آسپارتات آمینوترانسفراز

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, and autoimmune disease of the digestive system with intra- and extra-intestinal manifestations. IBD is divided into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The prevalence exceeds 3 million people per year and is reported more frequently in industrialized countries than in developing ones. IBD is a lifelong disease that affects the quality of life of sufferers and also increases the risk of colon cancer due to chronic inflammation. Today, the diagnosis and follow-up of this disease is based on history, imaging of the gastrointestinal tract, and pathology findings, which is expensive and has the risk of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, for this reason, the use of new methods has attracted the attention of researchers. Saliva is easy to use, cheap, has no risk of infection, and is always available. The changes of some parameters in the serum and saliva of IBD patients have been investigated, but no study has been done on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Studies have shown that AST and ALT can be used as a marker for cell damage and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the salivary and serum changes of these two markers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 1402 in the gastroenterology clinic of Imam Reza Hospital in Tehran. 30 people with IBD with a definitive diagnosis by pathology as the patient group and 30 healthy people who visited the hospital for an annual checkup participated in the study as the control group. First, the patients were asked to wash their mouths and swallow the remaining liquid, and without actively moving the mouth and tongue, pour the secreted saliva into the sterile falcon tube. Then, by a skilled person, 5 ml of venous blood was taken from the cubital area of the patient and put into the clot tube. Immediately after collection, the samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 minutes. Blood serum and non-stimulating saliva supernatant were transferred into a microtube and stored in a freezer at -70 degrees Celsius. Enzyme activity was measured using the photometric method according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pars Azmon-Shiraz) and the data was analyzed by t-test with SPSS version 22 software.

30 patients with IBD (17 men and 13 women) with an average age of 37.7±2.3 years and 30 healthy subjects (16 men and 14 women) with an average age of 32.5±2.2 years were included in the study. (P<0.05). Data analysis showed that in the patient group, the serum level of AST and ALT in the patient and healthy groups was not significantly different. However, salivary AST level, unlike ALT level, increases significantly in patients.

According to the results of this study, the salivary activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) appears to be increased in patients with IBD.

Liver enzymes are associated with obesity and various components of metabolic syndrome. The manifestation of this syndrome is accompanied by a high risk of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of intense and moderate rhythmic exercise on some liver enzymes and functional performance in obese women.

In this semi-experimental study, 30 obese women aged 35 to 45 years who were sedentary were selected using convenience sampling and then randomly allocated into three groups: moderate-intensity rhythmic exercise (n=9), intense rhythmic exercise (n=10), and control (11 participants). One-way ANOVA and paired t-test were used for intra- and intergroup comparisons.

The concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and triglycerides decreased significantly in the intense exercise group and the moderate exercise group. Alanine aminotransferase levels only showed a significant decrease in the intense exercise group (P=0.05). Fat accumulation index was significantly reduced only in the moderate exercise group (P=0.009). Maximum oxygen consumption and flexibility increased significantly in the intense and moderate exercise groups (P=0.001), but agility decreased significantly in both exercise groups at the end of the training period (P=0.001).

Rhythmic exercises with different intensities training can be an effective method to improve liver enzymes and functional indicators in obese women.

Heavy physical activity increases oxidative and metabolic stress, and factors affecting body recovery and its speed to a normal state are of particular importance [3]. Improper recovery after one training session can lead to an unfavorable performance in the next session. Long-term and repeated inappropriate recoveries can also eventually lead to overtraining by causing fatigue [4]. Active recovery increases blood flow and thus accelerates the athlete’s recovery [6]. Also, the use of massage as a therapeutic and relaxing method is widespread in sports races for preparation before the race, between two races, and return to the original state after the race [9]. One of the main benefits of sports massage is its positive effect on sports performance, which leads to reducing the time of returning to the original state after physical activity, reducing muscle tension, restoring energy reserves through increasing blood flow, and as a result, improving performance in the next race [8, 9, 10]. Therefore, the recovery method can affect the success of athletes by reducing cell or muscle damage indicators [8, 9, 10]. Because intense and long-term training can disrupt an athlete’s performance by increasing oxidative stress and its effects on hematology indicators and antioxidant defense [19, 20], using different methods of recovery after an acute training session can be useful. Accordingly, the aim of this research was to compare the effects of active recovery methods and massage on recovery speed in female runners.

