urban development

About six decades have passed since the official activity of urban planning in Iran, but the achievements of urban development have not been commensurate with the duration of this activity. One of the reasons for the inefficiency of the Iranian urban planning system is the lack of a specific definition within the framework of a clear theoretical paradigm, which results in ambiguity in the definition, role, status and performance of this field.Goals: The present study aims to search for the definition of urban planning based on the philosophy of pragmatism in order to provide a realistic basis for overcoming ambiguities and achieving urban development by presenting a clear concept of urban planning.

The research is of a qualitative type and uses the grounded theory strategy to understand Iranian urban planning patterns from the perspective of professionals in order to provide a pragmatic definition and with the aim of providing a basis for overcoming shortcomings.

The findings were separated into 5 categories of causal, contextual, interventional, strategies, and consequences through data analysis after 3-stage coding, and finally the main category: "Defects and inefficiency of the planning approach in the path of urban development" was obtained.

Based on the results, urban planning is an interdisciplinary and action-oriented knowledge that deals with the city and the interactions and actions of residents with a critical and ethnographic approach, and within the framework of democratic and participatory governance, leads to integrated and sustainable development of the city and responsiveness to citizens' demands.Pragmatism, as a philosophical-methodological paradigm, can serve as a basis for redefining urban planning and its concepts in the future of Iran and provide the basis for changes in the prevailing attitudes, methods, and patterns in proportion to the context and demands of citizens, with the goal of pragmatically achieving integrated and sustainable development.

Social justice and urban environmental quality are important concepts that affect people's well-being and nature preservation. Environmental injustice occurs when a group of people, especially marginalized and vulnerable groups, are more exposed to environmental risks and hazards than others, such as pollution, climate change, and natural disasters. In addition to affecting their health, livelihood, and quality of life, this is, according to an interpretation by Solomonian and Ragiro, a product of flawed systems and processes that cause social injustice, such as exploitation, oppression, and elite dominance, in a vicious circle. It affects the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem services (Solomonian and Ruggiero, 2021).

Meta-analysis is a method that is used to study various methods and achievements of previous research focused on a specific topic to achieve a summary of theoretical perspectives and study dimensions and possible gaps in that field. The meta-analysis method can lead the researcher to an evaluative framework for use in the field of study and provide the necessary background for expanding concepts and theories or completing previous methods and discovering research interests (Higgins & Green, 2011). In this method, first, a sufficient statistical population of valid previous research is searched and collected by a precise and repeatable algorithm, and then the separate and combined content analysis is performed using appropriate analytical tools (Borenstein et al, 2020; Ioannidis, 2017). In this research, the same method has been used using CMA 3.7 software and the version equipped with Python scripts. In this regard, the keywords of social justice and quality of the urban environment were searched separately in the title section of the Science Direct database between 1990 and 2023, and the result was 4955 and 5000 scientific and research articles, respectively. Then, the combined keyword "social justice and quality of urban environment" was searched in the mentioned period in the Elsevier/Science Direct scientific database as a title, which after review and refinement, The primary statistical and analytical data of 58 fully related articles that dealt with both topics were selected.

Several key challenges obstruct research on the relationship between social justice and urban environmental quality. Firstly, the complexity and uncertainty of environmental problems and solutions pose a challenge. Environmental issues and social justice are often viewed concerning multiple intertwined factors and actors, including trade-offs and conflicts between different goals and interests, complicating the definition, measurement, and comprehensive and coherent addressing of problems and solutions. Secondly, there is a lack of participation and comprehensive representation of affected communities and stakeholders. Research often relies on dominant epistemologies and methodologies, potentially excluding or marginalizing the voices and perspectives of those most affected by environmental problems and solutions, leading to potentially biased or incomplete knowledge and results. Thirdly, the persistence of structural racism and colonialism exacerbates the distribution of benefits and environmental pressures. The literature has grappled with the challenge of transforming historical and institutional factors that have created and perpetuated environmental and social inequalities among different groups and regions of the world. These factors often operate on multiple levels and dimensions and are embedded in the values and narratives of the dominant culture, making analytical studies difficult and costly. Lastly, the dominance of economic growth and consumerism as the main drivers of environmental destruction and social injustice presents a challenge. The literature has grappled with the challenge of conflicting paradigms and choosing alternative paths, resulting in the examination of the concept of social justice without relying on the logic and mechanisms of economic growth and consumerism. This perspective may necessitate fundamental changes in production and consumption patterns, as well as the distribution and allocation of resources and responsibilities between nations and generations. However, the existence of a robust and specific theoretical framework is a prerequisite.

