احساس تنهایی

 Individuals undergoing chronic hemodialysis face various daily challenges due to their unique lifestyle, which significantly reduces their quality of life. Self-care plays a crucial role in improving health behaviors and delaying the progression to the final stages of the disease. Since self-care is comprehensive, learnable, and improvable, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between loneliness and self- care in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This cross-sectional study involved 138 elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Citizen Dialysis Center in Sari, selected through a census method. Data collection tools included a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Standardized Elderly Self-Care Scale, and the Russell Loneliness Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05.

The average age of the participants was 68.67±6.28 years, and the majority (51.4%) were female. Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant association between total self-care scores and loneliness (r=0.14,P=0.108), physical self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.03,p=0.694), or illness-related self-care scores and loneliness (r=0.11,P=0.218). However, a significant negative correlation was observed between spiritual self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.33,P=0.001) and between social self-care scores and loneliness (r=-0.20,P=0.018). As loneliness scores increased, spiritual and social self-care scores declined.

The findings underscore the importance of addressing the emotional and social needs of elderly hemodialysis patients along with their physical health needs to enhance their overall quality of life. Healthcare providers and policymakers should implement self-care interventions, particularly those emphasizing spiritual and social aspects, into care plans for elderly hemodialysis patients to reduce the negative impact of loneliness and promote their well-being.

Internet addiction is associated with psychological characteristics such as perfectionism, social anxiety, and loneliness. The mediating role of procrastination in these relationships has been less explored. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the mediating role of procrastination in the relationship between perfectionism, social anxiety, and loneliness and internet addiction among students at Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, during the 2021-2022 academic year.

In the present descriptive correlational study, the community consisted of students. A number of 500 people were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to Internet Addiction Test (Young, 1988), Procrastination Scale (Tuckman, 1991), Perfectionism Scale (Hill et al., 2004), Social Phobia Scale (Connor et al., 2000), and Adult Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale-Short Version (de Tomaso et al., 2004). Data analysis was performed by structural equations modeling.

The results of the research showed that the variables of procrastination, perfectionism, social anxiety, and loneliness are directly and positively related to Internet addiction (p<0.001). Also, the results of structural equation modeling showed that procrastination plays a mediating role in the relationship between perfectionism, social anxiety, and loneliness, and Internet addiction (p<0.001).

The current study indicated that procrastination in individuals with high levels of perfectionism, social anxiety, and loneliness could lead to excessive internet dependency. Therefore, it is recommended that interventions be considered to reduce these factors.

 Problematic internet use is one of the emerging issues in modern societies, and psychological factors play a prominent role in its etiology. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits with problematic internet use due to the feeling of loneliness.

 The multi-stage cluster method was adopted to select 450 students from the middle schools in Tabriz in the 2022-2023 academic year. Subjects were assessed by the questionnaires of Achenbach's behavioral signs, Barth's impulsivity, Gratz's and Roemer's emotion regulation deficits, Russell's feeling of loneliness and the problematic Internet use by Lopez-Fernandez et al.

 The data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that the effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits on the problematic internet use were mediated by the feeling of loneliness. In addition, the findings revealed that attention deficit, impulsivity, emotion regulation deficit, and loneliness had a positive significant relationship with problematic internet use (P<0.05). The effects of attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotion regulation deficit on loneliness were also significant (P<0.05).

 In sum, the attention deficit, impulsivity, and emotional regulation deficits may have predicted the problematic internet use caused by feeling of loneliness.

Establishing meaningful communication based on trust and mutual support is one of the basic and natural human needs. Loneliness refers to a negative and unpleasant experience that is caused by a lack of quantitative or qualitative attention in the field of one's social relationships. In other words, loneliness is a mental conflict between the individual's reality and the desired level of social relations. Now, when people fail to create social connections, the quality of life is severely damaged and may lead to loneliness. On the other hand, considering that loneliness is a common phenomenon in adolescence and adulthood and usually affects university students and often leads to mental illness. Also, loneliness is a constant risk factor for physical and mental health, which makes the prevalence of loneliness in young adults alarming. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to compile a model of loneliness based on self–esteem and secular attachment with the mediation of self–compassion in students.

