structural equations

The sense of belonging to a place expresses a deep emotional connection between a person and a place, which means that a person defines himself with the place and considers his identity as a result of it. In today's societies, where the identity crisis is one of the problems facing urbanization, especially in new developments, residential neighborhoods can be responsible for a part of the meaning and identity burden of cities, whose residents have a sense of responsibility, commitment and belonging to their neighborhood and surrounding environment. have and consider themselves part of the place. Such a feeling, by expanding the spirit of participation and interaction with the place, leads to creating common concerns among residents and increasing the level of social sustainability in new urban developments.This research is based on the paradigm of positivism, in accordance with the considerations of quantitative methodology of descriptive and analytical type, and according to the focus on the purpose of clarifying the concept of sense of belonging to a place and explaining its related components and indicators, it was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, by reviewing the history and literature of the subject, analyzing the content of the researches, the dimensions, main components and indicators of the sense of belonging to the place were defined, and then the theoretical model of the sense of belonging to the place was formulated. In the second stage, 195 samples were randomly selected from the residents of Jahdshahr neighborhood by the survey method using the questionnaire tool. In the third step, using structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the impact of each component on the sense of belonging to a specific place and the causal relationships between the components of the sense of belonging to a place were determined by path analysis. In this research, in order to increase the validity of the data, by considering the effects of the control variable, the effect of economic factors has been controlled to measure the impact of indicators of sense of belonging to the place in Jahid Shahr neighborhood. The research findings demonstrate that the semantic-perceptual component (satisfaction, perception of place, identity, and personality) has the highest impact on the sense of belonging to the place in JahidShahr neighborhood. Following that, the individual-social components (interaction with the place, duration of residence), physical-territorial components (accessibility, location, visual richness, visual proportions), and activity-functional components (comfort, flexibility, access to facilities) hold significance as well .Causal relationships between the components of sense of belonging to a place and correlation coefficients in the form of path analysis model show that "physical-contextual" component as an independent variable has an effect on the "individual-social" and "activity-functional" components, and the two components "individual-social" and " "functional-functional" as mediating components affect the "perceptual-meaning" component. According to this model, in addition to the direct effect on the perceptual meaning component, the "functional-activity" variable is also effective on the "individual-social" and "functional-activity" components. Therefore, by increasing the indices of "activity-functional" and "individual-social" components, the "perception-meaning" component also increases.

Nowadays, increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings is a topic that has challenged scholars interested in urban issues for a long time. Therefore, the current research was carried out with the aim of the role of urban management in increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings in Tehran. This research is correlational in nature and content. In this research, the information related to 373 employees and managers of the Tehran Municipality have been analyzed at the level of Tehran in order to investigate the relationship between the variables to test the research hypotheses. The collected data were analyzed by structural equation method using SmartPLS software. The results showed that the municipality, the city council, the chamber of commerce and other organizations have an influence on increasing the architectural quality of residential buildings.

<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Problem</strong>: With the development of urbanization and the need to pay attention to environmental aspects, industrial areas within the city have been abandoned and destroyed. Pars Electric factory in Rasht city has become a place for garbage and drug addicts to accumulate during nearly two decades of closure and has created dangers for the area.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Target </strong>: The purpose of the article is to examine the components of vitality in order to revive the post-industrial arena of this collection.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Method</strong>: In this regard, information has been collected by using library-documentary methods, questionnaires and interviews. Vitality components based on theoretical literature were extracted and randomly distributed among 312 people in the form of a questionnaire, and the results were subjected to second-order confirmatory factor analysis in Smart PLS.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Findings </strong>: Safety and security with a path coefficient of 0.878 shows the strong and direct impact of this factor on increasing the vitality of Pars Electric Factory in Rasht. The factors of sense of place, legibility, climatic comfort, social justice and sensory richness express 55, 48, 44, 42 and 36 percent of the changes in increasing the dynamism and vitality of the post-industrial landscape of Pars Electric respectively.
<span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Result</strong>: Definition of areas, monitoring and control, proper lighting, establishment of 24-hour activities, creation of interactive spaces are among the proposed measures with high priority to strengthen the two factors of safety and security and sense of place in order to improve the vitality of the said site.