An urban environment, a man-made setting, comprises basic physical and social aspects where individuals live, work, interact, and avail services such as parks, green spaces, urban transportation, amenities, and cultural events. A fair urban environment, therefore, offers opportunities and equitable access to all residents, irrespective of income, gender, ethnicity, age, or physical ability. This concept and approach are crucial as they promote social justice and human rights by ensuring everyone can enjoy a decent quality of life and participate in the city's civic and cultural life. They bolster economic development and innovation by attracting and fostering a diverse and inclusive workforce, drawing talents and investment, and enhancing productivity and competitiveness. They heighten public environmental awareness, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, improvement in air quality, preservation of natural resources and biological species, adaptation to climate changes, and provision of environmental flexibility. They advocate public health by providing opportunities for physical activity, recreation, and social interaction, thereby improving public health and well-being. They offer a realistic approach, moving away from idealism, which is necessary in the current idealized world for the present and future of cities and their residents. The research findings reveal several critical points for researchers and decision-makers in the field of a fair urban environment. Firstly, the category of a fair urban environment cannot be considered separately from the theoretical and practical issues of social justice, as these two concepts mutually influence each other. Secondly, a fair urban environment requires an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach that utilizes the knowledge and experience of local and affected communities and listens to their voices. Thirdly, a fair urban environment necessitates a change in the systems and structures formed based on the values of exploitation, commodification, and domination, which produce ecological and social crises. Fourthly, a fair urban environment presents an opportunity to effect positive changes at the local and global levels, leading to the improvement of human well-being and nature protection. Despite the strengths and applications of this research, it has limitations. Among other things, due to the focus on the meta-analysis method, only written and existing sources have been used. Also, to validate the findings, a case study and adaptation of the findings based on the local context are needed, which expands the research topic. Further research using various methods and different case studies in this field can offer comprehensive solutions to realize a fair urban environment.

The ecological nature of the urban landscape of rivers, as one of the main pillars of natural ecosystems, has a significant impact on the environmental quality of cities. With the increase in urbanization and the expansion of human activities, these ecosystems have faced serious challenges in such a way that ecosystem pollution brings with it hydrological changes and destruction of animal habitats, which leads to the destruction of the river ecosystem and changes in its biological structure. In addition, interfering factors resulting from environmental hazards are also considered a serious threat to the ecosystem of inner-city rivers. Therefore, the necessity of ecological restoration of rivers in order to restore the urban landscape, natural ecosystems and increase their resilience to environmental changes and human interventions is a vital issue in the management of contemporary urban programs. This research, with developmental-applied objectives, with an exploratory-correlational method, with library data, first reviews the research literature and then, using authentic historical documents of the Haraz River, field observations and remote sensing images, develops a theoretical model with deductive-inferential analyses; finally, the ecological components effective in improving the urban landscape of inner-city rivers are extracted with a resilience approach. Hydrological components, biological and morphological diversity are known as key factors in the ecological structure of the river. Diversity, ecological variables, modularity, ecosystem services, development and overlap of rules, innovation, social capital and feedback review are the effective components in ecological resilience extracted to be placed in a process-oriented evolutionary structure and a theoretical model of restoration is developed. For this purpose, the study sample; The Haraz River in Amol city is examined and in order to realize the theoretical model, relevant strategies for improving the Haraz River are explained to be included in Amol urban development plans.

