well-being

The main purpose of lighting in offices is to provide effective and comfortable working environments. Mental comfort and health in turn guarantee an increase in user motivation and lead to better performance and efficiency. Providing sufficient and appropriate light in the workplace increases the willingness to work in employees, the operational accuracy and efficiency, and output. It also results on ocular health, better protected eyes and less fatigued nerves work better, and eventually fewer workspace accidents.The purpose of this research is to investigate lighting from the perspective of operational satisfaction and well-being using the case of Shiraz National Documentation Center.In this research, it is assumed that in the space occupied by the users; while using artificial light in the space, they are not satisfied with the amount of natural light and its effective factors. 

In this regard, after using library resources, in the topic of space lighting, field data collection with a photometer and in the topic of employee satisfaction and well-being, a phenomenological and psychoanalytical approach to analyze the unconscious behavior of humans through questionnaires and software analysis in SPSS; Because the brightness of the space alone does not have the ability to express the pleasantness and desirability of the ambient lighting from the users’ point of view. 

According to the results, employees have an average of 50% or higher in terms of satisfaction, well-being and visual comfort. But it does not mean that those who are working in the space without natural light are satisfied with the conditions. According to field observations, these spaces do not even have substitutes for visual compositions and nature themes. In terms of satisfaction, well-being and visual comfort in the female group, the average values are higher than the male group; In the post-graduate class, it is more than other classes and the working position of expert is higher than other working positions.

Among the consequences of the industrial revolution in the modern era, we can mention the increase in apartment living, the decrease in connection with nature, the soullessness of houses, and the increase in diseases such as depression among residents. Since man is genetically and biologically dependent on nature and the natural tendency of man has been focused on nature and natural processes from the beginning, paying attention or not paying attention to this natural sense creates positive and negative feelings in it and has an effect on the soul and body. Lays. Researchers and scientists have introduced many solutions in the field of health and well-being, one of these solutions is the stimulation of human senses through biophilic architectural components, which will ultimately lead to physical, mental and social health of people. The aim of the current research is to analyze the direct components of biophilic architecture in the design of a residential unit and examine how it affects human health through the five senses, and at the end, solutions are also provided to highlight the positive results of this architecture. In order to achieve the goals, the following questions are raised: - Through what components in architecture can the biophilic approach be achieved? - What senses do the direct components of biophilic architecture stimulate? - How do biophilic elements cause human health and well-being? - What solutions are suggested for the use of direct biophilic components in the interior design of housing? A mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to conduct the present research. In the research process, first through library-documentary studies, biophilic components was extracted and then based on the data obtained from the qualitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was given to 30 people who are experts in the fields of architecture, psychology, environment and health. The results of the experts' questionnaire in SPSS 26 software showed that the influence of the components of direct experience was more than the other components, that the eight indicators of sunlight, plants, view and landscape, water, air, natural materials, fire and animals respectively had the highest average influence. assigned to themselves In the third step, the examination of the components in four case samples indicates that sunlight, plants, view and scenery, water, air and natural materials are common among all samples and have contributed to the health and well-being of the residents. In sample one, the indicators of sunlight, view and landscape, water and natural materials have a strong presence and the most involvement of the senses in this sample is related to the sense of sight. In the second example, the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, plants and natural materials have had a tremendous impact on the conflict of the sense of sight, hearing and smell. In sample three, the senses of sight, hearing and smell are stimulated by the indicators of sunlight, plants, air, sight and scenery and natural materials. In example 4, the most involvement of the senses is related to the sense of sight, which is caused by the presence of the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, water, fire, and natural materials. In the last example, the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, plants, air, natural materials have led to the conflict of the senses of sight, smell and hearing. Finally, the findings indicate that the indicators of light, visibility and landscape, plants and natural materials have been taken into consideration in the study samples; Therefore, according to the results of previous studies, it can be acknowledged that the mentioned indicators improve the health and well-being of the residents by stimulating the five senses. In the last step, in order to take advantage of the indicators of "direct experience with nature" in housing design, according to the theoretical framework related to biophilic architecture and inferential analyzes derived from the examination of samples, the solutions of using biophilic architecture through direct experience with nature through the five senses to reach It is provided for the health and well-being of residents. In the end, considering that "indirect experience with nature" and "experience of space and place" are also other components of biophilic architecture and lead to people's health and well-being, it is recommended that researchers for future research investigate the effect of this Two components deal with people's health and prioritizing their indicators.

Separating and clarifying the conceptual borders of livability with the concepts of quality of life, sustainability and welfare is ambiguous due to the similarities and differences of various concepts. Such terms are often used without sufficient definition or study context. As a result, these terms are defined in the true meaning of whatever the researchers themselves have conceptually understood and reached, and consensus is impossible. This confusion is compounded by the fact that many of these terms are often used interchangeably. Therefore, the ontological re-reading of livability is necessary to prevent the existing confusion of researchers in confronting and interacting with these concepts. Therefore, any conceptual confusion in the fields of knowledge of livability can cause a kind of misunderstanding in the scientific and philosophical foundations of knowledge and more experimental results.

The current research was carried out with the aim of ontological rereading of livability in urban studies.

The present article is a developmental-exploratory research, with the help of the qualitative method and through the review of library documents and through the description, analysis and expansion of opinions and discourses and theoretical approaches, in the pursuit of re-reading the areas of existence.

The results of this study showed that livability is a meta-concept for environmental quality and a subset of sustainability that directly affects the physical, economic and psychological aspects of people's lives and includes a set of acquired characteristics of the environment that make it It makes it a desirable, convenient and attractive place for all people to live, work and visit.

It seems that materialism and modernism influenced the fundamental concept of livability and further this concept by being in the core of post-materialist values as a value system and movement to estimate material needs (such as security, livelihood and Shelter) and criticized and countered the excesses in the policies governing urban growth and used the theory of modern functionalism.

This research proves the need to modify and develop the design of hospitals to play a perceptible role in treating and accelerating the recovery of patients. Many investigations on the influences of nature on health reveal that the relationship with nature in built environment  has a noteworthy effect on the treatment and reduction of the recovery time of patients. One of the solutions suggested in this field is biophilic approach in architectural design, which has been offered by Kellert and states that humans require linking with nature in the man-made environment to preserve and promote their health and well-being. Hence, it is supposed that employing the principles of biophilic design in hospitals influences treatment and recovery time. In the study procedure of this paper, two questions were answered; Are biophilic design approaches efficient for therapeutic spaces to be healing? and What are the practical approaches for efficient biophilic design in health care spaces?

In this study, according to the purpose, the research method is applied, and the study method is descriptive-analytical. First, literature related to biophilic design and health were analyzed and reviewed with a systematic review technique. Then, the most relevant papers in the field of nature and health were selected, and theories and features of health influenced by the association with nature were presented.

Connection with nature influences the physical, psychological (mental and emotional), social, and spiritual dimensions of health. The most significant theories in this field are stress reduction theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART). According to stress reduction theory, the amount of stress decreases subconsciously and spontaneously in people facing nature and being in nature, and as stress is the reason for many diseases and abnormalities, it plays a starring role in people's health, especially emotional health. Attention restoration theory reveals the ability to link with nature in subconsciously renewing and restoring attention by promoting cognitive function, which improves individuals’ productivity and mental ability, and has positive impact on the mental health of individuals and on diseases related to this field such as Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Obesity, Schizophrenia, Blood pressure, Hyperactivity (ADHD) in children, etc. In the continuation of the research, 14 biophilic design patterns in 5 hospitals, Östra Hospital in Sweden, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, Ng Teng Fong Jurong Hospital in Singapore, Dell Children Hospital in Austin Texas, and The Royal Children Hospital in Melbourne Australia, are compared and assessed in 3 levels of the general aspects of building and its site plan, building organization and planning, and finally interior design of patients' rooms.

As a result, according to the evidence-based results, the design model of the biophilic hospital and the most practical biophilic design approaches in each of the hospital wards were obtained for the use of the design community and to improve the healing quality of the therapeutic spaces. Based on the recommended model, in the eight main internal wards of the hospital including hospitalization, intensive care, medical emergency, surgery, medical diagnostic laboratories, clinics, waiting area of patient companions and services, due to high stress and overcrowding, as well as no need to comply with certain health standards associated with other spaces, the waiting space of patient companions have the greatest potential to apply biophilic strategies. In fact, 12 of the 14 patterns of biophilic design can be applied in this area, and meaningfully can decrease anxiety and stress, increase social interactions, satisfaction, and peace of individuals. Hospitalization rooms can accelerate patients recovery and treatment time by applying 8 biophilic design patterns included patterns number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11. Surgery, intensive care and emergency areas should obey some special design standards, so only some biophilic design patterns such as; visual connection with nature, dynamic and diffused light and material connection to nature, are compatible with these zones design. Also, in general level using different courtyards and view to nature are the main design principles in architectural planning of biophilic hospitals, and in interior level view of nature, presence of natural light, natural air and natural materials are the most practical strategies in biophilic rooms of healthcare spaces. Nevertheless, empirical and practical assessment of the influence of biophilic patterns and their continuous development is still required.