In this quasi-experimental research, 30 semi-endurance semi-professional female runner volunteers were selected by the simple random method as the research sample, and in a crossover design, they were divided into three groups of ten cases: 1) running active recovery, 2) sports massage, and 3) passive recovery groups. In order to homogenize the training plan of all runners, a training protocol with the following details of two weeks, three training sessions per week, and each training session about 2 hours of athletic training was created, and after each session, a cooling exercise was performed for 10-15 minutes, including light aerobic exercises and stretching exercises. After a week of rest, pre-test measurements and blood sampling were performed on an empty stomach. Two hours after the test, subjects had breakfast (including 70% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 15% fat), and a 1500-meter running race was performed. After receiving recovery results based on grouping, blood sampling was done again. Active recovery consisted of 15 minutes of light running and then 5 minutes of static stretching movements. In the sports massage group, the sports massage therapist performed massage on the lower limbs. In the passive recovery group, runners sat for 30 minutes after doing the activity. Immediately after completion of the 1500-meter running race and subsequently various recovery methods, blood sampling was done. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, version 22 and the significance level was considered at P<0.05.

Results :

In this study, the age range of female runners was 18-24 years old (mean: 21.34±2.32 years). The height range was 161 to 175 cm (mean: 169.126±4.112 cm), and the weight range of runners was 54-68 kg (mean: 62.113±4.217 kg). After a 1500-meters run, there was no significant difference in subjects regarding hematocrit (P=0.25, F=1.44), iron (P=0.23, F=1.52), red blood cells (P=0.41, F=0.92), hemoglobin (P=0.39, F=0.97), aspartate aminotransferase (P=0.80, F=0.21), total antioxidant capacity (P=0.43, F=0.87) and malondialdehyde levels (P=0.036), F=0.21). But there was a significant difference in the number of white blood cells (P=0.03, F=3.75). Also, a significant difference was observed between the effects of three recovery methods on changes in hematocrit (P=0.02, F=4.10), white blood cells (P=0.04, F=3.70), and hemoglobin (P=0.02, F=4.52) of semi-professional female runners. The results of the LSD post hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference in hematocrit (P=0.009), white blood cells (P=0.01), and hemoglobin (P=0.01) between the three groups. However, no significant difference was observed between the three recovery methods in changes in iron, red blood cells, and aspartate aminotransferase (P>0.05). Also, regarding the effects of recovery methods on total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde levels, there was no significant difference in total antioxidant capacity between the three recovery methods (P=0.12, F=1.83). However, a significant difference was observed in malondialdehyde levels (P=0.036, F=1.14). In further investigations, the results of the LSD post hoc test showed that a reduction in malondialdehyde levels in the active recovery group was higher than in the massage and passive groups (P=0.031 and P=0.038, respectively)

In general, a 1500-meter half-endurance running race increases oxidative stress and affects some hematological factors in female runners. Many body organs and systems, including the liver, cardio-respiratory system, muscle system - active muscles - nervous system, hormonal system, muscle glycogen, and triglyceride, and energy systems are under pressure during a race or a training session [28, 29, 30]. Fatiguing running exercises generate excessive free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which leads to damage caused by muscle oxidative stress and impaired contractility, and can affect an athlete’s sports performance or health. Also after different recovery methods, a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels was observed compared to the massage and passive groups. It can be said that in the active recovery group, considering that light aerobic activities bring more blood flow to the muscles, as a result, it can improve mitochondrial respiration and improve recovery and reduce oxidative stress in muscles after exercises. However, in the passive and massage groups, the blood flow does not reach the muscles properly. Using active recovery can increase the supply of oxygen and nutrients with improved blood flow to the muscles, and improve the removal of metabolites caused by an aerobic activity, thus reducing oxidative stress, which can prevent muscle injuries in runners.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a pathological syndrome associated with increased serum levels of liver enzymes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of exercise training on liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and liver fat content in adults with NAFLD.

The PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2022 for English and Persian articles. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of exercise training on liver function in patients with fatty liver. SMD and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using effect models. Also, the I2 test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias.

The results of meta-analysis of 36 studies with 1602 patient with NAFLD, showed that exercise training caused a significant decrease in ALT enzyme [SMD=-0.73, (95% CI: -0.51 to -0.95), p=0.001], AST enzyme [SMD=-0.61, (95% CI: -0.39 to -0.83), p=0.001], GTT enzyme [SMD=-0.66, (95% CI: -0.18 to -1.14), p =0.007], and intrahepatic fat [SMD=-0.58, (95% CI: -0.78 to -0.38), p=0.001].

The findings of the present meta-analysis show the important role of exercise training (aerobic, resistance, and combined training) in improving liver function. So, all three types of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise are suggested as a non-drug approach to reduce liver enzymes and intrahepatic fat for adults with NAFLD.

Chronic exposure to paraquat can lead to lung and liver damage, kidney failure, and Parkinsonian lesions in addition to fibrosis. Paraquat toxicity occurs through excessive production of free radicals which results in oxidative stress and damage. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a period of aerobic exercises and supplementation with piperine on liver enzymes in rats induced with paraquat. 48 adult rats were divided into six groups: 1) Sham, 2) negative control paraquat 3) paraquat + training, 4) paraquat + training + piperine, 5) paraquat + piperine and 6) positive control paraquat + vitamin E. Aerobic exercise training included: seven weeks of walking on treadmill for 5 sessionsper-week 30-40 min per session at a speed of 10 to 18 m/min. The paraquat poison was prepared at dose of 5 mg/kg of rat body weight and was injected intraperitoneally. Daily gavage of piperine supplement was provided at dose of 10 mg/kg of rat body weight. ANOVA statistical test was used to determine the mean difference between groups. There were significant differences in Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate Transaminase (AST) levels between the sham, paraquat+exercise, paraquat+piperine, paraquat+exercise+piperine, and positive control paraquat+vitamin E groups compared to the negative control paraquat-group. Furthermore, significant increase in ALT and AST levels was observed in the negative control group compared to the sham, paraquat+exercise, paraquat+piperine and paraquat+exercise+piperine and positive control paraquat+vitamin E groups (p<0.001). The results showed that in rats belonging to exercise training, only exercise training with piperine and piperine decreased the ALT and AST levels compared to the negative control group. However, more research is needed to support these findings.

The liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of various drugs and toxins. Thus, it is highly vulnerable to damage caused by drugs and toxins. Alpinia officinarum belongs to the Ginger family and has been used in traditional Iranian medicine for its therapeutic effects on the digestive system, including strengthening the function of the stomach and organs, improving digestion and reducing bloating. In addition, the plant has anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer and antioxidant properties. This study investigated the hepatotoxic effects of Alpinia officinarum rhizomes aqueous extract in male Wistar rats.

This experimental study was performed on 35 male Wistar rats that were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 7. Four groups received 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract for 28 days, while a group did not receive the extract (control group). Tissue sections (5 microns) were stained by hematoxylin and eosin at the pharmacology laboratory of Golestan University of Medical Sciences. The groups were examined for liver tissue pathology, and the level of liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was measured by Pars Azmoun ELISA kit.

Administration of the aqueous extract of Alpinia officinarum rhizome for 28 days by gavage increased the level of AST, ALT and ALP in the serum of rats. Tissue damage was observed in most groups receiving the extract.

The results show that consumption of the aqueous extract of Alpinia officinarum rhizome at a dose of more than 100 mg/kg can cause liver damage and is lethal at a dose of 800 mg/kg.

