subjective

Nowadays according to the current living conditions and various issues and problems in the cities, the quality of life is highly subjected and being noticed by the public and experts. The purpose of this research is to obtain the experts views about the criteria relevant to the quality of life includes both physical and environmental criteria in deteriorated area. It is attempted to discuss two criteria affecting quality of life in two subjective and objective dimensions. declining social interactions in urban neighborhoods, Lack of time, decrease in the level of communication between people in the community and the family and Which leads to reduction happiness and vitality among citizens make it necessary to do this research. In the method, two sub-criteria of the two dimensions affecting promotion of the quality of life, are selected That are Including materials, access, light, Landscape, Facilities, facade, identity and meaning, beauty, attractive and vitality. Then, they have been examined in Desired dimensions. 50 samples of urban experts and architects are selected in a survey. The criteria and sub-criteria have also been gathered by a library review. The information have been prioritized by field survey and by questionnaire prepared in a Likert scale with 30 questions. The data have been analyzed by Friedman Test using Excel and SPSS. According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that according to the experts the priority of subjective dimension is higher than that of objective.

In the process of human evolution, there has always been a relationship between the human (subject-observer) and the other things (nature -objects), he has been curious about everything unknown, indeed the objects as the "reality" of our environment has always been surveyed by human mentality, in this regard, human "consciousness" as "subject" plays an important role in knowing  these"object".The presence of objects in human life has various roles. In the contemporery era, with the changing consciousness of the artist about  the world and  every things in it, a different approach about them have been emerged. In this period, we see that ordinary and ready-made objects are presented in the context of art, such as galleries and museums, as artworks, in which the artist has not played a role in their physical construction, so it is assumed that the role of the artist in creating this  kind of artwork can be removed. These days, what gives value  and it is better to say "credit" to the things as "object of art " is the complex mental networks that exist in the art world. In many aesthetic and philosophical theories have ignored the central role of the artist(subject) and dismissed her presence as the creator of the artwork,  actualy they have only a formal look at art and literary works and give all of importance to the structure and form of the works. The purpose of this analytical article is to emphasize the role of the artist as a conscious subject in determining the new identity of these objects, which leads to a change in the perception of the artistic object. In fact, we want to prove that objects that are presented as artwork (especially in the contemporary era) cannot exist independently of the artist's idea and subjectivity. In this paper, after examining the theoretical foundations that include the concepts of objectivism, subjectivism and the process of creating consciousness in cognition ,it discussed the relationship between object and  subject (artist) in contemporary era. These questions will be answered: What is the role of the subject (artist) in determining the object (things)? What is the reason for changing the view of the subject (artist) to the object (objects) in  contemporert art? The result shows  that the role of the  artist subjectivity in defining the object identity is stable and the perception of objects in contemporary art depends on the perception of the conscious of the artist that it is impossible to remove him and he can even guide the direction of the audience's perception. In presenting such object(ordinary or ready-made object), the artist changes the perception of  artwork by changing the verb "to make" physically to the verb "to choose, and he also asks the audience to participate in creating the meaning and identity of the object. We can mention the social conditions and the emergence of new scientific theories such as uncertainty principle in the acceptance of certain reality, are the effective factors that have influenced the performance of the contemporary artist.

The Iranian capital has suffered from inequalities in the distribution of services and the economic class segregation for decades. The residents of north Tehran are mostly affluent enjoying much better access to urban amenities and infrastructures, whilst those of south Tehran mostly have less incomes with poorer access to services. This inequality is reflected in property prices of northern and southern neighbourhoods. However, the difference between objective indicators such as services, green space and higher income does not seem to be reflected in their respective residents’ satisfaction levels. The focus of this study is mainly on measuring the subjective indicators of justice perceived by Tehran citizens. Based on theoretical foundations and previous surveys, the present paper starts with setting out the justice criteria according to Tehran citizens. It then deals with the question of what differences there are in the perception of justice between the inhabitants of the different neighbourhoods of Tehran. In other words, the purpose of this study is to explain the views of citizens living in Tehran on the indicators of justice. According to studies, the people of Tehran measure justice through four criteria: the distance between the rich and the poor, state aid for the poor, law enforcement and lack of corruption. On this basis, the present article is based data collected through questionnaires, followed by the examination of these criteria in Elahieh (north of Tehran) and Vali-e-Asr township (south of Tehran) neighbourhoods. The survey shows that the two neighbourhoods have significant differences in terms of urban services, land prices and objective indicators, with Elahieh enjoying much better status than Vali-e-Asr. However, there is no meaningful difference between these neighbourhoods in terms of the perception of justice. In other words, even in a neighbourhood with suitable physical conditions, there is higher sense of justice compared to a physically poor neighbourhood. Finally, the paper shows that physical improvements in the urban environment have failed improve a sense of spatial justice.