The current research was correlational–analytical using the path analysis method. The statistical population comprised all students of Shiraz University who were studying in the academic year 2022–2023. The participants were selected using the available sampling method. After removing inappropriate questionnaires, 274 people remained. The participants completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), the Rosenberg Self–Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), the Secular Attachment Scale (Mehdiyar et al., 2018), and the Self–Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The ethical considerations of the research included the consent and willingness of the participants, the right to withdraw, keeping the information of the participants confidential, and informing the participants about the research process. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 22 software. The significance level of the tests in this research was considered 0.05.

The results of the path analysis showed that self–esteem (β =–0.268, p<0.001) and self–compassion (β=–0.356, p<0.001) had a negative and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=0.194, p=0.019) had a positive and significant direct effect on the loneliness. On the other hand, self–esteem (β=0.145, p=0.032) had a positive and significant direct effect, and secular attachment (β=–0.161, p=0.011) had a negative and significant direct effect on self–compassion. The indirect effect of self–esteem on loneliness was negatively significant (β=–0.033, p=0.014). Also, the indirect effect of secular attachment on loneliness was positive and significant (β=0.029, p=0.021). Also, the fit index was at a suitable level (χ2/df=2.707, GFI=0.911, IFI=0.910, PCLOSE=0.094, RMSEA=0.071).

Based on the findings of this research, reducing secular attachment and increasing self–esteem leads to increased self–compassion. As a result, it plays a significant role in reducing students' loneliness.

Students are one of the main parts of human resources in any country. Loneliness is one of the prevalent youth problems that can prevent students from being motivated to achieve self–actualization and efficacy. Achieving a sense of self–actualization requires support that students can receive from society and the surrounding environment to get their personality formed. On the other hand, life meaning refers to a sense of communication with the creator of the universe, having a goal in life, the pursuit and meeting of valuable goals, and fulfilling perfection. Life's meaning is, in essence, a cognitive nature because it involves people's beliefs about an ultimate goal. When an individual feels that his existence is tied to an eternal source and sees himself holding fast to reliable support, like a spiritual world and philosophy he has chosen for living, then he will find meaning; for this, the goal of this study was to investigate finding meaning in life and self–actualization, moderated by loneliness in students of Islamic Azad University.

This research was a correlational cross–sectional study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research comprised all students of Islamic Azad University of Shiraz in the academic year of 2021–2022, out of which 200 students were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The data collection tools were the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults–Short (DiTomaso et al., 2004), the Index of Self Actualization (Jones and Crandall, 1986), and the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and SmartPLS version 3 software, which performed the structural equation modeling method at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that meaning in life had a positive and significant direct effect (β=0.464, p<0.001), and the feeling of loneliness had a negative and significant direct effect (β=–0.409, p<0.001) on self–actualization. Loneliness had a moderating effect on the relationship between meaning in life and self–actualization (β= –0.122, p=0.001). Stone–Geisler's Q² index (0.289) was positive, the R2 value (0.745) was higher than the average, the effect size index (f2) (0.182) was higher than the average, and the redundancy index (0.311) was favorable, indicating a good fit of the structural model. The resulting values for SRMR=0.073 and GOF=0.405 indicated the overall good fit of the model.

According to the study findings on the moderating role of loneliness in the relationship between meaning in life and self–actualization in male and female students, reduced experiences of loneliness could help find meaning in life and, consequently, create motivation in students to achieve self–actualization.

Considering the tendency of the new generation, especially students, to use virtual spaces, it seems that the internet can be considered as a medium of influence in academic and personal life. The aim of the study was to predict body dysmorphic based on internet addiction and loneliness in medical students.

The type of present study was descriptive-correlation. 190 medical students from west of Mazandaran were included in the study by stratified random sampling method. Data were collected using Kimberly Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire, Rabiei et al.'s body dysmorphic Questionnaire, and Russell's Loneliness Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression were used for analysis.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between internet addiction and feeling lonely with body dysmorphic in West Mazandaran medical students (P<0.01). The results of the regression analysis showed that in the first step, the feeling of loneliness variable alone predicts 44% of the variance of the body dysmorphic variable (P<0.01). In the second step of this analysis, the variable of internet addiction was added as another variable after the variable of loneliness into the prediction equation of students' body dysmorphic, and with the addition of this variable, the predictive power increased to 50% (P<0.01).

the variables of internet addiction and feeling of loneliness are predictors of body dysmorphic in medical students, in such a way that body dysmorphic disorder increases with more feeling of loneliness and higher dependence on the internet.