Sustainable mobility cannot necessarily include developing public transit infrastructure with insufficient demand, limited accessibility, an unattractive physical environment for active transportation, and convenient car ownership and use. On this, quality public transit infrastructure equipped with new urban developments around the stations (with high local access) under changing public policies has made the basic foundation of urban movement and development integration known as Transit Oriented Development (TOD). A few studies have been conducted on TOD, mostly as local case studies focused on the physical features of urban environments, including density, land use mix, and urban design. However, limited studies have focused on policymaking, planning, implementation, and affective factors. The present study sheds light on the integration between urban movement and development under the TOD idea in Iran. It addresses the challenges, opportunities, and requisites for integration in Iran and how this can reach its objectives in Iranian cities successfully. The present study is organized into four main sections. After the problem statement and a literature review, the second section describes the research methodology and elaborates on why and how such a model is employed. Section 3 analyses the research context (Iranian cities) concerning the model factors. The results are then discussed, the interrelationships and inter-system impacts are delineated, and implications are made for developing the integration approach in Iran.

This study uses the analytical model of the Functional System based on Systems Theory and Complexity, which configures the relationships among all influencing factors, including Demand for such a kind of development model, Supply from role players, and the Context of Iranian citiesThe model helps identify opportunities and challenges related to each factor, public needs, what can be done to address them, and to what extent such actions are convergent and effective. Previous studies inspire the present research to select the TOD categories and sub-categories. The analyses on the case of Iran are then realized by using local journal papers, technical reports, policy documents, regulations, design guides, surveys, etc.

Demand. Firstly, citizens' needs and the potential of the integration approach to address them were investigated. Although it is required to conduct a detailed study using public surveys, for instance, efforts are made to make connections between them based on studying documents and direct field surveys—the urban context in Iran. Studying diverse factors associated with the context of Iranian cities helps to understand the ruling circumstances on "supply" actions by policymakers, planners, and practitioners. The present study categorizes such factors into four groups: Spatio-Physical, Social, Economic, and Policy-Governance. Supply. Although clear "demands" are raised from urban communities in Iran, "supplied" efforts at local and national levels have been partial, divergent, and with no clear impact on addressing public needs, so the integration has not yet been well-structured in Iran. Surely, this is the consequence of different social, economic, physical, and policy determinants with varying levels of direct and indirect impacts.

The present study used the Functional System model to determine prospects, challenges, and requirements for developing an integrated urban development and movement model and influencing factors in Iran. The results showed that the model can help policymakers, planners, and practitioners better understand the country's situation and the needs that affect supply efforts. It is now clear to Iranian policymakers that transit-oriented policies tend not to be effective unless other policies and actions (e.g., subsidized fuel) are coordinated (Fig. 2). Also, the author recommends using the model when considering other urban issues than TOD in Iran thanks to its potential to provide a holistic view of the urban situation.Fig. 2. The impacts of urban context factors on actions from policymaking to implementation

The study proposes further detailed investigations for each model's factor. More information about "demand" can be gathered through direct surveys using a bottom-up process. To make the TOD planning potentials and challenges precise, further studies may interview Iranian professionals in the field. It can be reiterated once more to discuss the "context" factor. It is highly recommended to consider a range of cities, urban fabric types, and citizens across Iran to increase the research's generalisability.

Climate change is known as the most important crisis of this century, and many scientists and researchers believe that the main cause of its occurrence is human activities, especially at the level of cities, but it should be stated that climate change is not only affected by human and urban factors but also by They will also be influential and will have different consequences. This circular process, due to the acceleration of greenhouse gas production and industrial activities, puts the urban and natural ecosystems at greater risk. The main purpose of the research is to identify the influential and influential factors both at the urban level and at the natural level and to provide more efficient solutions and more acceptable management in the local and global arena to deal with the risks caused by climate change, In this regard, the descriptive-analyticallogical reasoning method has been used. According to the review of the research literature and based on the results of the analysis and investigation and relying on the inference and analysis of the bases; Important factors such as economy, society, performance and infrastructures, urban structure and form, environment as the main factors and the micro factors of each in a completely separated way, the way to provide more accurate and specialized solutions. It makes it easier to deal with climate change (causes of events, effects and consequences) and is a guide for those interested and researchers in the fields of environment, urban planning, architecture, society, economy, management policy, etc.

