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Patients with diabetes face a variety of physical and psychological problems, such as depression, anxiety, disability, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, which ultimately lead to decreased happiness and quality of life. While in positive thinking training, people are encouraged to recognize their strengths in life and their potential abilities through their positive and good experiences, and to their role in increasing and promoting self-esteem and self-esteem and improvement. They have become more aware of their lives and have considered happiness to be the main subject of positivist psychology. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the Effect of Positive Thinking Skills Training on Self-efficacy and Clinical Tests of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital of Mahabad, Iran in 2020.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with available sampling method that was performed on 60 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Mahabad who were eligible to participate in the study in 2016. Samples were entered into the study by convenience sampling, and then were randomly assigned to two groups of 30 intervention and control. In the intervention group, positive thinking skills training sessions based on the content extracted from the sources and books of positive psychology as well as consultation with professors and specialists in the field of positive psychology with an eight-session structure of each Two sessions per week and each session was performed in 60-45 minutes. Data were collected using demographic information questionnaire and perceived self-efficacy questionnaire of patients with type 2 diabetes and were assessed as pre-test and post-test using SPSS-22 software and significance level was less than 0.05. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, paired t-test and chi-square.

 The results of independent t-test showed that before the implementation of positive thinking skills training, the mean score of self-efficacy was not significantly different between the control and intervention groups (p = 0.681). But after the implementation of positive thinking skills training, there was a significant difference between the mean score of management self-efficacy between the two groups (p = 0.0001). The results of paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference between the mean scores of patientschr('39') self-efficacy before and after the intervention within the control group (p = 0.555). But there was a significant difference between patientschr('39') self-efficacy scores before and after the intervention within the intervention group (p = 0.001). Also, the results of paired t-test showed that before and after the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores of blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride and glycosylated hemoglobin within the intervention and control groups (p <0.05).

 Positive thinking skills training has a positive effect on self-efficacy in type 2 diabetes, so it is recommended to use this method to increase self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Studies about positive thinking, suggests that people with an optimistic explanatory style, in other words, people are looking positive, compared with those with a pessimistic explanatory style, while coping with major life stressors, the poor physical health and depression their disappointment incurred or committed suicide. It turns out that the relationship between optimism and achievement motivation, there is a significant correlation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of positive thinking skills on the achievement and happiness motivation of the Physical-motor disabled.

Accordingly, a sample of the 40 male disabled aged 20 to 24 years old from Jajarm (North Khorasan) were selected using random sampling method. The degree of achievement motivation of the sample was measured with Achievement Motivation Questionnaire ACMT (1994) and the degree of happiness was measured with Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (1989). This Intervention studies uses pre-test and post-test with control and case groups. The number of 40 subjects who had low scores in terms of achievement and happiness were randomly selected and divided into two groups of case (n=20) and control (n=20). The independent variable of teaching positive thinking skills was carried out in the case group for 8 sessions (1:30 hours each session).

One week after the end, both groups were tested again. By analyzing samples showed of positive thinking skills has been a significant increase achievement and happiness. (p<0.001)

According to the research, teaching positive thinking skills, increase achievement and happiness of disabled. It is necessary to look at welfare centers to enhance life skills and positive step loved ones and the more accurate planning.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of positive thinking skills on psychological well-being and loneliness of elderly women in Kermanshah. The study type was Semi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. The Participants of this study were 30 elderly women that were selected by available sampling method and assigned to experimental and control groups randomly. Experimental group, were trained for positive thinking for 8 sessions of 90 minutes and 2 times weekly. The data collected through short form of Psychological well-being questionnaire and of loneliness questionnaire. Research data were analyzed by SPSS software and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicated that positive thinking skills training is effective in promotion of psychological well-being and reduced loneliness in elderly women. According to the findings of this study, the necessity to apply of positive thinking training programs in order to improve psychological well-being and reduce loneliness in elderly people is emphasized.