With age, people gradually lose their past physiological, psychological and social functions, and this causes them to feel lonely. On the other hand, self-efficacy determines how much time people spend on their activities and how flexible they are in dealing with various situations. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the feeling of loneliness and its dimensions with the self-efficacy of the elderly.

This is a descriptive, analytical, correlational study in which 335 elderly individuals covered by comprehensive health centers of Gorgan city were included in the study in 2022. Sampling was done using a stratified method with proportional allocation. Data was gathered through a demographic checklist, and Social-Emotional Loneliness Questionnaire for Adults (SELSA-S), and Sherer's General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. The questionnaires were scored through a Likert scale. Previous studies confirmed the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 21 software. Spearman correlation, Umann Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were employed for data analysis. The significance level for all statistical tests was set at p < 0.05.

The study sample consisted of 71% (n=238) female older adults. The average loneliness score among the participants was 34.89 ± 9.39, while the average self-efficacy score was 58.08 ± 8.98. Loneliness exhibited a significant negative correlation with self-efficacy in older adults, (r=-0.203, p<0.001). Self-efficacy also demonstrated a significant negative correlation with dimensions of romantic loneliness, family loneliness, and social loneliness (p<0.001).
 

These results provide valuable insights into the association between self-efficacy and loneliness among older adults and can serve as a foundation for mental and social health interventions and programs targeting this population.

Information related to the amount of the most significant risk factors identified in relation to depression in middle-aged Iranian individuals is insufficient. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to predict depression in middle-aged residents of Tehran based on their socioeconomic status, feelings of loneliness, spiritual well-being, and marital satisfaction.

This cross-sectional study employed a quantitative descriptive-correlational approach and regression analysis. A total of 216 middle-aged individuals visiting health centers in Tehran in 2023 were selected through convenience sampling. Participants completed questionnaires assessing marital satisfaction (Hudson), social-emotional loneliness in adults, spiritual well-being (Dehshiri et al.), socioeconomic status (SES), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS version 24 to examine the relationship between predictor variables and depression.

Rusults:

 Among the 216 middle-aged participants in Tehran, aged between 40 and 60 years, 47/68% were male (103 individuals) and 52/31% were female (113 individuals). The prevalence of depression among middle-aged individuals in Tehran was found to be 46/3% (100 individuals). Notably, only spiritual well-being significantly predicted the variability in depression among middle-aged individuals in Tehran (B=0/19, p< 0/01).

Contrary to previous studies, socioeconomic status, loneliness, and marital satisfaction did not statistically predict the variability in depression among middle-aged individuals in Tehran. It is recommended that further research be conducted to identify the most significant risk factors associated with depression in this demographic.

Academic failure, as one of the key challenges universities face, has numerous causes. To mitigate it, the impact of these factors must be acknowledged.

This study aims to propose a predictive model for students’ academic achievement, focusing on variables such as addiction to virtual etworks, procrastination in work, feelings of loneliness, and academic stress.

This research is applied and correlational. The statistical population comprised all students from a chosen military university in Tehran in 2023. By employing convenience sampling and G*power software, 386 individuals participated in the study. Data collection involved utilizing questionnaires on internet addiction, loneliness, work procrastination, and student stress, while academic performance was determined using students’ averages. The study variables’ relationships were explored through a suggested conceptual model. Amos24 software was utilized for examining the causal links among research variables using structural equation modeling (SEM).

After modifying the initial measurement model, Composite Reliability index (CR) were obtained greater than the cut-off point of 0.7, and the overall reliability of the model was confirmed. The average variance extracted (AVE) being greater than the cut point of 0.5 and CR being greater than AVE confirmed the convergent validity of the constructs. Divergent validity was also confirmed by the AVE value being higher than the values of the maximum shared squared variance (MSV) and average shared squared variance (ASV). The normed chi-square (CMIN/D˂3), comparative fit index (CFI>0.9), root mean square residual (SRMR˂0.08) and root mean square error of approximate (RMSEA˂0.08) confirmed the fit of the modified model.

