اخلاق

Since medical professionalism is based on ethics, the observance of ethical principles in its education plays a significant role in forming professional and moral values ​​in medical students. This study aims to determine the importance of ethics in education and the degree of compliance with ethical principles in Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS) from the perspective of internship students.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 97 internship students of ZUMS in 2022 participated. The data collection tools were a demographic form and a standardized questionnaire developed by Farahbakhsh et al., for measuring the importance of and degree of compliance with ethical principles. Data analysis was done in SPSS v.21 software using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Overall, the importance of ethics in medical education was 88.22%, and the overall level of compliance with ethics in medical education was 68.58%. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant difference in the overall importance of ethics and overall compliance with ethics in terms of age, gender, place of residence, work experience, and the history of participating in ethics workshops.

Ethics in medical education is very important from the perspective of ZUMS students. The causes and factors affecting this perception regarding the observance of ethical standards in education should be identified to help the effectiveness of education and strengthen moral values ​​in medical education.

 Considering that university professors are one of the main groups of researchers and as students tend to be novices in this regard, it is of particular importance to examine their perspective and compliance with ethics in research. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the perspectives of the students and the faculty members of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences towards the inhibitors and the facilitators of ethical compliance in research in 2019.

 In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 66 faculty members and 144 students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences were selected through census and stratified random sampling, respectively. The research tools included a demographic information form as well as the questionnaire of ethical codes and inhibitors and facilitators of ethical compliance in research. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 18, using descriptive and analytical statistics. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the compliance of the data with the normal distribution. The chi-square test was used in data analysis, with a P-value<0/05.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all the stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness has been observed.

 Sixty-six participants (31.5%) were faculty members and 144 of them (68.5%) were students.  The most important inhibitor of ethical compliance in research from the students' point of view (84%), in the stage of choosing the topic, was the researcher’s insufficient awareness of ethics in research. From the faculty members' point of view (50%), the most important inhibitor of ethical compliance in research in the stage of reviewing the existing documents was the lack of skill in reviewing the existing documents including search skills. The most important facilitator of ethical compliance in research was placing more emphasis on the issue of ethics in research while presenting the course of research methods, from the faculty members' point of view (68%) and holding educational workshops on professional and research ethics, from students' point of view (37.5%). The results regarding the agreement to use ethical codes in research from the perspectives of the students and the professors in the three stages of choosing the research topic and stating the problem, reviewing the available documents and analyzing and reporting and publishing the results of statistical differences, showed the significance levels of P<0.001, P=0.007 and P=0.01, respectively.

 Despite the good state of ethical compliance and the appropriate performance of the ethics committee in research, there are still obstacles on the way to reaching better ethical compliance. The need to hold periodic training workshops, monitor research projects closely and provide the necessary infrastructure is felt.

 Research ethics effectively influences the quality of research. Since a significant portion of research is conducted by faculty members and students, it is essential that academic institutions uphold scientific and ethical research standards. This study aimed to assess the extent to which research ethics is adhered to by medical faculty members and students.

 This descriptive-analytical study was carried out during the 2022-23 academic year on 130 medical students and 98 faculty members at Abadan University of Medical Sciences. Students were selected through simple random sampling, while faculty members were included through the census method. Data were collected using demographic and research ethics questionnaires and then analyzed using SPSS 18. Statistical tests, including the independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation, were applied at a significance level of Lees than P<0.05.

Ethical Considerations: 

The study was conducted and published in full compliance with ethical principles.

 The overall research ethics score and all of its dimensions, except for the justice dimension, were higher among faculty members (148) compared to students (101). There was a significant and direct correlation between the research ethics scores of faculty members and students, observed across all evaluated dimensions (P<0.001). Additionally, significant correlations were found between faculty members and students in the dimensions of professional competence (r=0.762, P<0.001), commitment to truth-seeking (r=0.767, P<0.001), benefit (r=0.786, P<0.001), respect for respondents (r=0.769, P<0.004), research activities (r=0.803, P<0.001), justice (r=0.730, P<0.001) and the overall research ethics score (r=0.804, P<0.001).

 The adherence to research ethics was higher among faculty members compared to students; however, the score among faculty members was still average. Hence, it is recommended that greater emphasis be placed on adhering to research ethics principles as a vital and essential component of research, with the aim of enhancing the quality of knowledge production and dissemination.

Dear Editor,Artificial Intelligence (AI) is utilized for information management and forecast. However, the ethical challenges of using artificial intelligence should not be disregarded. Disrupting social justice, bias in programs, transparency and explainability, data safety, respect for human dignity and informed consent, error, and compensation are among the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence. Ethical auditing, creating ethical policies, making artificial intelligence accessible to all societies, and guaranteeing the global implementation of data protection and their implementation are among the appropriate ways to deal with the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence.

Promoting moral judgment and critical thinking is one of the main goals in the education system; therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of teaching philosophy with native-Iranian stories on studentschr('39') moral judgment and critical thinking.

The quasi-experimental research method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all male and female students of the fourth and fifth grades of elementary school in Chalous in the academic year 2019-2020 who were selected by sampling method available to 30 people and were divided into two groups of 15 experimental and control. They responded to the Ricketts Critical Thinking Scale and the Sinha and Varma Judgment Questionnaire. The experimental group participated in 17 sessions of philosophical training, but the control group was on the waiting list. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that there was a difference between the mean scores of moral judgment and critical thinking in the experimental and control groups and the growth rate of moral judgment and critical thinking in the experimental group was higher than the control group (P <0.01).