This article follows the pathology of the causes of developments and how Western theories, non-indigenous patterns affect urban management and urban planning in Iran, which has been analyzed using the three-pronged analysis method to identify structural, behavioral and environmental damage and is analyzed in MAXQDA software. In structural damage, the wrong urban planning system with a factor load of 88. The wrong system of imitation of Western thought 88. No use of indigenous architectural elements 88. And the lack of proper planning and localization of Western theories and thought 86. The most important damage in the urban planning system in Iran is in the background damage, the status of the existing laws 98. Urban development projects 96. No use of expert opinions 95. Lack of citizen participation in the urban planning system 86. They're underlying injuries. In behavioral injuries, lack of awareness and knowledge of urban planners with the 98th planning system. Failure to recognize standards and localization 96. Lack of supervision 95. The culture of 91. And the lack of knowledge and knowledge of managers. The results show that the fundamental flaws in theoretical and theoretical structures are the patterns of planning and modeling of them, as well as in the field of Urban Development and planning, which are caused by the lack of localization, the adaptation of theoretical structures to the conditions of the country, and the development of the city. It's that these patterns lack the efficiency to guide development and planning developments in the right direction.

Today, cities are facing numerous challenges in the field of spatial development. The scattered and horizontal growth of cities, along with the lack of compliance with the land use distribution system and the disproportion between the growth of services and urban infrastructure, have led to urban areas facing a myriad of issues. These include marginalization, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and environmental problems that impact sustainability criteria and quality of life. Smart growth has emerged as a response to the ongoing issues of fragmented development and its adverse outcomes. Smart growth provides various options in transportation, housing, jobs, and amenities (such as cultural, social, recreational, and educational services) and utilizes comprehensive planning to direct, develop, design, manage, revitalize, and construct communities. The aim of this study is to examine and pinpoint the smart growth indicators of Shahr Khoi. This research is applied and mixed. Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem, it is non-experimental. In order to identify the various dimensions of intelligent growth, a panel of specialists and experts evaluated 30 different indicators across three components: social, economic, physical, and educational. The study analyzed the results using a factor analysis model. In the first step, factor analysis was used to reduce the indicators and extract the factors influencing the rate of intelligent growth, which were then ranked. Based on the calculations, the available data were found suitable for factor analysis. According to Keyser's criterion, 10 factors with values greater than one were extracted for analyzing the factors influencing smart urban growth. In total, ten factors with a loading of 5.949 explain the total variance of intelligence growth.

Air transportation has caused a significant development within the range of tourist destinations in the whole world and as a result plays an important role in defining the dimensions and quality of global tourism. The main issue is how the development of infrastructure and urban services around Imam Khomeini airport can play an effective role in enhancing the tourism industry and promoting urban development. Considering that airport cities are known as symbols of a city or as a landmark within the country, the desirability of service facilities and tourism facilities and leisure time available in them indicates the socio-cultural, economic and even political status of a country. In our country, most foreign tourists enter the country through air borders, among which the contribution of Imam Khomeini Airport City is very significant. Imam Khomeini Airport City, which is located in the capital city, will accommodate many new business and service activities, as well as leisure and tourism for the citizens of Tehran. The expansion of foreign tourism is one of the ways to earn foreign currency and also to introduce local culture to foreign tourists in this regard, the development of Imam Khomeini International Airport and the development of an airport city have become more necessary and require hardware and software components to meet potential tourism demands.

The Purpose of the Research: 

The main purpose of the present research was to explain and rank the role of airport cities in urban development and tourism industry in Imam Khomeini Airport. Designing airport cities based on modern scientific approaches and integrated styles of adapted and native architecture in modern or developing countries as one of the indicators of development in human societies, has always been and will be considered by the world's governing and functional institutions. On the other hand, paying attention to the texture of airport cities can have different effects on macro variables such as urban development and tourism industry.
Identification

The current research method is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the method of data collection, it is considered a mixed method (combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis).

The present study, using mixed research methods (quantitative and qualitative), seeks to identify the elements of an airport city and finally design a mixed model of the impact of an airport city on urban development. In this regard, a field study has been carried out by conducting interviews and designing and distributing paired comparison questionnaires among the experts of Imam Khomeini Airport. The data have been ranked using Excel and Expert Choice software and content analysis technique and hierarchical analysis process.