Virtual network addiction and procrastination, as independent variables, along with loneliness as a mediating variable, significantly influence academic performance. The findings suggest that the model fits well, with the variables successfully predicting students’ academic performance at an above-average level Keywords: Academic performance, Addiction

Mate selection is one of the most significant decisions that individuals make in their lifetime. This study aimed to predict mate selection criteria based on loneliness and marital attitudes among students in Shiraz. This research employed a descriptive design. The statistical population comprised all students of the Islamic Azad University of Shiraz branch in 2022. A sample of 377 individuals (235 women and 142 men) was selected using a step-by-step cluster sampling method. The short form of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S), the Marital Attitude Scale (MAS), and the Mate Selection Criteria Inventory (MSCI) were used for evaluation. The findings were analyzed using the multiple regression method simultaneously, which showed that a realistic attitude towards marriage and socio-emotional loneliness were significant predictors of mate selection criteria. Furthermore, the step-by-step multiple regression analysis revealed that a realistic attitude toward marriage had greater predictive power. A realistic attitude towards marriage leads to the selection of wise criteria and a more logical perspective in mate selection. Individuals with a more realistic attitude towards marriage examine this issue from different aspects and strive to have more logical and balanced criteria for marriage.

Fear of falling is considered an important factor in reducing the daily life activities of the elderly with diabetes. It seems that the fear of falling can play a decisive role in creating a sense of loneliness and social isolation in the elderly with diabetes by creating functional limitations and reducing the social activities of the elderly. Therefore, the direct relationship between fear of falling and social isolation and loneliness in diabetic elderly has not been investigated. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between fear of falling social isolation and feelings of loneliness in elderly diabetics who were referred to health centers in Faridunknar City in 2023.

The current study was a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted cross-sectionally on elderly people with type 2 diabetes referring to health centers in Faridonkanar City in 2023. In this study, 398 elderly people with diabetes participated, who were selected by simple random method. The research tools included the demographic information form, the international fall efficiency scale in the elderly, the emotional and social loneliness scale of adults, and the social isolation questionnaire of the Yazdi school. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and analytical statistics such as one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression in SPSS21 software.

The mean age of the participants was 67.6±28.6 years, with more than half of them being female (66.8%). The mean scores and standard deviations of fear of falling, social isolation, and loneliness in the elderly were 51.53±11.60, 48.66±6.30, and 64.53±2.96, respectively. 94.7% of the elderly participants had severe concerns about falling. There was a significant positive relationship between the fear of falling and feelings of loneliness (r=0.389, P=0.001) and social isolation (r=0.156, P=0.002). The results of the multivariable model also showed that for each unit increase in fear of falling score, there was a 0.05 increase in social isolation score in elderly diabetic patients (P≥0.05).

The results of the present study showed that there is a significant relationship between the fear of falling and social isolation and loneliness. The more seniors are afraid of falling, the more they feel alone and socially isolated. Given that improving health in the elderly requires improving healthy lifestyles and controlling and managing psychological factors, including feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Knowing the factors related to them is considered one of the important pillars of interventions in target groups in the key concept of "healthy and successful aging ". Effective planning in this area requires full knowledge and awareness of the fear of falling in the elderly and eliminating the factors that can be related to it. For this reason, it is necessary to adopt appropriate intervention strategies to reduce the fear of falling and increase the sense of security in diabetic elderly to improve their participation and social presence.

Considering the rapid aging process of the population, it seems necessary to investigate important factors in the formation and control of depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-criticism and loneliness with depression in older adults through the mediating role of rumination. This was a descriptive research with the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The statistical population consisted of all people over 60 living in Shahryar and Quds nursing homes in Karaj, Iran, 2022-2023, among whom 195 people (119 women, 76 men) were selected using convenience sampling method. In order to collect information, Nolen Hoeksma and Maro’s rumination, Thomson and Zarav’s self-criticism, Russell et al.’s loneliness, and Beck’s depression questionnaires were used. SEM was used to test the hypotheses. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Smart-PLS 3.2.8. The findings indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between internal and comparative self-criticism and depression, as well as between rumination and depression, but the relationship between loneliness and depression did not reach significance level, and rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between inner self-criticism and loneliness with Depression. According to the results of the present study, psychologists are recommended to train the techniques of controlling and stopping rumination, and self-critical thoughts in the treatment of depression in older adults, so that the loneliness of older adults may not lead them to feel depresssion.

One of the undesirable consequences of the aging process is the feeling of loneliness and decrease in general health. Nowadays aging people are one of the most problems of sustainable development in each country in the world. Therefore, current research was aimed to determine the impact of loneliness on elderly health in west health care center of Tehran.