As urban populations increase and cities tackle with environmental crises and instabilities, achieving sustainable urban development hinges on understanding and promoting a sustainable physical city layout. The concept of the compact city has drawn significant attention and support. However, in our country, traditional patterns embedded in comprehensive urban plans, along with influences from current urban management, have led to the horizontal expansion of cities, resulting in a scattered urban pattern. Addressing the numerous challenges cities face may necessitate transitioning towards denser urban environments. The “positioning” process plays a crucial role for companies, enabling them to select a strategic market position and enhance their brand’s success.

The current study adopts an applied approach in terms of its purpose and utilizes a descriptive-analytical method. Regarding the study’s nature, data was collected by means of survey method using a questionnaire. To ensure the questionnaire’s validity, it underwent scrutiny by professors and experts, due to the absence of prior research in this area. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was employed to assess questionnaire reliability, yielding a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.723 for high-rise apartments and 0.782 for houses, indicating high reliability of the questionnaire. The study’s statistical population comprises residents of high-rise towers in Ardabil (District 2) who have previously resided in houses or apartments, as well as house residents who have previously lived in high-rise towers. Snowball sampling was employed to determine the sample size. The research questionnaires consist of two parts: the first part pertains to personal characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, income, occupation, and education, while the second part focuses on research variables, including brand image and loyalty, cultural and social factors, security, economic aspects, infrastructure facilities, open spaces, spatial identity, physical characteristics, lighting and ventilation, management and maintenance, landscape, and transportation access for high-rise buildings and houses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing one-sample t-statistical methods and a Pearson correlation coefficient. Perceptual mapping was employed to depict the brand positioning of high-rise complexes and low-rise apartments from residents’ perspectives, aiming to address the research question.

According to the findings, houses and low-rise apartments are positioned favorably in terms of image and housing brand compared to high-rise towers, as indicated by perceptual maps. However, satisfaction with high-rise towers is ideal in comparison to houses and low-rise apartments on perceptual maps. The one-sample t-test results indicate that the significance level for most variables is below 0.05, leading to the confirmation of the alternative hypothesis (H1) at a confidence level of 95%. This confirms a significant relationship between the average rank of residents’ perspectives and housing pattern dimensions. Consequently, an obvious difference exists between residents’ perceptions of brand positioning for houses and low-rise apartments against high-rise residential towers, with the former showing better image and brand loyalty. Additionally, Pearson correlation tests reveal a positive and significant correlation between image and brand loyalty variables, as well as housing satisfaction with individual characteristics such as marital status, income, occupation, age, and education. However, no significant negative correlation was found between image and loyalty with regards to gender. The results indicate a significant relationship between image variables, brand loyalty, and satisfaction with individual characteristics at a 95% confidence level, with significance levels of 000, 0.001, 000, 0.001, 0.003, and 0.001 for gender, marriage, income, job, age and education respectively, and with respective correlation coefficients of 0.46, 0.605, 0.337 0.250, 0.652 0.561.

Peripheral and horizontal urban development not only leads to the reduction of agricultural lands surrounding cities but also gives rise to various other significant issues. These include rising costs associated with urban infrastructure creation and maintenance, intensifying congestion and traffic, and increasing the length and frequency of commutes. In response to the negative effects of urban over-expansion, which have economic, social, and environmental consequences, new approaches to urban development planning have emerged since the 1990s. These methods, inspired by the principles of sustainable urban development introduced in the 1970s, advocate for mixed land use development, prioritization of public transportation-centered development, and intra-city sustainable development initiatives, saving widespread support. Recent census data from 1976 to 2006 indicates that Ardabil city has experienced horizontal expansion over the years, resulting in the loss of agricultural lands and inadequate services in suburban areas. This underscores issues of spatial injustice and suboptimal land use distribution in certain areas. The research suggests that by promoting the branding of high-rise residential towers and apartments, cities can curb horizontal expansion and promote vertical development. Interestingly, residents perceive houses more favorably than high-rise residential towers. Utilizing effective advertising campaigns can potentially alter citizens’ perceptions of tall buildings, facilitating urban development while minimizing the need for further horizontal expansion.

As a controversial term,Islamic city is the source of wide and continuous debates, which experienced the large changes and developments since its onset. Although, there is many doubts and disagreements on the definition and determination of the urban planning terms, such as Islamic city,it has been as an academic major for more than a century and experienced many changes, particularly under the influence of social circumstances. The connection between the students and graduates of this field with the sectors of academic world and the labor market can be achieved with identifying the components of teaching in urban planning, particularly the Islamic city, which also result in the strong influence of these components on the teaching of this field.One of the ways to improve the knowledge, skills and attitudes of professors and students about quantitative and qualitative debates in urban planning is the necessity of research withfocusingon the components of Islamic city teaching. Considering the position of urban planning teachingand the need to explain the indicators of the Islamic city, this research seeks to explain the teachingcomponents related to urban planning with an emphasis on the indicators of the Islamic city. The main purpose is to identify the role and place of Islamic city indicators in the context of teaching. This research is an applied and survey research based on the purpose, and data collection, respectively. It used the method of structural equation modeling, too. Using the library and documents methods besides by using the studying and reviewing the previous works, the main variables of the model and the indicators related to each one were extracted. The necessary corrections, additions and adjustments were made by helping the opinion of the experts. Then, a questionnaire was designed based on these variables and indicators. This questionnaire let us to determine the importance of each of the obtained indicators in the form of a question and through a five-point Likert scale. We confirmed the validity of this questionnaire by the relevant experts. This questionnaire was filled by the opinion of many students in the studied area. The results show that the quality, methods and teachingaidswith a path coefficient of 5.22, trainers and lecturers with a path coefficient of 3.26, the basic factors of teaching with a path coefficient of 4.19, teaching skills with a path coefficient of 5.08 and finally theteachingvalueswith a path coefficient of 4.55 and all with a probability of 99%havethe significant impacts on the indicators of the Islamic city for the urban planning students. However, the evaluation of the findings showed that the presence of the components of the Islamic city can be important to increase the knowledge of professors andthe motivation of students and to establish an effective connection with the world.

Social activities in the community are fruitful due to the use of proper and efficient management. Meanwhile, metropolises, as one of the manifestations of life and social activities, suffer from disorder and anomaly without proper urban management. The management of metropolitan areas has many complexities and must have integrated organizational and governmental arrangements. The most important challenge in these areas is the growing borders and political divisions, which will lead to political divisions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is the pathology of management in metropolitan areas of Tehran. This applied research is descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of this research includes municipality, governorate, road and urban development organization in Tehran. To determine the sample size, Morgan sample size determination table was used. 50 samples were determined and the data was collected using questionnaire and interview. The dimensions of Tehran metropolitan management were identified by counting 22 variables in the form of components of participatory governance. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the studied components at 95% confidence level. Pathology shows the validity of the variables. The variables of institutional flexibility, institutional structure, citizens' awareness of the implementation of programs, transparency of laws and legal coherence show one of the important and effective missing links in the failure of the institutionalization of metropolitan management in Tehran.

Since every activity takes place in the human imagination, it is basically based on culture, and that activity is a function of the cultural characteristics of society, and this is the case in urban spaces. Every cultural area has a border (physical, political or cultural). Khuzestan province has long been the circulation of ethnic groups with different dialects, rituals and subcultures. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to evaluate several central categories including contemporary urban location, intercultural dimensions and the coastal strip of western Kianpars in Ahvaz. The statistical population of the study is district one of the two districts of Ahvaz with a population of 4957 people. Using the Morgan table method, 355 people, both men and women, were selected by simple random sampling to respond to the research tool. In order to test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling has been used. The results of the present study show that contemporary urban space with an intercultural approach is a two-dimensional concept with different dimensions. In this study, using the studies conducted, the intercultural dimensions of place including events, interactive-evolutionary, absorption and persistence in the form of two concepts of intercultural communication and meaning in the field of contemporary urban space with dimensions of behavior and activity, environmental quality, spatial satisfaction Using SPSS and PLS-SMART3 statistical software, the hypotheses are tested in combination and then a model is created. The results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the independent intercultural variable and the dependent variable of contemporary urban location.

Infill development has been considered in the context of sustainable development theory since the 1970s in response to Spiral Growth Problems. Despite the positive effects that this growth pattern has on the sustainability of cities, this pattern will have negative consequences if it is not implemented properly and if it ignores its strategies. Implementation of infill development in Arak in recent years has impacted the lives of residents of these sites. The present study is descriptive and causal and explains these effects using structural equation modeling and Smart pls software. Its findings showed that high land prices in middle Arak city have caused high motivation for density and increased density has negatively affected safety and security (T value = 26.162), comfort (T value = 21.075) and accessibility (T value = 3.95). The access component also affects the layout of the elements

Quality of life is one of the most important issues in today's world that has led to urban planning to look for new and applicable indicators to improve the quality of life. To address this, solutions such as Smart City and Sustainable City target the human and improve the quality of life. The present study, conducted in collaboration with Yazd Municipality, considering the importance of urban optimization and productivity and considering the relative vacuum of such research in evaluating programs, with the aim of examining all three factors of smart city, sustainable city and quality of life and impacts. Together, in accordance with the native conditions of Yazd city for the first time, they seek to determine indicators appropriate to Yazd city as a solution to achieve quality of life. By examining the literature on different topics and perspectives on smart city, sustainable city and global quality of life and experiences, the selected indicators in each field were identified for Yazd. Then, by surveying the opinions of experts and urban experts through a researcher made questionnaire and analyzed by structural equation method with PLS3 Smart software. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of smart city on sustainable city and quality of life promotion as well as a positive and significant effect of sustainable city on quality of life in Yazd.

Focus on different aspects of desirable ideal housing and its explaining elements is one of the main concerns of the experts in this field. It is obvious that  a clear and scientific achievement of these elements prevents the fault and therefore loss of substantial socioeconomic and cultural assets. According to the most of the studies that were done with the aim of raising the housing quality, role of the people as the defying, conforming factor on the quality of housing is undeniable. Indeed the following research is done based on the presumption that people believe into a set of principles and rules for evaluating their own place of residence which is recognizable. Physical desirability, functional desirability, social desirability and cultural desirability are the four dimensions for evaluating utility in this research which is resulted in the analytical, descriptive method, and by converting qualitative data into the quantitative data, a portion of demanding qualitative information is collected by referring to documentative and library resources and the other part is gathered by the field research. The selected statistical population is a number of 420 citizens which are selected based on a random sampling in three areas of the central texture of Tehran city. In order to test the theories, validity, and reliability of the research structure is analyzed according to the considered coefficient of certainty and the factor weight for each of them are evaluated. Then, the structural equations model is formulated and the results of the study forces with were analyzed and interpreted by Lisrel software.Results of the research indicate this general content in which people have the most preferences for the social, cultural, physical and functional factors on testing their housing units. Analysing the living space from the viewpoint of people has an emphasis on this general concept in which the visible and invisible qualities of desirable housing should be discerned, used and tested in an empirical process by the people themselves, and then will be extended and spread. People consider two general judgements on deciding the quality of their housing unit: Their assumptions in relation to their physical character of the living space which is extendable into physical and functional indexes and the second set includes emotions and assumptions that depend on their social and cultural preferences. According to the preferences of the first group which include the external and evident aspect of the ideal housing, results of the research shows that people have a more focus on the internal qualities of the house more than the exterior attributes. Proper collective spaces and suitable spaces for the formation of family bonds like a space for serving the guests has the most coefficient in the viewpoint of the people, and it can be considered as the minimum expectations that they have from their living spaces. Although the exterior attributes including proper facades and fine landscapes as the effective factors but they have a lower level of significance compared with the exterior attributes. Therefore, in respect with the judgement of the second type of people, research factors which includes the hidden and implicit aspects and significances of desirable housing, we can clearly realize that people learning even the hidden meanings beyond forms from each other, and they only pay effort on this type of rendering over unlike an intrinsic view to observe through the meaning closures and hidden concepts beyond forms. Therefore, the factors of the sense of familiarity, and association together with cultural signs and symbols have the highest coefficients on explaining the identity aspects of the housing. . They prefer to live in similar houses with their neighbors and live with their own cultural and identity courses with their families. Therefore the visible and non-visible attributes of desirable housing should be perceived in an empirical process by the people themselves, then it should be used and tested and should eventually be generalized and extended by the people.

Nowadays knowledge sharing constitutes a determinant role in Development of different organizations and industries as one of the components of Knowledge management. Considering the increasing importance of knowledge as the key factor of creating and sustaining competitive advantages, organizations are making serious efforts looking for effective ways to share knowledge among their employees. Knowledge sharing is an essential integral of knowledge management and Advances in organizational activities is attributed to creative employees. This paper aims to present a model describing the association between Knowledge sharing and workforce creativity. In this regard, contributing factors to workforce creativity and Knowledge sharing understanding was considered and required data was collected through a field survey. LISREL software package was used to model the relations between the variables. The Results of the study indicates a positive direct relation between knowledge sharing and employee’s creativity.