Today, participation in regular sports programs is an undeniable need for prevention of diseases and improving the quality of life of the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selected combined training course on immunoglobulin G concentration and liver injury index in elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 elderly men in the age group of 65-55 years were randomly divided into two groups of combined exercise and control. Combined exercises, including aerobic activity with an intensity of 60 to 74% of the stored heart rate and strength exercises with 50 to 75% of 1RM were performed during 8 weeks and three sessions per week.  Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session to measure serum AST, ALT and IgG levels. To analyze the data from ANKOVA test and to compare intra-group differences, paired t-test was performed at a significant level of P <0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the combination and control groups in serum concentrations of AST (P =0.003), ALT (P=0.004) and IgG (P=0.041). Paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in post-test compared to pre-test ALT (P=0.048), AST (P=0.007) and IgG (P=0.02).

The results of the present study showed that combined activities are an effective factor in preventing liver damage and strengthening the immune system of the elderly. Combined training can be a good exercise protocol to maintain health in these people.

The intense and exhaustive exercise causes oxidative stress and cell damage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term ginseng supplementation on biochemical markers of cell damage following intense anaerobic exercise.

In this semi-experimental study, 20 active girl students with the mean age of 22.85±3.7 years were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. Subjects of the experimental and control groups respectively received two capsules of ginseng (1036 mg) or placebo daily for seven days. All subjects participated in an intense anaerobic exercise test (Rast) after supplementation period. Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were measured in three phases; baseline, after supplementation and immediately after anaerobic exercise test. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA. 

Lactate, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase levels significantly increased after the exercise test in the two groups (p˂0.05). However, there were no significant differences in levels of Lactate p=0.35), lactate dehydrogenase (p=0.14) and aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.47) between experimental and control groups following exercise test.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that short-term ginseng supplementation has no effect on biochemical markers of cell damage following intense anaerobic exercise.

 Strenuous exercise, particularly eccentric contractions can lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of garlic and silybum marianum supplements with incremental training on some serum indicators of muscle and liver damage in wrestlers.

Thirty wrestlers with selectivly and random were divided into 3 groups of 10 participants: "Exercise with garlic supplement, exercise with silybum marianum supplement, and placebo with training". Written consents were received from everyone. Garlic and silybum marianum supplements each day three times at 300 mg for four weeks. In the baseline, pre-test and post test 24h after practice, the vessel with the same training volume of the venous blood sample was taken. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzymes were measured using autoanalyzer and kit. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and ANOVA.

The levels of AST, CPK, and ALT in garlic and silybum marianum group was lower than placebo group and statistical results showed significant differences between groups. LDH levels in garlic group were significantly decreased compared to placebo and silybum marianum group. Garlic and silybum marianum supplementation significantly reduced LDH, AST, CPK, and ALT.

According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that long-term exercise can lead to decrease in serum markers of muscle and liver injury, but garlic and silybum marianum supplements can better counteract the enzymes produced in 24 hours after practice.

Liver is considered a target organ affected by diabetes mellitus. Exercise training and supplementations could prevent hepatic damage induced by diabetes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of 6 weeks of endurance exercise and berberine (BBR) usage on streptozotocin (STZ) induced Wistar diabetic rats.

64 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 8 experimental groups: healthy (N), diabetic (D), diabetic+15 mg/kg BBR (DB15), diabetic+30 mg/kg BBR (DB30), diabetic+aerobictraining+15 mg/kg BBR (DTB15), diabetic + aerobictraining+ 30 mg/kg BBR (DTB30), Non-diabetic+aerobictraining (NT), and diabetic+aerobic training (DT). Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (60 mg/kg, b.w.) given intraperitoneally in sodium citrate buffer. After 6 weeks, blood samples were collected into a plain container for the estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and blood glucose. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Bonferroni test using SPSS v. 20 software. The significant level was set at p< 0.05.