This was descriptive- analytical research conducted cross- sectionally in 2020-2021. The research population was elderly people over 60 years old covered by west health center of Tehran. Determining the sample size was conducted by Krejcie and Morgan table to the number of 300. The list of elderly people extracted from Sib system, and selected by random table of numbers. The research tool were two questionnaires including GHQ-28 of Goldberg and loneliness feeling of elderly population (SELSA- S) that confirmed their validity and reliability. Descriptive results were reported by frequency, average, and also analytical results reported using by Pearson and variance analysis, and also linear regression.

Increased feeling of loneliness and poor mental health and social function were observed elderly people. Negative and significant feeling of loneliness and its components impacted on mental health among elderly people. There was no significant relationship between feeling of loneliness and gender.

Decreased feeling of loneliness among elderly people might lead to improved mental health among elderly people. Therefore, due to the increasing elderly population in Iran, it is so important to design interventions and trainingprograms in order to create supportive conditions forelderly people.

negative emotion is an unpleasant feeling that has a huge impact on the lives and mental health of people in society. Attachment and lack of communication with others play a role in emotional regulation and in chronic physical diseases. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of modeling negative emotions based on attachment styles and the mediating role of loneliness in inflammatory bowel patients.

the present study was a descriptive study of the correlation method. The statistical research community of all inflammatory-intestinal patients in Qom province was in 1401 when 150 people were selected as research samples by targeted sampling method. Participants completed questionnaires for Personality Type D, attachment styles, feelings of loneliness. Structural equations were used to analyze data using SPSS and pls software. The results of the structural equation test showed that the research model had a favorable fit.

the test results showed that the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between two styles of safe attachment and anxiety with negative emotions was confirmed (0.05>p).

Overall, the findings showed that safe attachment styles and anxiety directly and mediating loneliness affected negative emotions, and avoidance attachment styles directly affected negative emotions. The study of Total Effects (total direct and indirect effects) showed that anxiety attachment styles with a factor of 0.613 and safe attachment styles with a factor of - 0.417 had the greatest impact on negative emotions.

Old age is considered a critical phase in human life, and attention to the challenges and needs of this stage is essential from physical, psychological, and social perspectives. Loneliness during this period arises due to a reduction in social interactions, and poor sleep quality can lead to disruptions in individuals' emotions, thoughts, and motivation. The present study was conducted in 2023 with the aim of determining the relationship between loneliness and the sleep quality of the elderly visiting comprehensive health centers in the urban and rural areas of Varamin County.

The present study was conducted on 120 elderly individuals who sought care at the comprehensive health centers in the urban and rural areas of Varamin County in the year 2023. A multistage sampling method was employed for participant selection. Initially, Varamin County was divided into four clusters based on a map, and then four comprehensive health centers in urban/rural areas were randomly chosen. Subsequently, considering the total number of elderly individuals in Varamin County and the specific count for each center (information obtained from Varamin Health Center), the allocation of each center was determined based on the covered population. Continuing with the research, a continuous sampling method was utilized to select elderly participants. Data collection instruments included the UCLA Loneliness Scale for assessing loneliness and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for evaluating sleep quality. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, employing descriptive and inferential statistics

The research findings revealed a significant and strong direct correlation between loneliness and sleep quality (r = 0.611, p < 0.001). Furthermore, 37% of the variance in loneliness can be explained by sleep quality. Sleep quality, with a positive beta coefficient of 0.611, predicts loneliness significantly (p = 0.015).

The findings of this study indicate the impact and correlation between loneliness and the sleep of the elderly. The results of this research can serve as a clear picture to better understand how the feeling of loneliness affects the sleep of the elderly. These findings can be utilized in providing practical strategies to increase awareness among families and even the elderly themselves, aiming to reduce loneliness and its detrimental effects on the quality of life and sleep. Furthermore, these results can be instrumental at the organizational level for officials in relevant institutions dealing with the elderly, helping in formulating appropriate policies and measures to manage loneliness and enhance the sleep quality of the elderly

 Nowadays, in the Post-COVID-19 period, paying attention to related psychological issues, such as loneliness and subsequent death anxiety among the elderly, is of particular importance. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of loneliness with death anxiety in the Post-COVID-19 era among the Older People in Ilam Province in 2023.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 384 elderly men and women in Ilam province were included in the study after checking the inclusion criteria by cluster and simple random sampling methods. To collect data, demographic information questionnaires, the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), and Templer's Death Anxiety (DAS) were used. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests in SPSS version 22 software with a significance level of P< 0.05.