Due to the characteristics such as flexibility, diversification and pluralism and due to changes in different levels of demand, destination and market, mass tourism has increased. According to the forecasts, in the near future, it is considered as the dominant flow of tourism. The growth of different types of tourism in the form of spatial patterns of urban tourism, nature tourism, rural tourism and nomadic tourism during the last two decades is a proof of this claim. Considering that in the post-modern era and the development of "new tourism" tourists are always looking for experiences, one of the places that is included among the tourist attractions is airport cities. Development of accommodation and hospitality centers, stores and shopping centers, holding special educational and industrial tours inside airports and creating entertainment and recreational parks within the airport cities, which are aimed at spending the leisure time of passengers, visitors and clients. It can promote different types of tourism in most of the world's airport cities, due to the lack of land and geographical location, the types of tourism do not have much diversity and mostly commercial tourism, shopping tourism, food and beverage tourism and cultural tourism are developed. It can be said its spatial pattern is urban tourism. Imam Khomeini Airport City is one of the few airport cities in the world that has the opportunity to develop more than 12 types of tourism including industrial tourism, heritage tourism (cultural-historical), scientific-educational tourism, religious tourism, natural resources tourism, commercial tourism, and so on. Imam Khomeini Airport City has special facilities for the supply of tourism products.

Changes in the global system, especially in the urban area, have doubled the need for attention and planning in the field of technology. Paying attention to technology-oriented approaches, including urban smartness, is an undeniable necessity. This issue is very important in metropolises including Tehran due to various economic, social, physical and environmental problems. Therefore, the examination of metropolises in terms of smart city indicators and effective factors in its promotion can lead to the development and realization of this approach. The purpose of this research is to investigate this issue in areas 1 and 20 of Tehran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through survey method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed through elite society and its reliability was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha more than 0.70. The statistical population of the research was formed by specialists in the field of urban development and urban planning in two districts one and twenty of Tehran. 100 questionnaires were distributed at the sample level and in total, 93 questionnaires were completed. The result showed that smart city indicators including smart economy, smart movement, smart people, smart governance, smart life and smart environment are not in a favorable situation. Based on the results of Friedman's test, the best situation was related to the smart life index with an average of 3.025 and then the smart economy index with an average of 2.931. Also, the result of the independent samples t-test confirmed that there is a significant difference between regions 1 and 20 in terms of smart city indicators, which is better than region 1. Based on the results, three institutional, human and technological factors have the greatest impact in the promotion and realization of a smart city for Tehran.

During the last century, the spread of epidemics such as Sars, Ebola, and especially Corona, have fueled many crises in the world arena. In dealing with such urban crises, dealing with the category of resilience of cities against epidemics can be helpful. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to know the urban epidemiological dimension, its components and indicators and its relationship with urban resilience based on the ecological triangle model in urban environments.

Using the library method, this research examines different dimensions of meaning, approach, capacity, determining factors and characteristics in the field of resilience to the intersection of this category with pandemic crises.

The research findings indicate that disease-causing factors can be activated or deactivated under the influence of the environment and urbanization process. With regard to the capacities of resilient cities, it is possible to plan and design city-building physical measures based on the attitude of prevention, containment and control in such a way that cities can survive these crises with the least amount face dysfunction and be able to return to their desired state in the shortest possible time.

Based on the results, physical activity, diet, mental health, health care systems, social distancing, infection control, and promotion of urban patrimony are criteria that can affect epidemiological resilience under the influence of the city's body.

Urban development with a social justice approach is one of the issues that has been neglected in many urban development plans. The transfer of the development right is considered one of the new ways of monitoring land development. The transfer of the development right is important in terms of its position in reducing inequality and ensuring the individual rights of the owners. The development right transfer approach is actually a plan to reduce physical development in areas that the community or planners want to protect. This research aims to examine and implement the approach of the right to transfer development and explain some of the principles of important rules in the perspective of Islam, and its relevance and influence in urban development, and offers suggestions for the realization of social justice using this approach. The current research is an applied research that uses the descriptive-comparative research method to analyze and examine the data. To describe and analyze the data, the comparative literature review method has been used. Based on this, while gathering the topics of Islamic social justice and the method of transferring the right to development, the relationship between the aforementioned method and the realization of social justice is analyzed through the Delphi technique by receiving 5 rounds of opinions from 30 experts. As a result of this research, the principles of social justice include eight principles; Equality in public rights, the lack of objectivity of the position and position of people in the administration of justice, inequality in individual-social acquired rights, compliance with the requirements of time in receiving tariffs, equal access to public services, non-privatization of property and public interests, the benefit of all in public affairs, The lack of immunity of rulers and officials from justice was explained. And also compared to the basics of the right to transfer development method, it was found that the principles of equality in public law, the lack of objectivity of the position and position of individuals in the implementation of justice are completely consistent with the method of the right to transfer development. The principles of inequality in individual-social acquired rights, compliance with the requirements of time in receiving tariffs, equal access to public services, non-privatization of property and public interests, benefit of all in public affairs, lack of immunity of rulers and officials from justice are largely consistent. Or you can use the method of transfer of development right in order to achieve the intended goals of that principle.

In today's world, the speed of urbanization is increasing, and with this development, cities replaced a large part of agricultural and forest land. This factor caused the surface temperature of the city to be higher than its surrounding environment and created problems such as the heat island, which significantly affects the air quality and, subsequently, the public health of the society. In this research, the thermal island of the studied area, the process of changes, and its effects were investigated. In this way, Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images for the years 1990 to 2020, as well as software such as ENVI, ARC GIS, and GOOGLE Earth, were used, and the temperature change and hot and cold spots during thirty years were investigated and evaluated. The results were classified and categorized according to the desired goals and showed that the temperature is high in dense, barren, industrial uses, and lower in the parts with vegetation. During 30 years in Sari, the surface temperature and the number of hot spots increased. Most hot spots are concentrated in high-density areas and dense urban constructions while the cold spots in the images are mostly in the outskirts and parts outside the city, which are mostly covered by vegetation and open space; so, the extent of hot spots in 1990 was 14,300 square meters, and in 2020 it reached 267,660 square meters. Based on these results, it can be said that the number of human-made uses has increased in Sari, and more hot spots have appeared in this city and are still increasing.

This article is part of a larger study that examines urbanization in non-English speaking countries. Due to the lack of sources in Farsi or English, the experiences of these countries (which in many cases have common issues with Iran) are less accessible to Iranian readers. In this regard, this article, focusing on the neighboring country of Turkey, has tried to identify the characteristics of urban planning in this country and introduce its shortcomings and problems. This article can provide a possibility for a comparative study in addition to the mentioned goal. To create the possibility of evaluation and adaptation, Friedman's quadruple framework is used to categorize urban planning methods. The review of sources is done in a narrative format and by the contemporary history of late Ottoman and Turkey. In the framework of this narrative, urban planning methods are expressed from specialized (and limited and scattered) sources in English and sometimes using evidence and media news and reviewing them, and at the end, they are analyzed using the introduced theoretical framework. Based on this, the important shortcomings of Turkey's urban planning and suggestions to solve them are discussed, the most important of which is the weakness in learning from the society and unilateral insistence on state-led reforms without paying enough attention to the background culture.

The vision of urban development is extremely important as a vital element for the growth and development of cities. Without a complete and comprehensive vision, decisions related to urban development are made sporadically and sometimes randomly. This will reduce opportunities and cause serious problems in the future. The city of Bandar Anzali is known as one of the prominent tourism cities and important economic and port centers in Guilan province. Since 1351, by examining the requirements and proposals related to each plan, this city has always faced challenges in compiling an urban vision to fulfill the wishes of citizens for a satisfying life.The Purpose of the Research: In this research, an attempt was made to evaluate the feasibility of Bandar Anzali urban development visions based on the views of two study groups, citizens and urban experts, to answer the questions: 1) What are the urban development visions of Bandar Anzali? and 2) Which visions have the most and least value from the point of view of citizens and urban experts?.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of attitude. The size of the statistical sample was determined by Cohen's method, 355 people. Sampling in the present research is a probability sampling and stratified sampling method. In order to achieve the goals and questions of the research, by using SPSS software and Levin and t test, two independent samples were investigated to examine the average visions of urban development and the differences and similarities of the visions of the two study groups, citizen and urban expert.

