آنتی بیوتیک

Inguinal hernia repair is performed in two ways, one without mesh and the other with mesh. Use of antibiotics is one of the major challenges in hernia mesh repair. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using and not using antibiotics on the infection of the site of operation.

This prospective double-blind cohort study performed in Kosar Hospital in Sanandaj. Patients were placed in three groups and examined for postoperative infection at the surgical site. Group A received no antibiotics, group B received preoperative antibiotics and group C received postoperative antibiotics.

Among 186 patients, 56 were in group A, 62 in group B and 68 in group C. A total of 8 patients (4.3 percent) in 3 groups developed complications, which included erythema and discharge from the operation site. In group A, two patients and in group C, 6 patients developed surgical site infection, which showed no significant difference among the three groups (P = 0.317). There was no significant relationship between the incidence of the complications (R = 135, Adj.R2 = 0.007, P = 0.187) and age, residential place and site of operation.

Based on the results of our study, antibiotics are not necessary in the patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery with mesh. Therefore, routine antibiotic use should not be advocated. This viewpoint is very effective in reducing antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance is regrettably increasing. Recently, application of postbiotics against various microbial pathogens can safely be considered to formulate/substitute with antibiotics. As such, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Lactobacillus Paracasei against the most common Staphylococcal and coliform pathogens.

The standard strain of Lactobacillus (L.) paracasei was cultivated in MRS medium. Then, the inhibitory effects of different obtained postbiotics along with negative-and-positive controls on two pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Escherichia (E.) coli, was evaluated by the MIC test using the microdilution method on 96-well plates. The results were determined at 630 nm.

The effect of all isolated postbiotics except group C (supernatant obtained with sonication-heat shock treatment) compared to the negative controls (without treatment) was statistically significant (p<0.05). Also, the postbiotic group D (supernatant obtained with sonication-thermal shock-freeze treatment) had as remarkably inhibitory effect as positive control (with meropenem treatment) on S. aureus (p=0.0006) and E. coli (P=0.0003). Also, different groups of postbiotics had almost similarly non-significant effect on S. aureus versus E. coli.

Results of this study emphasize the antibacterial potential of Lactobacillus paracasei postbiotics against common pathogens, and these postbiotics can be considered as one of the promising candidates for development and further biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

The Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections. This bacterium is continuously increasing its resistance to commonly used antimicrobial drugs, posing significant challenges for clinical treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the trend of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa from 2019 to 2023 in hospitals in Ardabil city.

This cross-sectional descriptive study utilized 200 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from urine, respiratory, wound, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients who visited Ardabil hospitals between June 2019 and May 2023. The sensitivity and resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to antibiotics-including piperacillin, piperacillin / tazobactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, tobramycin, netilmicin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, levofloxacin, and colistin-were assessed using the disk diffusion and agar dilution methods.

Over a period of 4 years, the resistance of P. aeruginosa to various antibiotics was observed as follows: piperacillin 45.5%, piperacillin/tazobactam 31%, ceftazidime 44%, cefepime 46%, aztreonam 12%, imipenem 67.5%, meropenem 52%, amikacin 43%, tobramycin 45.5%, netilmicin 39.2%, ciprofloxacin 55.5%, ofloxacin 62%, norfloxacin 53.5%, levofloxacin 55.5%, and colistin 9%. It is worth mentioning that the trend of antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa to all tested antibiotics increased during the first and second years, decreased in the third year, and then experienced a significant increase again in the fourth year. Throughout this period, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of P. aeruginosa has also been on the rise.

The present study confirmed that the overall trend of resistance to various antibiotics among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients in Ardabil is on the rise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sheep lymph nodes and antibiotics on the bacterium that causes acne and the bacteria that usually exist with it.

In this laboratory study, 24 patients with acne (18 to 45 years old) were selected to isolate the bacteria. Also, 24 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from the wound samples of patients. After culturing the bacteria, their sensitivity to common antibiotics was evaluated. Data were reported as percentage.

The results showed that Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus were 100% sensitive to vancomycin. Also, Cutibacterium acnes showed sensitivity in tetracycline and imipenem groups in 95% of cases and in cotrimoxazole and piperacillin/tazobactam groups in 90% of cases. In addition, the highest sensitivity of Staphylococcus epidermis to piperacillin/tazobactam (62.5%) and the highest drug resistance (91.67%) were related to azithromycin and erythromycin groups.