 The mean and standard deviation of loneliness and death anxiety scores were 51.88 ± 14.17 and 10.93 ± 4.55, respectively. A significant direct relationship was found between loneliness and death anxiety. Also, there was a significant direct correlation between age with loneliness (r = 0.29) and death anxiety (r = 0.88) and a significant inverse correlation between the number of children with death anxiety (r = -0.1). There was a statistically significant difference between loneliness and death anxiety with gender, insurance status, residence, and housemate segregation, and there was also a statistically significant difference between death anxiety with marital status, education level, underlying disease, and experiencing a stressful event.

 Considering the positive relationship between loneliness and death anxiety and the influencing factors in this study, health policymakers must plan to reduce loneliness and subsequent death anxiety in the elderly while paying attention to these factors.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), as a global epidemic, can cause widespread and irreparable disorders in the personal and social health. Although elderly people are more at risk, they receive less attention in this regard. This epidemic can affect the elderly in different ways, including the fear of contracting the virus and fear of death. This study aimed to determine the relationship between loneliness, locus of control, and intolerance of ambiguity with death anxiety in the elderly during the COVID-19 era.

Using cluster random sampling, this cross-sectional and analytical study included 309 elderly people in Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran in 2022. Data was collected using questionnaires on demographic variables, loneliness, locus of control, intolerance of ambiguity, and death anxiety. The collected data were statistically analyzed using logistic regression.

The mean age of participants was 70.69±6.28 years. The prevalence of death anxiety was 71.20% and it was statistically related to gender. The results of regression analysis showed that loneliness, external source of control, high uncertainty intolerance and gender could significantly predict death in the elderly.

According to our findings, more than half of the elderly experienced death anxiety. Loneliness, source of control, and intolerance of ambiguity play an important role in death anxiety of the elderly. Death anxiety among this population can be improved by designing psychological interventions based on the feeling of loneliness, source of control from external to internal, and intolerance of ambiguity from top to bottom.

Practical Implications: 

Since death anxiety is a multi-dimensional structure affecting many aspects of the elderly's life and it is one of the most common mental health issues of the elderly, it is essential to investigate the related factors. This can help to take effective steps and improve the mental health of the elderly.

Background and goals:

 Religion is a valuable secondary passage that affects physical and mental health. Religion can be a durable source in people's lives that this source of positive beliefs, in addition to creating dependence, gives meaning to life. Also, religious beliefs can bring order and meaning to life events by creating a sense of coherence in people's lives, as well as forming a valuable cognitive framework. The present research was conducted with the aim of the role of reconciliation, emotional atmosphere of the family and feeling of loneliness in orientation to the opposite sex among female student athletes in Tehran, with the mediating role of religious orientation.

This research is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of the research method, it is among descriptive survey and correlational research. The statistical population included female student athletes in Tehran. The statistical sample was selected based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan (1970), which included 384 people. A random cluster sampling method was chosen. Data collection in this research is a combination of library and field methods. To describe the data and observations, descriptive statistics methods such as: frequency distribution tables, descriptive charts and central indices (such as mean, mode, mean) and dispersion indices (such as standard deviation and variance) were used. Statistics including Cronbach's alpha test were performed for the reliability of the questionnaire. Data analysis in the model process was done with the help of structural equation method using Lisrel software..
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Considering that the significance level of the test for the variables was higher than the error rate of 0.05the null hypothesis of the test was accepted for all variables, as a result, the distribution of the research variables was normal and there was a significant relationship between the research variables, because with Considering the significance level of the test (0.000) which is smaller than α (0.05), the relationship between the emotional atmosphere of the family and social adjustment with the opposite sex orientation is inverse and significant, and the relationship between religious orientation and the opposite sex orientation is positive and. The findings of the research showed that religious orientation has a mediating role in the relationship of reconciliation with opposite sex orientation among female student athletes in Tehran, and this role was confirmed.