The result showed that 30 mg of BBR has lowered blood glucose in diabetic groups (p=0.047). Exercise training alone reduced ALT in group D (p=0.001). In addition, compared to group D, ALP was significantly reduced in 15DB (p=0.016) and 30DBT (p=0.028). There were no significant improvements in other variables.

The results demonstrated that BBR with or without exercise possesses some hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects and aerobic exercise alone did not have an important significant effect on these markers in diabetic patients.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with many pathological changes and liver damage is one of the most important consequences. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and the royal jelly on AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes in the patients with multiple sclerosis.

In this semi-experimental study, 42 MS patients were divided into 4 groups: 1-"Exercise +Royal Jelly" (n=10), 2-"Exercise +Placebo" (n=10), 3-"Royal Jelly" (n=11), 4-"Placebo" (n=11). The Exercise started with an ergometer at 60% HRmax for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week then increased steadily in the sixth week to 80% HRmax. The daily dose of the royal jelly was 1000 mg. Plasma concentration of the liver enzymes was measured before and after the study.

The levels of AST, ALT, and ALP enzymes were significantly reduced compared to the pre-test in the groups of the "Exercise+Royal Jelly" and "Exercise+Placebo" (P<0.05). Also, the ALT enzyme showed a significant decrease in the "Royal Jelly" group. The results of the statistical analysis indicated a significant reduction of the enzymes in the "Exercise+Royal Jelly" and the "Exercise + Placebo" groups compared to the "control" and the "Royal Jelly" groups at the end of the sixth week (P<0.05).

It seems that the aerobic exercise and the royal jelly consumption together had the most decreasing effect on serum levels of the liver enzymes in the multiple sclerosis patients, and It has a positive effect on the hepatic enzymes and especially the levels of ALT enzymes in patients.

Inactive lifestyle is a very important risk factor for the development of many diseases, including metabolic syndrome. In aging, in addition to aging-related problems, some elderly people develop metabolic syndrome, which is more common in women than men. The metabolic conditions of the body play a major role in the emergence and progression of this disease. This study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of circuit training on body weight, blood pressure and Cholesterol levels and liver enzymes in elderly women with metabolic syndrome in Khorramabad city. This semi-experimental study was performed in 2017 on 18 elderly women with metabolic syndrome at Farzanegan rehabilitation center in Khorramabad. During the daily routine activities, the subjects participated in 8-week circuit training protocol which performed 3 sessions per week. The fasting blood sample was taken from the subjects 24 hours before the training protocol and 48 hours after the training protocol. Body weight, blood pressure, serum cholesterol and liver enzymes were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 24) and Kolmogrov-Smirnov and correlated t-test. P The results showed a significant decrease in serum AST (p =.043) and cholesterol (p =.033) levels, systolic blood pressure (p =0.001) and body weight (p =0.001) and BMI (p=0.001), and non-significant decrease in serum levels of ALT (p =0.487) in comparison with pre-test values in elderly women with metabolic syndrome. The circuit training in elderly women with metabolic syndrome has beneficial effects on serum concentration of AST, ALT and cholesterol; also it reduces systolic blood pressure and body weight, therefore can promote their health.

Evaluation of liver and renal function before and after administration of methotrexate (MTX) is recommended in the treatment of molar pregnancy, but the necessity of performing these tests during treatment of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of creatinine and AST levels before and after treatment with double (DD) and multiple (MD) doses of MTX in patients with Ep. This retrospective cross-sectional study performed on 152 patients with an EP during 2007-2013 in Al-Zahra hospital (Rasht). Seventy six patients received DD and 76 cases were treated with MD of MTX. The success rate, side effects of MTX and changes in creatinine and AST levels were compared between the two groups. The mean changes in creatinine level was 0.06±0.08 and 0.16±0.13 in DD and MD groups, respectively and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.002). The mean changes in AST level was 5.06±2.47 and 9.63±5.5 in DD and MD groups, respectively which was statistically significant (p=0.002). The success rates were 65.8% and 86.8% in DD and MD groups, respectively with statistically significant difference (p=0.002). The side effects rates were 13.2% and 32.9% in DD and MD groups, respectively with statistically significant difference (p=0.004). It seems that administration of MD of MTX in EP patients leads to an increase in success rate of treatment but also it causes considerable increase in creatinine and AST levels.