After studying the seven reviewed plans and documents, twelve visions of urban development were extracted to analyze the information after collecting data from two groups of citizens and urban experts. The visions are: "Anzali city with favorable participation between city management, citizens and public organizations", "Anzali city successful in the development of tourism based on the beach and the sea", "Anzali city with maintaining environmental values and a clean environment", "Anzali city successful" in the development of fisheries activities such as fish farming", "Anzali a city with security of investment in economic activities", "Anzali a city successful in expanding conversion and supporting industries with high technology (such as packaging companies, etc.)", "Anzali a city developed in the field of export and transit of goods", "citizen-oriented urban development (friendly citizen)", "urban development with strong solidarity among city residents", "urban development with an identity appropriate to cultural components", "urban development with equitable distribution of urban services and facilities in Urban neighborhoods", "Urban Anzali with the preservation of the values of the historical context of the city". The average urban development visions of Bandar Anzali are more than the average. The V1 vision "Anzali is a city with favorable participation between urban management, citizens and popular organizations", with an overall average of 3.79 from the point of view of both groups, obtained the highest value and the V4 vision "Anzali is a successful city in the development of fisheries activities such as fish farming" with an overall average of 3.15 based on the opinions of two statistical groups, obtained the lowest average and valuation. In all the urban development visions except the "V4" vision, due to the significance level greater than 0.05 at the 95% confidence level, hypothesis H1 is rejected and hypothesis H0 is confirmed. In other words, there is no difference in the average of the two groups.

In the urban development of Anzali, the optimal partnership between the city management, citizens and popular organizations will create a dynamic and sustainable vision for the city. These partnerships, as one of the main success factors in urban development, have increased the value and efficiency of the urban development vision between two groups of citizens and urban experts. Urban management, by planning and implementing urban development plans and projects, plays an important role in shaping the vision, and according to the needs and desires of citizens, it should improve infrastructure and public services and provide economic development. On the other hand, citizens, as an active part of society, have a very important role in urban development. The results obtained in this research can help Anzali city management in formulating city vision planning.

The horizontal expansion of the city is a challenge that has happened in most countries of the world in the last half century, several approaches have been proposed to deal with this challenge. One of the most important of them is the smart urban growth approach. This research is one of the applied researches that has been done with analytical method and quantitative approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of smart urban growth indicators in Babol city. The statistical population of the research includes experts and residents of Babol city. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation models and quantitative methods, multiple linear regression and Kendall's correlation coefficient were used in SPSS software. Based on the results of the research, the connection and correlation of the general index of the functional elements of the city and its 12 evaluated indicators with the smart growth approach, at the confidence level of 99% and the error level of less than 0.001, were confirmed to be positive and directly significant. According to the evaluation results of the correlation test, the strongest relationship among the investigated indicators is the user mix index (0.681), followed by hierarchy (0.677), accessibility (0.672), compatibility (0.627), variety of users ( 0.621), visual appeal (0.611), favorable outlook (0.597) and compatibility (0.581) respectively with the smart growth approach. The results of the Kendall coordination coefficient with the Delphi method indicate the identification of 52 factors affecting the horizontal growth of Babylon during the two panels. The average data collected was 3.36 and 4.50, respectively. In addition, the standard deviation of the factors in the first round was 0.5074 and in the second round to 0.2037.

Gated communities have become a popular trend in residential development worldwide, which vary in size and type and have widespread negative impacts on urban life, public spaces, social cohesion, and governance. It is ranged from security concerns to lifestyle preferences due to their formation differing across regions. The present research evaluated development, history, dimensions, and outcomes of residential gated communities. In addition, it explores the reasons for choosing gated communities in Yazd. The research involved a qualitative approach, including questionnaires and interviews with residents. Most residents in Yazd do not prefer gated communities as a long-term lifestyle, instead opting for traditional apartment living. Economic incentives, such as government-provided housing loans, play a significant role in residents' choices. Understanding the impacts and motivations behind gated community development helps shed light on the complexities of this prevalent trend in residential development.

In the last few decades, urban scholars have recognized the importance of power as a key concept in urban planning. Planning is subject to exercise of power, meaning it cannot do everything and in most cases is far away from its normative goals and planner positive intentions. The exercise of power can take place in every stage of planning, from proposing a plan to approval and implementation of it. If planners take into account the power operation, instead of ignoring it, they can improve their analyses and empower their discipline. Therefore, planners have been recommended to pay attention to power. Beside the outstanding research in this field, planning still lacks a coherent body of power-related theories and research. One of the reasons for this shortcoming is the absence of comprehensive attention to various dimensions of power. The interdisciplinary nature of planning has caused it to use other sciences and disciplines to develop itself. The power concept roots in political science, hence studying political science can help planners to better understand the nature of power and its operation. Among political scholars, there is not a consensus on the nature of power. Some of the scholars such as Arendt. and Parsons have focused on the positive side of power and most of them have revealed the negative and dominant side of it. The last group has introduced four dimensions of dominant power including overt, covert, latent and disciplinary power. The present critical research, by applying fourth dimensions of power, aimed to reveal all the visible to less visible dimensions of power in planning. The case of this research is the development of mega malls in district 1 of Tehran metropolis, sometimes contrary to the approved plan, which were emerged and boomed in the last two decades. Mega malls are mega projects with mixed retail and recreational use. The problem is how these mega projects, which create many challenges for the city and citizens, are still booming. Examining this problem using the fourth dimensional power exposes all dimensions of power exercise in mega mall development. This research is qualitative in nature and has used the grounded theory method. This method has three traditions including classic, interpretation and constructivist. According to the constructivist tradition, which was developed by Kathy Charmaz, researcher views and studies can reflect in the research and the theory constructed through researcher interaction with the interviewers and the collected data. The main data for this research were gathered from 18 semi-structured qualitative interviews with citizens, urban managers, mega mall developers and urban experts, three documents related to mega malls, 23 articles and 35 interviews documented on websites. The data was analyzed through initial and focused coding, it was then categorized and themes were proposed according to power dimensions. The result is that the process of mega-mall development is in line with the interests of power, monopoly, rationalization and legitimization, and the product of this is an environment that is similar to panopticon.

Globally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a major threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can also be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.

Theoretical Framework:

Urbanization leads to an increase in land surface temperature (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth, the more easily the surface warmed. In most temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao et al., 2021: 105314).

The physical development of cities and their impact on the surface's Tasseled cap have been the subject of numerous studies. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap by using remote sensing. The cities of Kashan, Bandar Anzali, and Sirjan were chosen as the study regions for this research because of their diversity in geographical features, climatic features, and land cover. So, between 1991 and 2021, the effects of various climatic conditions and changes in thermal temperature on these cities were examined. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat 5 TM sensor and Landsat 8 OLI sensor used.

This study investigated the effect of climatic conditions on the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, in three cities in Iran: Kashan, Sirjan, and Bandar Anzali. The results showed that urban expansion has led to an increase in LST in all three cities. However, the increase in LST was more pronounced in Kashan, which has a hot and dry climate, than in Sirjan and Bandar Anzali, which have more humid climates. This is because the reduction of vegetation cover in urban areas reduces evaporation and transpiration, which leads to an increase in surface temperature.The study also found that the changes in other Tasseled cap indices, such as brightness and wetness, were also affected by climatic conditions. In the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Sirjan, the increase in LST was accompanied by an increase in brightness and wetness. This is because the presence of vegetation helps to reflect sunlight and retain moisture, which helps to cool the surface. In contrast, in the hot and dry city of Kashan, the increase in LST was accompanied by a decrease in brightness and wetness.The findings of this study suggest that the planning and management of urban areas should take into account the local climatic conditions. In hot and dry climates, it is important to preserve vegetation cover to help reduce surface temperatures. In humid climates, it is important to design urban spaces in a way that maximizes the benefits of vegetation, such as shading and moisture retention.The study also suggests that future studies should consider the effects of climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap in different cities. This will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between urban development and climate change.