The landscape is an objective-minded phenomenon that is shaped by the human understanding of the environment and takes on different forms in the context of history and time. In the meantime, the paradigm has been created with concepts of identity, such as culture and religion, and created a specific objective and mental effects with respect to particular spatial situations. The core of the cultural landscape is seen by three elements of the environment, time, and man. The two-way relationship between each of these factors leads to the creation of a new element. Human beings reminisce over time and shape history. A factor that has been one of the main cornerstones of culture in human life and human history (requiring space to remain in time).The presence of human beings in the environment and its experience will lead to the formation of space, a place where human presence is meaningful, and the agent that creates the dimension of memory and creation of the mind in the landscape.Rites are a symbolic social show that appears under certain conditions in the community, and it is up to the people of the community to act in that particular way. Rites in all human societies are sacred acts That members of the community feel committed and committed to doing so. The ritualistic aspect is part of a cultural perspective that reflects the customs, ceremonies, religions and religious rituals. Ceremonies such as the Nowruz ceremony in Iran, the celebration of cherry blossoms in Japan, the celebration of watering in Thailand, cheesecloth in the UK, and many others are nature-shaped ceremonies, rooted in respect for natural elements. The ritualistic view as a subset of the perspective and as an important part of the cultural landscape is considered to be the reaction of society to its spiritual needs.The ritualistic view as a subset of the landscape and culture has the same characteristics of both. According to the definitions given in the ritual section, the ritualistic aspect is initially formed in the context of nature; Because nature, the bed and the creator of the elements constitute the ritual. Nature is the context in which man and history are formed, and their interaction with nature leads to the creation of culture and religion. Perhaps the strongest link in the nature and customs of the people can be found in ritual and sacred centers. From the past, living near human nature has been very important to humans Therefore, this paper tries to identify the effects of its appearance in Iran by examining the concepts of the landscape and the ritual and the recognition of the ritualistic concept. The research methodology of this paper is of a qualitative type and combines an analytical-descriptive and citation research method.Based on this, using a library method and using authoritative sources, a wide range of sources related to the landscape and religion was studied. By comparative study, inferential and inference method was used to analyze the cases presented in the ritualistic viewpoint And its aspects have been addressed.

The criticism of photographs as material objects expands their indexicality. </span>Once considered as objects, </span>photographs connect with other senses thereby strengthening their bonds with the concrete material world. </span>This indexicality does not merely belong to the image, </span>and is also dependent of the materiality of the photograph. </span>In this sense what grants meaning to the photograph’</span>s materiality is in fact the bond between the photograph and the world turning them from merely materialist objects into emotional, </span>historical, </span>documentary …</span>etc. </span>objects, </span>occasionally causing pleasure whilst at other times bringing about awareness. </span>Leaving photographerly productions behind just because of material damages is a reminiscent of an old creature which is not abandoned as a lot of concepts are invested in it, </span>through which meanings are prioritised over matter yielding identity. </span>Among most important in the genre is portraiture, </span>as these works not only document the appearance of the subject, </span>but also occasionally cast light on their inherent, </span>internal features.</span></span></div>

Both the ancient Greeks and the moderns, Friedrich Nietzsche notes in his first published work The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music (1872), held Homer’s objective art of epics and Archilochus’s subjective art of lyric poetry in equally high esteem. However, if a work of art, according to the modern aesthetics of such figures as Kant, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer, must be “objective,” how should the subjective artist, who, like Archilochus, creates his art form his own subjective experience, be understood? Guided by a clue from one of Schiller’s letters to Goethe in 1796, Nietzsche utilizes Schopenhauer’s theory of music in his consideration of the subjective artist, modifying it to meet the requirements of a modern aesthetics for the lyric poetry. In this article, after explicating the nature of the problem in details and introducing the poet Archilochus, I will attempt to clarify Nietzsche’s take on the matter, and, using some early unpublished notes, to explain some of the ambiguities of his position in The Birth of Tragedy, so that his late description of inspiration makes sense in this regard.

The term ‘Landscape’ with complex objective and subjective concepts and extensive physical and non physical aspects, has always been of special interest to authorities and theoreticians in the intellectual fields related to the Ecology, Geography, Urban Design, Landscape Architecture and other related disciplines and fields. Additionally, sometimes provided definitions have simply directed the concept of ‘Landscape’ toward an environmental issue, which has been taken into consideration from an ecological perspective. As a result, different definitions and approaches have been raised for the issue of ‘Landscape’. In this respect, sometimes there have been attempts to define the term ‘Landscape’ by looking at scholars’ and experts’ perspectives from other countries (beside Iran) , or sometimes by typically considering their own perception of the term ‘Landscape’ as a definition. Moreover, the relationship between man and the environment and the interaction between these two elements in the discussions of Landscape experts and scholars, have created complex relations in the existing definitions of ‘Landscape’. Thus, sometimes the concept of ‘Landscape’ is regarded as an objective fact, which is apart from the man and his mind, and sometimes it is considered as an absolute abstract subjective reality. The objective and subjective complexity aspects of ‘Landscape’ have led the scientific disciplines, developed and grown in the Descartes’ bipolar world, to restraint ‘Landscape’ to merely one-dimensional concept and consider it as an abstract concept in its objective or subjective forms. Furthermore, stated definitions have always been the best indicator and criteria for evaluating the experts’ perspectives of the issue and their approach types. Therefore, by collecting and classifying library documents including inside-and-outside- country provided definitions of the concept of ‘Landscape’ in different areas and disciplines and also by qualitative analysis of inferential and analytical methods, this study attempts to examine the concept of ‘Landscape’ and understand the approaches to deal with it.

The quality of life as a concept influenced by growth of urbanization, has affected global and humanitarian issues. Moreover, urban development and its consequences led to urban quality of life which is a different phenomenon with initial social and psycho origins of quality of life. Urban quality of life is measurable in both subjective and objective aspects. The subjective aspect emphasizes on perception of people and satisfaction of citizens from urban environment and the objective aspect is achievable using existing secondary data. Literature review shows the importance of physical and environmental aspects of the quality of life in urban planning, so it is crucial to select appropriate indicators and variables. Regarding the importance of residential satisfaction in the framework of quality of life, this research aims to survey and measure subjective physical-environmental quality of life. The main goals of this research are as follows: (1) surveying physical and environmental quality of life; (2) developing factors and indicators of physical and environmental quality of life; and (3) measuring subjective physical and environmental quality of life in Iran’s mid-sized cities. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the combination of main criteria and indicators in literature review. Selection of indicators and variables depends on accessibility to data and characteristics of mid-sized cities in Iran. They are categorized into physical and environmental aspects. The physical aspect includes three groups: access, transportation and housing. According to spatial plan of Iran that is the grand document, middle-sized cities have 250-500 thousand population. Iran has 14 middle-sized cities that four of them are in Tehran province. Based on 2011 census data, three middle-sized city, Qazvin, Gorgan and Kashan, have been selected among these cities by simple sampling method. By introducing 30 indicators, the level of resident’s satisfaction has been inferred in three middle-sized cities in Iran. The questionnaires completed by interviews and the whole number of questionnaires in cities were 1078 ones. First, 30 questionnaires were tested to resolve ambiguities and faults. It has been considered that interviews to be performed with various range of gender and age groups in different times of a day. Answers were in Likert scale ranging 1-5. For measuring questionnaire results, data entered into Access software and changed into quantitative data by Excel. Using SPSS software and Factor Analysis method, main factors and acceptable indicators were identified as environmental, access to services, access to educational land uses, transportation and housing. Results show that physical and environmental quality of life is affected by environmental factor more than any other one. The importance of housing is in the lowest rate comparing with other factors. Total quality of life score implies that satisfaction is higher in Kashan (0.6) than Qazvin (0.545) and Gorgan (0.540). Comparison between factor’s scores clarifies that although the level of satisfaction is different in cities, but they are all in medium range of satisfaction. Since the decisions and actions of urban planners have significant impact on citizen’s quality of life, so identification and analysis of such problems can provide useful information for planners to improve urban quality of life.

The objective of this paper is to examine the coherence and consistency of the masses and the public space in urban areas. The continuity and integrity of one of the main criteria is the quality of urban spaces. Mainly indigenous and traditional spaces such quality criteria. The paper claims that now, both practical and theoretical areas of urban and environmental design associated with the main challenges are in the field. The result is that, in theory, theoretical approaches to this issue and no recall was necessary in practice, many urban areas lack the coherence and cohesion is necessary. The present article is a phenomenological approach - psychological, the continuity and coherence of urban public spaces and buildings studied and integration criteria of the urban public spaces is investigated. Phenomenological approach, limited to the study of urban public spaces according to their specific circumstances regardless of causal factors were; The psychological approach, the role of public perception and understanding of the continuity of the building and the city's public spaces of the city; In this conjunction buildings and public spaces in the city, a function of the continuity of physical space, spatial, social activity, and symbolic introduced.