According to the findings of this research, it is suggested to help parents in creating social compatibility in families by holding training courses. The incompatibility of children and teenagers can be caused by the conditions in the school. One of the most important of these conditions is the quality of the relationship between the school officials and the students, especially the relationship between the teacher and the student. The emotional atmosphere that governs the school is like the atmosphere that governs the family in the social adjustment of children and teenagers, the quality of the relationship between the school members is also the same as the relationship between the family members, so that the social adjustment of the student can be influenced by the manager, the serving teacher, classmates and Even the educational environment
Also, considering the effect that religious orientation has on dealing with problems and various aspects of social life, such as academic and occupational adaptation, and the important role of the family in promoting this maturity in children, it is recommended that therapeutic counseling workshops and appropriate training classes be used to deal with Sahih should be established with children, especially in the more disadvantaged areas of the city due to more cultural and economic problems. Due to the importance of the religiousness of parents, it is necessary in various aspects of their children's lives, including emotional and social maturity; Officials, counselors and teachers, with more knowledge of parents' adherence and commitment to religious orders, order to increase religious knowledge and the consequences and effects of religiosity on children in classes with the given topic; and make it mandatory for parents to participate in it and continuously get information about the effectiveness of the classes. In addition, the school should provide a suitable platform for students to perform religious rituals, and to do this, the school can use experienced religious counselors..
Considering the role of the family's emotional atmosphere in reducing the tendency towards the opposite sex, it is suggested to help parents in creating a calm emotional atmosphere in families by holding training courses. Considering the role of feeling alone in increasing the tendency to have a relationship with the opposite sex, it is suggested that cultural and educational programs and courses with peer groups be put on the agenda for students so that they can learn skills or materials constructively from their alone time. use new
Among the limitations and obstacles that existed on the way of the present research, the following can be mentioned:.
Although it was tried to design the questionnaire or clear sentences as much as possible, there was a possibility of mistakes in understanding the real meaning of the options. One of the limitations of this research was the lack of comparison between boys and girls, and the lack of control over the socio-economic status and the level of education of the parents, which could have an effect on this issue; therefore, it is suggested that future studies with a larger sample size of high school boys and girls in connection with the current research topic, with control of socio-economic status and the level of education of parents to be compared. Undoubtedly, with more control of mediating variables, the importance of parent-adolescent relationships becomes more clear. Also, the comparison of teenagers in the early, middle and late period of adolescence in relation to the current research variables will provide more complete knowledge to the researchers and of course to the parents

Feeling alone and enduring distress are risk factors for suicidal thoughts, while parental bonds are protective factors. However, the complex mechanisms behind these factors have not been identified among people with a history of suicide attempts. Therefore, the present study aimed to predict suicide attempts through distress tolerance, feeling alone, and parental bonds in people with a history of suicide attempts.

The current research is a descriptive-correlational study, and the statistical population included all people with a history of suicide attempts in Isfahan, Iran, from among whom 120 people were selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included parental bond questionnaires by Parker et al. (1979), distress tolerance by Simmons and Gaher (2005), feelings of loneliness by Russell et al. (1980), and attempted suicide was made by the researcher. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive methods, including Mean and Standard deviation and inferential statistics (e.g., Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis) using the SPSS software (version 27) and PLS3 statistical software.

The results showed that among the predictor variables, feeling alone had the highest predictive power (64.7%), and in the second step, with the addition of parental bond with the mother, it increased to 0.701%, and in the third step, with the addition of Parenting bond with father reached 0.729%, and in fourth step with the addition of distress tolerance, it reached 0.743%, all of which are statistically significant.

Based on the findings of the present research, we can point out the influential role of feeling alone in predicting suicide attempts, and the need for families and policy-makers to pay attention to this prominent factor can play a major role in reducing suicide rate.

Borderline personality disorder is a serious and complex mental disorder that contains a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotions, and impulsivity. Therefore, the aim of the current study was the effectiveness of self-compassion-based mindfulness therapy on emotion regulation, loneliness, and impulsivity in borderline personality disorder patients.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test- post-test design with two experimental and control groups. Among all the people with borderline personality disorder referred to the clinics in Qochan City, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and replaced in two experimental and control groups. All of them completed the emotion regulation (2003), loneliness (1980) and impulsivity (1994) questionnaires in the pre-test and post-test phases. After that, the experimental group underwent mindfulness intervention. Finally, the data was analyzed using covariance analysis by SPSS version 26 statistical software.

The results showed that the mean emotion regulation score in the experimental group significantly improved after the intervention compared to the control group (P<0.05). Mindfulness therapy based on self-compassion in the subjects of the experimental group, unlike the control group, in the post-test phase led to a decrease in loneliness and impulsivity (P<0.05).

These findings have further clarified the role of emotional, cognitive and behavioral structures in borderline personality disorder sufferers and the need to use therapeutic approaches combined with mindfulness in order to adjust the symptoms of borderline personality disorder sufferers.