Due to the increase in drug resistance, it is suggested to use antibiotics with the least drug resistance such as vancomycin and imipenem in the treatment of acne.

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant global health threat. Promoting rational antibiotic use through public awareness and education is crucial. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacy patrons regarding antibiotic use.

 This analytical study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of patients receiving antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections at Pharmacy No. 1 of Bandar Affiliated Faculty of Pharmacy. Data was collected from June 22 to December 22, 2023, using a structured questionnaire encompassing demographic information, knowledge about antibiotics, and attitudes towards their use. Chi-square and One-Way ANOVA tests were employed to analyze the data, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Of the 274 participants, 51.8% (142 individuals) were male. The mean age of the study population was 15.98 ± 44.01 years. The majority of participants demonstrated moderate to high levels of knowledge (97.1%) and attitude (89.8%) regarding antibiotic use. Notably, younger and employed individuals exhibited significantly higher levels of knowledge and attitude (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 44.5% of participants were aware of antibiotic resistance.

Most patients' knowledge and attitude regarding the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections was moderate or high.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health of Iran, the consumption of antibiotics has a high trend in Iran. So that nearly half of the prescriptions contain at least one antibiotic. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of parents toward the use of antibiotics for children in outpatient clinics in pediatric hospitals affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

Methods and Materials: 

400 samples of children’s parents referred to the pediatric hospital pharmacy were participated in this cross-sectional study. The tool of the present research was a research made questionnaire, which was created based on a review of the literature and the valid research conducted on the subject of the research. The reliability of the questionnaire was measured using the test-retest method and the validity of the questionnaire was measured using the experts opinions (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.89%).

In the survey of parents’ knowledge, 39% believed that antibiotics treat viral infections. 31.5% of parents believed that if their child has symptoms of cough, runny nose, and sore throat and receives antibiotics, it will be treated faster. 28.8% believed that antibiotics should be stopped as soon as the patient’s symptoms disappeared. In examining parents’ attitudes, 123 parents (30.8%) agreed, and 41 parents (10.2%) completely agreed that they have little knowledge about bacterial resistance. Half of the parents (50.0%) believed that the per capita consumption of antibiotics is high in Iran. Previous antibiotics prescribed by the doctor were the most common reason for parents taking antibiotics without consulting a specialist for similar symptoms (38.5%), and the least common reason was the convenience of buying antibiotics from a pharmacy (12.8%). Furthermore, 42.8 percent preferably use the child’s doctor and the pharmacist as
sources of information about antibiotics.

The results of this survey showed that the majority of parents do not have enough information about antibiotics. Therefore, it seems that a written and appropriate program should be planned to inform and increase information literacy. Doctors were considered as the most important source of information for obtaining information about antibiotic use, followed by pharmacists. Therefore, doctors and pharmacists should consider more time for counseling with parents and this time should be closer to the standard time.

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed drugs by dentists. Irrational use of these drugs can lead to unwanted drug side effects, such as drug resistance in addition to unnecessary costs. This research was conducted to determine the antibiotic prescription pattern by dentists of Ardabil City based on the international ATC/DDD system.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 250 prescriptions of patients referred to dentists in Ardabil during the second quarter of 2021 were examined. The information related to prescribed drugs includes: drug dose, frequency of drug use, number of drugs that were collected and completed in the dental offices and clinics of Ardabil city, and finally after converting the data into a certain daily dose based on the ATC-DDD system, acquired data was analyzed using One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests and SPSS version 21 software, the significance level was considered less than 0.05.

Out of the total 250 reviewed prescriptions, 207 prescriptions (82.8%) contained antibiotics. Metronidazole (73.4%) and amoxicillin (70.5%), were the most antibiotic drugs prescribed by Ardabil dentists respectively. In all prescribed drugs, the DDD value was higher than the standard DDD value. There was no significant difference between men and women in terms of the number of copies (p<0.05). The highest frequency was related to the prescription of three drugs and the lowest frequency was related to the prescription of six drugs. In terms of pharmaceutical forms, 201 prescriptions (97.1%) were only oral drugs and 6 (2.9%) were both oral and injectable

The results showed that the amount of antibiotics prescribed in prescriptions was higher than the standard DDD and the number of drugs prescribed in prescriptions was also higher than the figure recommended by the World Health Organization.