In patients with beta – thalassemia major, iron overload and oxidative stress cause metabolic disorders, especially in the liver. Green tea may be beneficial in reducing the complications of this disease due to the iron chelation and antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of green tea on liver enzymes and serum lipid profiles in these patients. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 52 patients with beta – thalassemia major in two groups of controls and intervention (26 people in each group). Patients in the intervention group received 3 cups of green tea for 8 weeks and the control group consumed the same amount of boiled water each day for the same period. The assessment of dietary intake, AST and ALT, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C, and height and weight measurements were performed at the beginning and the end of the study. FINDINGS: Significant decrease in the levels of ALT enzymes (p<0.0001, 38.8±4.8 U/L) and AST (p<0.007, 39.53±11.01 U/L) and serum triglyceride (p<0.0001, 135.03±31.82 mg/dl) compared to baseline values (42.53±5.26 U/L, 43.46±9.7 U/L, 150.35±33.34 mg/dl) was observed in the green tea group. The consumption of green tea resulted in a significant reduction in total serum cholesterol levels at the end of the study in the intervention group compared with the control group (p=0.006). The results of this study showed that green tea consumption reduced levels of liver enzymes, triglycerides and especially total serum cholesterol in patients with beta – thalassemia major.

The metabolism of many drugs and toxins is done in the liver and active metabolites are created during the metabolism of these substances which many of them cause liver toxicity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on liver toxicity induced by Thioacetamide in adult male rats.
In this experimental study, 48mature female rats were divided into 6 groups including control, sham and 4 experimental groups receiving Thioacetamide (50mg/kg), Thioacetamide plus curcumin30 and 120, 60 mg/kg. In this study, Thioacetamide and curcumin were administered as intraperitoneally in 21 consecutive days. At the end, the activity of enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and were measured and liver structure of the animals was investigated. The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan tests at a significant level of p≤0.05.
The results of this study showed that Thioacetamide significantly increased the activity of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes at the level of p≤0.05 compared to the control group and increased the lymphocyte invasion around the portal of the triad and tissue degradation of the liver. However, curcumin in different doses significantly reduced the activity of these enzymes and improved the liver tissue structure at the level of p≤0.05 compared to the group receiving Thioacetamide.
The results of this study showed that Thioacetamide may increase the activity of transaminases and damage the liver tissue structure by producing oxidative stress, while the use of curcumin with thioacetamide simultaneously probably reduces the activity of transaminases and improves tissue structure due to the antioxidant properties of curcumin.

Exercise and nutrition are two basic foundations in the control of increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in diabetes disease. The aim of the present study was to review the interactional effects of endurance training and aloe vera gel on ALT and AST levels in diabetic rats.
Forty five diabetic rats were selected and divided into 5 groups of 9 rats (1) first week control, (2) sixth week control, (3) endurance training, (4) aloe vera, (5) endurance training with aloe vera. Also for review of the effects of diabetes induction on ALT and AST, 18 rats were divided into two groups of (6) first week control, and (7) sixth week control. Groups 3 and 5 ran on treadmills for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 20 minutes per session. Groups 4 and 5 received 100 mg/kg aloe vera gel. For statistical analysis of the data one way ANOVA and tukey post hoc tests (p≤0.05) were used.
Diabetes induction has a significant effect on the increase of ALT (p=0.04): endurance training together with aloe vera gel has a significant effect on the reduction of ALT and AST levels (p=0.001); endurance training with aloe vera gel, together with endurance training and aloe vera gel consumption has more effect on reduction of ALT (p=0.001). Endurance exercise together with Aloe vera gel has a greater effect on AST reduction than endurance training alone (P = 0.04).
6 weeks of endurance training and aloe vera gel have interactional effects on the improvement of ALT and AST levels in diabetic rats.