In the second half of the nineteenth century، visual art distances itself from mimetic realism and relies upon art form، or from another perspective، on the abstracted form of concrete and tangible world and thus paves the way for the emergence of modern abstract painting. Abstraction in art can be examined critically by various methods and styles. This happens due to the fact that in abstract painting the tangible- wordly objects give up theire place to the element of painting، namely colour and form. However in general، the critical study of abstract art divides into two basic approaches: the first one، deals with formalistic view in aesthetic and the second one، with the aesthetic of substantial contentism. It could be said that formalism is rooted in Kant’s view regarding the disinterested object and the notion of purposiveness without purpose. The formalistic viewpoint expanded by post Kantian theorists including Fiedler، Hildebrandt and Wolfflin who shared a belief that according to wich، the aesthetic emotion drive nearly from the form of art and the form itself is the content. Aganits the formalistic view there is the Hegelian substantial aesthetic. According to Hegel artistic form at best express the internal content of art. Hegelian theorists emphasizing the expressive quality of art believe that the development of styles and forms in art results from the differences arised by Geist. With attention to these approaches some questions will be brought up regarding Wassily Kandinsky one of the pioneers of abstract art: was Kandinsky quite apart from the intellectual and artistic environment of his time، which made him the cause of these great developments in art? Is the emergence of abstract painting rooted in the theory of aesthetics? Can we find the common points between abstract painting، particularly Kandinsky’s works and ideas، and theorists and philosophers who have reflected on art? Does he belong to any of these groups? Could be cinsidere his works among the contentists creation، or they are merely the beautifull plays of colour and form? Considering that this paper is about Kandinsky، who apart from the creation of paintings، developed his special art theory and left several books and papers، it seems possible to seek the answers to these questions. Accordingly، by addressing philosophical tradition German idealism، the present paper searches for the origins of abstract art and thereby takes a deep look on Kandinsky’s ideas، and based on these thoughts، tries to explain Kandinsky’s and views. This article is an attempt to examine each of these approaches and it mainly focuses on Kandinsky’s thoughts regarding the quarrel between form and content. At the end of this paper، it will be clear that the above mentioned intellectual traditions are influential in understanding and explaining Kandinky’s theory of abstract art. Also it will be revealed that unlike existing theories، abstract art is not merely the result of mystic traditions، but rather it is in the light of historical and analytical perspective to philosophical traditions that we can gain better understanding about the nature of the formation of abstract art.

The cityscape is closely related to mentalities and realities of a city. Thus, management of urban nightscape should be done under two main themes. On the one hand, physical and functional expressions of city must be considered, but on the other hand, perceptual concepts derived from identity and old traditions are also to be strictly emphasized. An appropriate model for organizing night scenes of city is one that represents physical beauty of the city and indicates, moreover, physiological needs of citizens. The continuity of urban night life is required by making the space more inviting. Achieving such characteristics in night urban spaces needs qualitative and quantitative promotion of space, in turn, is matter of paying attention to subjectivity and objectivity of urban environment and consequently of providing appropriate lighting, a wide variety of activities, a sustainable economy at night, and security and legibility of space. Megacity of Tehran as Iran capital and also as one of important cities in Middle East needs to produce or revitalize night urban spaces. Realizing potentials available in its public spaces and places, city of Tehran can fulfill dream of nightlife for its citizens, provided that physical, perceptual, and cultural requirements could be incorporated. Additionally, it is good to mention that new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2008) has provided a strong valid and legitimate support for doing it. Among statements of vision of this plan, keywords such as global, safe, lively, and vibrant put a strict emphasis on necessity of turning Tehran to a 24 hours city. Hence, an exhaustive planning for continuing urban nightlife in City of Tehran should be considered by both urban management and experts of urban affairs. With a concise literature review and a reasoned documentation, this paper tries to explain significance of realization of urban nightscape management potentials in city of Tehran, to express its requirements, and finally, to offer added economic and social values obtained from suitable organization of Tehran urban spaces at night time.

Although ' Identity ' in its total and popular sense, has the great ancientness and equality with the human being civilization history, the record of this controversy is not so much precedent. Ease and abstainer of the sense of identity in the process of recognition and perception, bring us amulti-dimensional and complicated phenomenon. Since the city is a window for presentation of community thoughts to the outer world and is the bedrock for creation of civic life, relation of identity and urban landscape become an effective category on correlated sciences with this zone and effort to find out the essence of urban landscape for evaluation of immense intervention politics on current cities is obligatory.This article aims to describe identity and urban definitions by applying the recent theory of ' UrbanLandscape Identity ' and quantize identity as a qualitative object as well as analyzing different dimensions of this concept and finally contribute to its concise literature.Because of the following reasons, the aim of this paper is not to present minute strategies for continuing the identity of urban landscape: First, the urban studies are so vast that it is not possible to present a certain approach for that.Second, prerequisite of detailed approach is presentation of voluminous report, which will be far from the aim of this paper.Third, It's the first time that this subject is introduced in an academic paper and it's seemed that basic and extended analyze is more beneficial than minute technique programming.