 Self-medication among university students, as educated members of society, is a significant public health concern. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of students towards self-medication with antibiotics at Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, 2021.

 This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted during the academic year 2021-2022 among 438 students at the Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected using a convenience sampling approach. Data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which had been confirmed by an expert panel. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which yielded values of 0.84 for the awareness items, 0.78 for the attitude items, and 0.80 for the performance items. For data analysis, both descriptive and analytical statistical methods were employed using SPSS software version 25. Ethical considerations were taken into account throughout the study design, data collection, and analysis stages.

 The results of this study indicated that the level of awareness among the student participants regarding the self-administration of antibiotics was moderate in 82.4% of cases and good in 14.8%. Regarding their attitudes, 81.3% of the participants exhibited a moderate stance, while 57.8% of the students displayed a poor performance in relation to the self-administration of antibiotics. More than half (61%) of the participants had engaged in the self-administration of antibiotics, with the primary reasons being obtaining a satisfactory outcome from previous self-administration and lacking sufficient time to consult a physician.

 Given the relatively high rate of self-medication with antibiotics among the students, it is necessary to implement educational interventions and change their attitudes and habits regarding seeking medical attention when sick.

This research study aimed at assessing the bond strength of Sealer AH26 to the root canal walls after using calcium hydroxide and triple antibiotic paste as an intracanal medicament.

n this experimental study, 35 human single-canal teeth (including premolar and central) were conducted in the Faculty of Dentistry of Islamic Azad University of Isfahan and the laboratory department of Professor Tarabinejad Research Center in the winter of 1994 and spring of 1995. The samples were divided into two groups of 15 people and one group of 5 individuals. After the preparation of the canals, calcium hydroxide was used in the first group and triple antibiotic paste was used in the second group as medicine inside the canal, and in the control group of 5 people, no drugs were used. Then the canals were sealed using AH26 sealer and gutta-percha. In the next step, discs with a thickness of 1.5 mm were prepared from each sample at intervals of 4 and 11 mm, and then the force applied during the exit of gutta-percha and Sealer was recorded by the universal push-out test device. Finally, the statistical data was analyzed using (one-way analysis of variance) (p value < 0.05).

The average bond strength of the Sealer to the dentin walls in 1/3 apical and 1/3 coronal of the root canal shows that the bond strength of the root canal of the triple antibiotic paste group is higher than the average bond strength of the calcium hydroxide group, but it is not statistically significant (p value > 0.05).

The results of the study showed that calcium hydroxide and triple antibiotic paste do not have much effect on the bond strength of AH26 sealer to root canal dentin.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the essential types of human pathogenic bacteria. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has caused numerous treatment problems for its elimination. The present study aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance pattern of K. pneumoniae bacteria in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Shahid Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad in 2022.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 120 patients admitted to the ICU of Shahid Rahimi Khoramabad Hospital in 2022. After collecting K. pneumoniae isolates, the antibiotic resistance pattern of all isolates was evaluated. Thereafter, the relationship between antibiotic resistance and different variables was analyzed using SPSS software (version 25).

In this study, the mean age of patients participating was 55.09±26.44 years. The most isolated strain of K. pneumoniae was obtained from urine samples (48.3%). The highest rate of antibiotic sensitivity was to amikacin (65.8%), gentamicin (50.8%), and ciprofloxacin (49.2%), while the highest rate of antibiotic resistance pertained to cefixime (68.3%), cefotaxime (66.7%), and ceftriaxone (60.8%). The pattern of antibiotic resistance showed a significant relationship with inpatient ICU, surgical ICU, general ICU, internal ICU, emergency ICU, and pediatric ICU (P < 0.05).

By specifying the pattern of antibiotic sensitivity in the ICU in the investigated area and reporting it to the doctors, the obtained results can be taken into account in experimental treatments, which in itself causes a better response from the patients to the received medicine and a reduction in antibiotic resistance in ICUs.

In recent decades, there has been a growing concern about the presence of antibiotics in water resources. The presence of these micropollutants even in low concentrations has significant effects on the environment and human health, and their entry into the soil and especially receiving waters should be prevented as much as possible. As effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are significant sources of antibiotics in the environment, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of antibiotics removal in municipal WWTPs.