Since the intensity and duration of exercise and recovery time are one of the influencing factors on injuries and adaptations, the current study examined changes in muscle damage active in overweight male students after exhaustive aerobic and anaerobic exercises.
In this semi-experimental study, 22 overweight male students were randomly divided into experimental (n = 12) and control (n = 10) groups.The subjects first tested the aerobic test of astrand (including running on a treadmill at the rates of 5 to 8 mph with a gradient of 0, for 3 minutes, and after 3 minutes every 2 minutes, a steep gradient of 2.5%, and the rate was constant and the activity continued until the time of exhaustion, and one week after an anaerobic Rast test (including 6 repetitions of two fast running 35 meters and with a maximum intensity performed after the rest interval of 10 seconds in each repetition) The control group continued to their daily activities without any interruption. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed through covariance and T-dependent analyses at the significant level of 0.05.
It was found that in the pre-test, post-test LDH(17.16±0.9), AST(140±5.61) and CPK(147.5±7.65) levels in the experimental group, compared to the control, due to aerobic and anaerobic exercise, showed a significant increase. The level of CPK and LDH between the experimental and control groups was significant in aerobic exercise (P≤ 0.05), (P≤ 0.01); respectively, and in anaerobic exercise (P = 0.004), (P = 0.006) ; respectively, but the AST values between the two groups increased except for the aerobic exercise sessions (P = 0.7), (P = 0.1); respectively.
In general, the study showed that the muscle damage in exhausted aerobic exercise is less than that in anaerobic exercise. Thus, it is recommended that performing aerobic and anaerobic activities should be done at appropriate resting intervals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of supplementation Jadvar on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes after exhaustive incremental exercise in men's handball.
In this semi-experimental double blinded study 12 handball players with at least 2 years record in league (with average age=21.42, height=186cm, weight=83.25, and body mass index=24.09kg/m2) divided into 2 groups (n=6) accidentally. Both groups performed maximum Bruce protocol until exhausting level. Before (fasting) and after performing protocol ,blood samples were taken from middle forearm vein and transferred to lab then supplementation group consumed three 500 mg jadvar capsules and control group consumed three 500 mg maltodextrin for 7 days daily. 24 hours after eating last capsule ,they performed maximum Bruce protocol up to exhausting level and the samples were collected like primary protocol blood samples before (fasting)and after performing protocol and were transferred to the laboratory.
The results of dependent and independent t-test showed that consuming jadvar supplements for 7days did not have significant effect on aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)(p≥0.05).But alanine aminotransferase in supplementation group (16.83 mg.dl-1) decreased in comparison to placebo group (20.5 mg.dl-1). Also, aspartate aminotransferase was increased from 28 mg.dl-1 to 35.17 mg.dl-1 , but neither decrease nor increase was not meaningful (p≥0.05).
It seems that acute consuming of jadvar supplement and one session incremental exercise does not have meaningful effect on AST and ALT in man handball players.

Diabetes disease can have destructive effects on different organs such as the liver. At this situation, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increase in the blood. This study aimed to review the effect of aloe vera with swimming training on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
84 rats divided into seven groups; -week healthy control, fourth-week healthy control, first-week diabetic control, fourth-week diabetic control, Aloe Vera extract, swimming training, and swimming training with Aloe Vera extract. The training program included 30 minutes of swimming, three times per week, for 4 weeks. At the end, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were measured by gathering blood samples from the heart. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis of data (α = 0.05).
The results showed that induction of diabetes significantly increases alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p= 0.001) Also swimming training and Aloe Vera consumption for four weeks have significant effect on reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p= 0.001), whereas the four-week swimming training together with Aloe Vera consumption has more effect on the reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (p=0.001).
It can be concluded that although swimming training and Aloe Vera consumption separately have lowering effect on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, but swimming training together with Aloe Vera consumption has more effect on the reduction of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase.