Center analyzed as the indicator of the number of services per 10,000 population using descriptive statistics and ranking. Findings indicate that District 12, which is the only municipal district that is completely located in the historical fabric of Tehran and corresponds to the market and the business center of the city, is superior in terms of services. The reason is the persistence of many elements of the Islamic city. After this, the districts of 6 (as an academic center and medical services center), 13, and 1 have better services, respectively. District 1 ranks fourth in terms of services although it is the most expensive and prosperous district of Tehran. The correlation coefficient of +0.235 indicates that, in general, in districts with higher real estate prices, urban services are in a better situation. Ten indicators have a direct correlation, in which the correlation coefficient of 3 medical indicators and university and garden indicators is higher. There is an inverse relationship between the sports hall and mosque index with real estate prices (-0.58 and -0.50). To achieve spatial and social justice, it is necessary for planning and urban management to choose the location of urban service centers in accordance with the less suitable areas that are explained in the study.

Urban stress is an important cause of physical and mental diseases in cities and access to urban services is one of the most important issues of today's urban planning. Therefore, urban planners and designers must pay special attention to them in their plans and designs. However, even though many studies have separately addressed urban stress and access to urban services in recent years, no study has been conducted to explain the relationship between the two. For this purpose, the present research was conducted to explain the relationship between urban stress and access to services in District 8 of District 1 in Tehran municipality, which is the most stressful district in this region according to experts. The research findings reveal that the value of the correlation coefficient between the independent and dependent variables is 0.790, which indicates a high correlation between access to services and urban stress. Moreover, the adjusted or modified coefficient of determination shows that 61% of the total changes are the stressfulness of the living environment of people dependent on access to urban services in their lives. Additionally, by using beta coefficients, indicators of access to green space, educational services, religious services, sports services, medical services, and transportation services are respectively the most important service indicators affecting the stress of citizens. Also, access to green space services, sports services, and religious services reduces citizens' stress, while proximity to educational services, transportation services, and medical services increases their stress. As a result, urban stress can be significantly reduced by paying special attention to the design and planning of educational services, transportation services, and medical services, as well as improving access to green space services, sports services, and religious services.

Many studies have been conducted on urban poverty and its spatial analysis, but the expansion of the city and its effect on the creation of urban poverty clusters has not been given much attention. This research aims to evaluate the effect of the expansion of Urmia city on the formation of poverty clusters. In this regard, the situation of urban poverty in different periods of urban development during the last hundred years was analyzed. Various methods were combined to examine the effect of urban expansion on urban poverty and to provide spatial information needed for better decision-making. In the first step, 21 indicators covering the economic, social, and physical dimensions of urban poverty were selected. Then, a proposed method was used to evaluate urban poverty in study units (population blocks). In the last step, the expansion of the city from 1932 to 2022 was extracted in eight development periods and the urban poverty situation was evaluated in each period. The results show that with the expansion of the city, the relative size of poor urban areas has increased. The size of areas with physical poverty in Urmia city increased by 21% from 2004 to 2022, social poverty increased by 10% from 1994 to 1987, and economic poverty increased by 6% from 1987 to 1975. Additionally, the relative extent of poor urban areas has increased by 29% from 2004 to 2022. The results of linear regression also show that there is a direct relationship between urban expansion and the formation of urban poverty clusters. In general, urban expansion explains 37% of the formation of poor urban areas.

One of the adverse consequences of the country's development policies in the border areas is the rupture in the spatial structure, which reflects these policies in the form of disruption of the balance in the endogenous growth of settlements at different levels, disorder in the spatial system of human assemblies, and discontinuity in spatial relations and disorder in the economic, social, cultural, administrative, and physical function and finally geographical isolation and underdevelopment. A general overview shows the weak position of the border and marginal regions in comparison with the central regions of the country in the process of spatial development, comprehensive security, and social justice. The current research with the statistical community of rural settlements of Piranshahr county in West Azarbaijan province is of applied research, with a descriptive-analytical method, a systemic problem-solving approach and library-documentary and survey-field data collection. The study is based on rural development plans and emphasizes on the passive defense approach as a security-oriented and defense-based approach. The spatial findings were analyzed using GIS, the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP), and fuzzy logic. The results indicate that out of 147 villages of the county, more than 60 villages, which constitute to more than 40% of the population of rural areas, are very vulnerable. Also, the highest level of vulnerability is observed in the rural settlements of three western counties of Lahijan, Piran, and Western Mangoor which are border counties.

The present study seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the changes in the passengers of the city buses during the corona pandemic in Mashhad. The study method is descriptive-analytical, the research variables include 21 variables of social, economic characteristics and physical characteristics, and the study scale includes 3600 bus stations in 1200 statistical areas of Mashhad. The time period includes the data of the bus organization before the Corona outbreak (winter 2019 to winter 2020) and after it (March 2020 to September 2021). The techniques used include 1) classical statistical methods, such as "paired t", "correlation", and "regression", as well as 2) spatial analysis methods, such as "interpolation" and "Moran two-way spatial autocorrelation". The results indicate a significant difference in the number of the passengers in Mashhad. In 16.5% of the stations (602), the number of the passengers has increased significantly after the Corona and in 83.5% stations, it has decreased. Also, an inverse relationship was observed between the changes in the number of the station passengers with the variables of higher education, the number of elderly, housing ownership, average income, car ownership and female employees. Moreover, a direct relationship was observed with religious minority, low level of education, population below the poverty line, number of simple workers, number of male employees, rental ownership of housing, distance to the center of activity, access to medical centers, and distance from the informal settlement. The results showed that social variables in inclusion, and economic variables in severity were most related to the changes in the number of the passengers after the corona

The issue of poverty and inequality has become a problem in Iran due to the lack of a fair view on land. For decades, the issue of urban poverty has been referred to under various titles: informal settlements, distressed textures, worn-out textures, etc. Different plans, programs and laws have been developed to address this issue. However, the dimensions of the problem has been widened and deepened. The purpose of the present study is to examine the spatial analysis of poverty in inefficient textures of Abadan to better plan for organizing, empowering and improving the quality of life in these textures. Findings based on the hot spots method show that in some parts of the east and north of Abadan, more hot spots are formed that have higher values compared to the multidimensional poverty criterion. Cold spot density is also observed in the northeast and parts of the north of the city that have lower values of this criterion, including prosperous and very prosperous blocks. The results show the poverty situation in distressed textures of Abadan has a cluster pattern. The theoretical orientation of this research is towards multidimensional poverty proposed by Amartya Kumar Sen. According to the results of multidimensional poverty, very poor areas are more concentrated in the western and eastern parts of the city. This area covers 11.54% of the area of distressed textures. Poor areas (22.6%) are placed mostly in the northern (e.g., Western Selich, Fihe, Koye Mellat and Shahabad Neighborhoods), western (e.g., Ahmadabad and Barim Neighborhoods) and eastern parts of the city (e.g., Alvanieh and Zolfaqari Neighborhoods). The results of this research can be used to inform managers and urban planners of the current situation and plan to empower residents to reduce urban poverty,  and improved the living, physical, socio-cultural and economic conditions of distressed neighborhoods in Abadan.

Present study is conducted by the aim of Spatial Analysis of the Enjoyment Degree for the townships of Esfahan province based on ICT Indices. Based on the purpose, the research is applied-developmental research, and based on the method it is descriptive, quantitative and analytical. 23 townships of Esfahan Province include statistical society of the research. The data were extracted from the Statistical Yearbook and the results of the General Population and Housing Census in 2011. Among variables of ICT, 20 indices were extracted, and by applying quantitative models of TOPSIS as a multi-criteria decision making method, the dispersion coefficient and etc. the differences and inequalities of townships in terms of ICT indices were ranked and determined. After that, based on the grade of TOPSIS results, the townships of the province were assorted in five categories (highly enjoyed, enjoyed, semi-enjoyed, deprived, and highly deprived). Moreover, leveling and ranking of mentioned indices are identified. The results show that there is not equality among townships of Esfahan province in terms of enjoyment of ICT indices and there is a significant difference in the degree of enjoyment. Among 23 townships, except Esfahan, which is in highly enjoyed level, 30.43% are at the enjoyed level, 34.78% are at the semi-enjoyed level, 13.04% are at the deprived level and 17.39% are at the very deprived level. Finally, ranked based on the status of townships for reducing spatial inequality and creating regional balance in ICT development, these townships were prioritized.

Human groups have considered the Behshahr plain of Mazandaran in the past Due to its particular geographical shape, location between the Caspian Sea and mountains, and the existence of some rivers in the region. However, our knowledge of this area is limited to several published surveys and archaeological investigation of its ancient sites. No detailed research has conducted on the formation of the settlement and the impact of geographical factors on it. Therefore, it is necessary to study the structure of the settlement pattern of this region. In the present study, new methods in archeology and a combination of archaeological data and remote sensing science were used rather than the traditional methods. Archaeologists need to know the advantages and disadvantages of using satellite remote sensing as a powerful tool for visualizing past perspectives. Applying remote sensing in archeology is one of the purposes of this study. Aerial photography, geophysics, laser scanning, geographic information analysis in GIS, and satellite imagery analysis are all aspects of remote sensing. They are all valuable for ancient research and promote non-destructive archeology, where using satellite remote sensing in archeology is the focus of this article. From a practical perspective, there can be an advancement over the traditional archaeologistchr('39')s research works with research using remote sensing satellite techniques. The use of satellite remote sensing for discoveries in archaeological studies, environment, and research programs, will be very usual and perfect and give us a fantastic insight into the social landscape of the past. This article discusses the types of satellite imagery with their advantages and disadvantages available to archaeologists and their applications in various archaeological projects to select the most appropriate images and provide information on other image types. To better understand the cases mentioned above, the settlement pattern of Behshahr evaluated with a combination of field methods and remote sensing techniques, GIS, spatial analysis functions, and multivariate regression methods. In this study, a sentinel-2 satellite image with a spatial resolution of 10 m noted on 2017, Topographic maps, 1/25000 maps and spatial data of the study area used after necessary preprocessing and correction, information layers including forest land cover, water zones, fields, coastal lands, elevation, and waterways classified as effectual environmental factors (independent parameter) in the formation of ancient settlements. In the next step, using buffer function to the spatial value of the settlements as a dependent parameter, linear regression modeling was used for spatial modeling and analysis. Therefore, the relative importance of the information layers and the potential spatial map of the ancient settlements obtained. As a result, the distribution of the settlements specified in each information layers. In addition to extracting and grading environmental information, their impact on the settlement formation in the research area was investigated. Access to water resources had played a significant role in this regard while distance from farms was the next priority. Attention to the importance of elevation factor in the formation of ancient sites, it is worth noting that the elevation factor has been less considered due to all sites situated in the plain of Behshahr, and has the least role in the formation of these settlements.

With the rapid growth of urbanization in Iran, in addition to increasing the number of cities and their population size, the size of cities also grew and expanded rapidly, so much so that the rapid physical expansion of cities even surpassed the rate of population growth. This unplanned growth led to the horizontal expansion and created a phenomenon known as sprawl. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the stages and pattern of physical development of Kiyakola city during the past decades and to analyze the factors affecting them. The city has experienced significant physical growth in recent years as a political center of newly established township of Simorgh. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical approaches that will determine the direction and form of physical development using physical expansion models such as spatial population density analysis, Moran's spatial autocorrelation methods, and hot spots in GIS. The results of applying the models for city show that the physical expansion of the city was dispersed and non-condensed during 1976-2006 which prepared the ground for rapid growth without planning. The results of spatial analysis show that the density in all three indices of population, housing and construction has a cluster distribution pattern and spatial autocorrelation. Most of the hot spots are in the western and central parts of the city, and the coldest spots are in the eastern and southeastern parts of the city.

Urban identity is one of the major challenges of new towns, the lack of which leads to a lack of solidarity and social participation of citizens to achieve urban development plans. Ignorance of subcultures and geographical location and climatic characteristics and diminishing attention to the dimensions of urban identity and urban social life based on original values ​​and indigenous identity, especially in the process of preparing development plans and the resulting inconsistency and uniformity in new towns, not only appearance. It has created an unfavorable and unfamiliar environment for the residents, but it has affected all aspects of social, economic and environmental life in urban communities. On the other hand, urban spaces in these cities do not evoke an identity for their residents due to the incompatibility of its functions with human needs and the lack of human needs according to the demands, desires and preferences different from other cities. This leads to discontinuation or basically no formation of the roots of the connection and connection of residents with the environment and as a result with each other, as well as the occurrence of adverse effects such as insecurity, irresponsibility, boredom and indifference. Hence, new towns that are not very old and whose inhabitants are generally born elsewhere and have different cultures from each other, to create dynamism and vitality and to avoid becoming a dormitory city, dry and barren. The spirit and context for social solidarity and the production of memories in a collective environment must be able to draw their own distinct identities. Therefore, recognizing the identity factors of new towns, the extent to which these cities have relevant factors and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing each of these areas can have a significant impact on preventing the identity crisis in new towns. The present study was carried out in order to achieve the above goals and with an analytical-explanatory approach. In this regard, 70 indicators for measuring and evaluating urban identity in the new town of Hashtgerd were extracted by extensive analysis of global and domestic studies and special local conditions of the new town of Hashtgerd. And has been documented. The data collected through a questionnaire with a sample size of 516 people and distributed by cluster sampling in 12 districts of the city, using factor analysis to determine the final factors explaining the identity of the new town of Hashtgerd And the ranking of the studied areas has been analyzed based on their desirability in relation to urban identity factors. The results show that 12 factors in total explain about 60% of the identity of the new town of Hashtgerd. The most important of these factors is the factor of "memory and feeling of dependence on place" with an explanation of about 8%. Also, 4-5 districts of Mehr housing areas and 1-4 districts with historical backgrounds in the city have the worst and best status of identity desirability among the districts of Hashtgerd new town, respectively. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats of identification in the new town of Hashtgerd have been analyzed and summarized through strategic environmental analysis. Research findings show that physical qualities are only one dimension of the experience of place and the importance of social communication that takes place in places should not be neglected. So that attachment to the place can be considered based on the participation of people in the place, the level of employment in social networks and cultural interactions. As the establishment of social interactions in urban spaces, it is possible for the individual to make sense of it. Thus, attachment to the place develops with the growth of positive interaction of people and their social adaptation in the place, and how the person is present in the place with others is a strong factor in the personchr('39')s decision to stay in it. In this regard, people may even be looking for places where people with similar characteristics in terms of class, ethnicity, religion, economic group, lifestyle, education, income, how to raise children and the same race. But while homogeneity encourages meetings and increased interaction with physical and social places and thus promotes attachment to that place, heterogeneous social places are also an opportunity for people to experience togetherness and rich and free social interactions. On the other hand, the research findings show that in the study of urban identity, knowing the place is not enough, and this is an emotional state that arises from important events in onechr('39')s life and the context of creating and developing the process of identification with a particular place. Also, people develop their attachment to the place based on their expectations, which are based on their previous experiences of similar places and their cognitive process, on which their satisfaction with the place depends. Satisfaction in place also depends on this knowledge and factors such as facilities, place fit with performance and context, stability, visual characteristics, management, economic value of the place, residentschr('39') perception of similar units and the social context of the place. The presence of people in the process of creating a place also makes them feel better about that place. This leads to attachment to the place, development of social connections, preservation of historical roots, feeling of peace and security in the place.

The public areas of the city as a platform for public human activities necessity not only be comprehensible and safe but also need to have perceptual values for the users. Visual values are the most significant part of environmental qualities. Citizens' perception of the visual qualities of the city depends on the introduction of visual values and image and urban landscape, which is considered desirable by citizens. In this regard, and to improve the visual quality of the environment, the purpose of this study is to identify the criteria and visual values of urban visual corridors and their spatial-location analysis based on quantitative indicators and criteria. Also, considering the value of citizens' perceptions of the urban public area, the importance of each of the factors with the final output as the quality of visual values in the visual corridors has been measured quantitatively and spatially. For this purpose, the visual corridors leading to the Enghelab Square of Zanjan, which also has historical and cultural values, have been selected for study and evaluation. The present spatial research method is descriptive-analytical that to quantitatively measure the objectives, spatial regression analysis, and spatial modeling with the use of ANP logic in Super Decisions and GIS environments have been used. The results show that the legibility with an average value of 0.58 has a higher quality value in the study site and the factor of green and natural space with an average weight of 0.41, and the urban landscape elements with an average weight of 0.36 are in the next ranks. have taken. Also, the results of calculating the spatial regression between the factors and the final quality of visual values showed that from the citizens' point of view, the legibility factor with the spatial regression rate of 0.80 and the continuity and sequence factor with the correlation rate of 0.66 and the walls and environmental aesthetics criteria with correlation rate of 0.52, respectively, had the highest correlation coefficient with the final output of the quality of visual values in the study area.

Tourism plays an important role in directing economic activities and contributing to increasing the income of local communities. In these areas, high environmental quality creates a sense of positive development towards tourism destinations and, ultimately, tourism development. Among the issues to be considered, is the identification of factors that affect the quality of the tourist environments. Therefore, it seems necessary to step through the study of these factors in the development of tourism and the improvement of the quality of the environment in the villages where this activity is prevalent. Therefore, in this study spatial analysis of the environmental quality of villages of tourism destination in Fazl rural district of Neyshabour city has been investigated to provide the necessary grounds for tourism development. The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical method. Data collection was done based on documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the study consisted of the villages of Fazl rural district, of Neyshabour city, which according to criteria such as population, distance and local reputation in tourism, 9 villages (Farkhok, Derakhsht, Rud, Bojhabad, Tahtmanzar, Ghar, Hesar, Sughand, Bojan) They were selected as sample, which according to the census of 1395 has 1325 households and 4527 people. The analysis unit in this study is 18 tourism experts and 260 villagers residing in the studied villages selected by the Cochran method and a 95% confidence level and 0.05 significance level by random and quotient sampling method. The dependent variable (environmental quality) Investigates seven dimensions of functional-structural, tourist attractions, visual, environmental, texture and communication networks, the social environment and environmental dynamics in a total of 7 indicators and 43 quantitative indicators. In the present study, data analysis was performed using a single sample t-test and prioritization of the target villages of Fazl rural district with the WASPAS estimation technique. The results of single-sample t-test in order to measure the quality of the environment of the tourism villages, considering the average, mean and significance level (less than 0.05) in each indicator, indicate that the environmental quality of the villages from the viewpoint of the research sample population is higher than the limit Average is evaluated. According to the amount of t, which shows the amount of deviation from the average, from the viewpoint of people, the texture index and communication networks and the functional-structural index are first and last, respectively. The calculated results of the WASPAS model showed that the villages of Bojan, Sukhand, and Farokhk have ranked first to third in terms of environmental quality indexes respectively, while the Rud River villages are under the landscape and the caves have the lowest environmental quality. In general, the WASPAS model shows that there is a significant and positive relationship between the environmental quality indicators used in tourism research and development.

Poverty is a social, economic, political, cultural and political phenomenon that has long been the greatest of human problems, and human society, in spite of the tremendous changes that has taken place in various fields of science, is now struggling with. The present research is applied in a descriptive and analytical manner and is based on the studies conducted in this field and the analysis of the content of theoretical foundations and the extraction of indicators of poverty reduction on the one hand, and on the other hand, relying on the opinions of the relevant experts Using the Delphi model and the use of deep interviewing tools, the questionnaire, as well as the use of SPSS software in the statistical analyzes and ARC-GIS, GEODA TM and spatial statistics analysis were selected. The analysis shows that 8 villages in the high poverty range, 21 villages in a wide range, 8 in the medium range, 5 in low and 5 in the low range. The results also show that 3 cold clusters (LLL) and 5 hot clusters (HH) were identified in the region, which is the largest hot spot in the southeast of the city near Semnan and is located in villages In this spot, there is a high rural poverty and are adjacent to each other and is the largest cold spot in the northwest of the city and near the city of Tehran and Ray.

Today, social and spatial justice in urban issues and consequently distributive justice in the distribution of services in urban areas have been of paramount importance. Therefore, paying due attention to the importance of service use distribution in urban areas based on the needs of service users in those areas is an influential factor in the sustainability of urban life. In this study, a spatial analysis of seven urban services in district eight of Tehran, as a case study, was carried out based on distributive justice approach by means of geostatistical techniques. This applied study utilizes descriptive-analytical method where the data have been gathered through documentation. To this end, based on the objective data in the comprehensive plans of district eight, they were analyzed through GIS and Moran formula. The results indicate that the focus of urban services in district eight follows the center-periphery model. This means that the more we more away from center toward suburban areas, the less services are distributed in those areas. This implies that distribution of public services which must have been fair or relatively fair is unfair.

Natural hazards, like earthquake and floods, have often resulted in sever financial impact and human losses in the country. Current arrangements in disaster management of the country, however, have presented a passive approach towards disaster management or adopt appraoches that are focused on the built environment. This research seeks to develop a model for assessing the social resilience of human settlements and local communities in dealing with risks and potential shocks. In order to test the model, social resilience in five rural settlements of the Eghbal Gharbi region of Qazvin are assessed.
As the first step, the authors investigate the concept of resilience and the place of social factors in the social development of rural settlements and their role in the resilience of these settlements in regards to disasters. A set of indicators is extracted from the literature for measuring social resilience in rural settlements. In the second step, a model for analyzing social resilience is developed. On this bases, data on spatial and non-spatial data is collected by using questionnaire and field observation. Non-spatial data is obtained through structured questionnaire designed on the Likert scale in regards to 21 socio-economic and cultural indicators. As the final step, using inferential statistical tests and analytical methods and employing spatial analysis tools, social resilience in 5 selected village in West Eghbal in Qazvin province is measured.
The research findings suggest a low level of social resilience in the surveyed rural settlements in Qazvin province. No significant difference was found between the studied rural settlements in terms of social resilience.The level of social resilience in total is calculated 43% in the selected villages. The correlation analysis on different dimensions of social resilience indicate a relatively high correlation between inner dominant indicators. Furthermore, in analysing internal consistency and correlation coefficient for resilience, a high level of correlation was found between social resilience and all dimensions of resilience.
To conclude, based on the results of this research the level of social resilience considering its different dimensions has never been ideal in the surveyed rural settlements. On this basis and in the case of a future disaster, these rural settlements will face serious challenges regarding social dimensions of resilience.