In this study, Isfahan East WWTP with a combination of stabilization ponds and an aeration lagoon, and Isfahan South WWTP with conventional activated sludge treatment were selected as well as four antibiotics from the beta-lactam group including ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and penicillin, and their removal efficiency was investigated in both WWTPs. Samples were collected from the influent and effluent of both WWTPs on 13 occasions and analyzed immediately after being transferred to the laboratory. The concentration of antibiotics was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

In the Isfahan East WWTP, the average removal efficiency was 86.22 ± 19.84% for ampicillin, 34.35 ± 31.38% for amoxicillin, 78.75 ± 23.81% for cephalexin, and 89.80 ± 19.42% for penicillin. In the Isfahan South WWTP, the average removal efficiencies of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, and penicillin were equal to 54.82 ± 33.29%, 66.85 ± 24.88%, 87.65 ± 21.76%, and 82.76 ± 21.85%, respectively.

The study's findings revealed that Isfahan municipal WWTPs were unable to fully eliminate antibiotics. According to statistical analysis, there were significant differences in the concentration of antibiotics in both WWTPs, and no critical correlation was observed between the removal efficiency of antibiotics and other principal wastewater parameters. Consequently, there is a need for stricter control over the discharge of effluent into the river or its use for agricultural irrigation.

The prevalence of bacterial infections and the type of bacteria involved in causing endocarditis and knowing their antibiotic resistance pattern are very important for the correct selection of antibiotics to treat these infections and the proper control of infection in the hospital. In this retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study, we investigated the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial agents isolated from blood cultures of patients with infective endocarditis.

This retrospective study was conducted on patients with infective endocarditis admitted to Razi and Fatemeh Zahra teaching hospitals over the four years from 2019 to 2023. After collecting the data, it was entered into Excel software and then analyzed using SPSS version 19 software.

Among 28 patients included in the study, 57.1% were men and 42.9% were women; the median age of patients was 56.79±13.41 years. The most common isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus with 11 positive samples (39.2%). Ninety-three percent of the studied microorganisms were resistant to at least two drugs. The result of the treatment was not significantly related to any of the gender, type of valve, and type of isolated microorganism (P=0.624, P=1.000 and P=0.398, respectively).

In this study, gram-positive bacteria were the most common group of microorganisms causing infective endocarditis. A high percentage of resistance was observed against some antibiotics including penicillin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone, which should be considered in initial empiric antibiotic therapy among hospitalized patients with infective endocarditis

Antibiotics are a type of medicine that are found in different concentrations from nanograms to micrograms in water sources, and their high resistance to decomposition makes it difficult to remove them from aquatic environments. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of tetracycline antibiotic from water environments.

In this study, modified y-type nano zeolite was synthesized for tetracycline adsorption. The properties of modified y type nano zeolite adsorbent were determined by FESEM, EDS, FTIR and XRD analysis. Then the absorption process of tetracycline was investigated.

The highest removal rate of tetracycline antibiotic was achieved at a concentration equal to 50 mg/L and a contact time of 30 min, at pH=7 and a modified nano zeolite concentration of 0.4 g/L, 97.4%. The adsorption process of tetracycline through modified nano-zeolite y was compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model (R = 0.991) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (K2 = 0.002).

The results showed that the nano adsorbent is significantly able to remove tetracycline from aqueous solutions in a short period of time. Therefore, it can be used as an effective adsorbent to remove antibiotics.

The rational use of drugs is one of the main elements of achieving the best pharmacotherapy method for patients. Linezolid is used for infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci, but the inappropriate use of this drug has led to the emergence of linezolid-resistant strains. The purpose of this study was to investigate the manner of Linezolid prescription in Shahid Chamran Hospital of Isfahan City in 2021.

This cross sectional study was conducted during a period of 6 months (From September 1, 2021 to February 31, 2022) on 102 patients admitted to Shahid Chamran Hospital in Isfahan City. Patient information such as demographic information, indication and dosages of drugs, the basis of drug prescription, side effects and drug interactions, etc. were extracted from the medical records of patients and hospital systems and recorded in designed forms. After matching the information with the relevant guidelines, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS-16 software.

Out of the 102 patients, who received linezolid, 75.1% were men and the rest were women. 99% of the cases were prescribed experimentally and 1% was based on culture. In 40.2% of the patients, drugs were prescribed irrationally in terms of prescription indications. In 84.3% of the cases, a change in treatment regimen was observed after receiving the culture results.

A large percentage of cases of linezolid drug prescription was not done correctly. Furthermore, it has not been attention to the side effects caused by the drug, especially thrombocytopenia.

Amoxicillin (AMX) is a commonly used antibiotic in medicine (beta-lactam family). The residue of this compound has been detected in water sources and causes antibiotic resistance.

In this study, a renewable adsorbent based on graphene oxide (graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with CoFe2O4) was synthesized and used to absorb AMX from aqueous medium. The characteristics of the synthesized nanocomposite were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, pHZPC and BET/BJH.

It presented the maximum adsorption capacity based on the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which is 238.62 mg/g adsorbent, much higher than that reported by different nanoparticles. which can indicate the dominance of the chemical absorption mechanism in this process. The absorption process was investigated using the response procedure method and central composite design (CCD), under different operating conditions of adsorbent dose, initial AMX concentration, temperature and sonication time. In the present study, more than 70% of AMX concentration was removed.

In summary, the synthesized nanocomposite as a renewable adsorbent is likely to have significant effects on pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and can be considered as an efficient material for treatment techniques for future research.

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has become a global crisis for public health. There are many concerns about the increase of multi-drug resistant bacteria so that some diseases cannot be effectively treated. There is an urgent need to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics for human and animal treatment. As an alternative to antibiotics, endolysins are interesting due to their high antibacterial activity and properties against numerous bacterial pathogens and in various fields of application, including medicine, food safety, and agriculture. Most phage endolysins show a wide spectrum of activity. Several features of these enzymes, including their high activity, are the presence of two catalytic domains in their structure, which further reduces the possibility of resistance formation, also, the mechanism of action and their type of lytic activity support their further exploitation as valuable and strong antibacterial agents for the treatment of infections. In this review, the structure and mechanism of endolysin, as well as its benefits as an alternative to antibiotics, and the problems in this field are stated. Moreover, the applications and advances of endolysin have been reviewed, and the newly engineered endolysins as potential candidates have been introduced.

Sea cucumber is one of the important aquatic animals that has many nutritional and medicinal properties and is of medical importance due to the presence of compounds with therapeutic and antibacterial effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of selenium hybrid nanoparticles and sea cucumber extract on Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus bacteria.

MIC evaluation method was determined for the cytotoxic effect of sea cucumber extract on microbial cells. To carry out this research, after collecting and extracting sea cucumbers, the cytotoxicity of this extract on microbial cells was determined using the MIC method. Then, the antibacterial effect of sea cucumber extract, selenium hybrid nanoparticle and the combined effect of sea cucumber extract and selenium hybrid nanoparticle on Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus bacteria were evaluated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16 software.

The results of the experiments showed that sea cucumber extract with different dilutions had an antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli bacteria, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus. These results also applied to the tests performed with selenium nanomedicine. Interestingly, after combining a certain amount of sea cucumber extract and selenium nanomedicine, a greater antibacterial effect was observed on the above-mentioned 3 bacteria.

The synergistic effect of sea cucumber extract and selenium nanoparticles has a higher level of antibacterial properties.

Antibiotic contaminants observed in waters have become a significant concern in recent years. In this study, a new engineered nanosorbent was developed to remove fluoroquinolone antibiotic from water

Nanoabsorbent (IL@GCN@IL) was prepared by immobilizing a bi-cationic ionic liquid on a substrate of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN). The performance of this nanoabsorbent was evaluated under various parameters such as adsorbent dose, antibiotic concentration, time and temperature. Generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and response surface method (RSM) were used to model the removal.

This nanoabsorbent showed a good absorption performance, so that the removal precentage of ciprofloxacin (CPF) was 96.23%. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich isothermal pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a heterogeneous chemisorption process

This nanoabsorbent showed good reusability and can be an ideal and promising candidate for removing antibiotic pollutants from aqueous solutions. Overall, this study highlights the potential of engineered nanosorbents as effective adsorbents for the removal of antibiotic contaminants from water, which can have significant implications for water treatment and environmental protection.