The philosophy education program with indigenous-Iranian stories had a positive effect on the moral judgment and critical thinking of students.

Leaders can use ethical leadership to affect the organizational performance of employees. Returning to ethical leadership models is required due to the distinct intellectual perspective of Iranian society which can affect the effectiveness of employees in the organization considering their intrinsic motivation. Therefore, this research aimed to provide a model for evaluating the mediating function of intrinsic motivation in the relationship between ethical leadership and creative employee behavior in social security treatment management in Mazandaran Province. The required data were collected through a qualitative review and evaluation of studies on ethical leadership, in-depth interviews with senior managers of social security treatment management in Mazandaran Province, using the analysis method Grounded Theory with Glazer’s approach, as well as dealing with coding, categorization, and presenting a conceptual model. Three selective codes, 15 core codes, and 94 open codes were included in the generated model. Ethical leadership variables included organizational, human, political, cultural, and moral factors. The creative behavior variable included individual, group, and organizational factors. The intrinsic motivation variable comprised components such as working conditions, rules and regulations, management and leadership style, interactions with colleagues, personality traits, empowerment, and job nature. Since Iranian employees are raised in an Islamic-Iranian culture, ethical leadership could have a positive effect on strengthening their performance and behavior.

 Paying attention to environmental cultures and acting based on them is one of the main success indicators of human resources management. This is particularly important for education, given its wide scope and goals, as it is one of the main requirements for creating national unity. Therefore, the current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and investigating the dimensions and ethical components of management in multicultural schools.

 The approach of the current research was qualitative and its method was meta-composite. The research community included all the articles published in the last decade (2013-23) in the field of ethical indicators in the management of schools in areas with subcultures, from which 25 titles were selected as samples based on thematic content monitoring. Research data were collected by qualitative analysis of the studied documents.

Ethical Considerations: 

In writing the article, ethical aspects including preserving the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

 By analyzing the data, the ethical indicators of management in schools in areas with subcultures were classified into 4 dimensions, 13 factors, and 67 categories. These dimensions include: individual-personality components (including the attitude of cultural ethics, knowledge of cultural ethics), social components (communication skills, cultural constructivism and intercultural ethics), professional-specialist components (managing diversity in human resources, specialized professional development, professional commitment and responsibility), and leadership-managerial components (paying attention to multicultural learning, intercultural conflict management, evolution towards pluralism).

 According to the findings, it can be concluded that paying attention to personality and empowering characteristics in line with the ethical management of human resources and understanding cultural diversity and the ability to make the school atmosphere collaborative helps to create an ethical environment in multicultural schools.

 The Holy Quran has emphasized a lot on ethics and the issue of paying attention to ethics in political decision-making is a very important issue in the political governance of Islam. In such a way that the ultimate goal in politics and governance is to achieve the happiness of the Islamic Ummah, not to achieve domination and power. At the beginning of the Umayyad rule, the grab of power to secure personal and tribal interests became the goal of the rulers' actions and Mu'awiya's actions based on the absence of a two-way relationship between politics and ethics became the model of the caliphs after him. In this way, Umayyad politics under the leadership of Mu'awiyah was a separation between the two categories of politics and ethics. The problem of the present research is to investigate the performance of Muawiyah in relation to the separation of ethics and politics and to analyze the examples of violations of ethics in his policies as the founder of the Umayyad government in the history of Islam. In this regard, we will have a look at the theory of Malik Ben Nabi in the political ethics of the Umayyad era in order to clarify how Muawiya's behavior in the field of action and opinion led to the decline of Islamic governance and was able to regress political ethics in Islamic governance.

 This research is a review, descriptive and analytical study and its data has been provided by collecting research slips from library sources.

Ethical Considerations:

 The principles of honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in the entire research process.

 During the Umayyad dynasty period, especially the period of Muawiya's rule, due to the priority of power over happiness, a constructive relationship between ethics and politics was not established; Rather, in order to gain power, methods contrary to the approach of ethics and politics were adopted.

 Muawiya and the Umayyad government in general in the field of Islamic civilization by using anti-ethical methods such as Creating terror, poisoning and terror, lying, falsifying hadith and cultural activities and reproduction of Jahili ideas, caused a negative and inconsistent relationship between ethics and politics in the field of governance.

The more the people are capable of perceiving and regulating their emotions, the more their intellectual and moral habits help them tame their antisocial behaviors.

The aim of the present study was to modeling the structural link between emotion regulation-mediated antisocial behaviors and moral intelligence in men.

The research employed a descriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population included managers, coaches, and athletes engaged with futsal across Iran from 1401 to 1402. A total of 385 individuals were selected using the stratified sampling method. Togarso et al.’s antisocial behavior questionnaires (2020), Link & Keel moral intelligence scale (2005), and Gross & John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire were used to collect data, and Pearson correlation and structural equation analysis were used to analyze the data in SPSS (version 21) and AMOS (version 24) software.

The results showed an inverse significant correlation between antisocial behavior and cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy (r=-0.43) and moral intelligence (r=-0.46), while suppression emotion regulation strategy was positively associated with antisocial behavior (r= 0.41, P<0.01). The results of structural equations analysis showed that cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy through the mediatory role of moral intelligence exerted a negative effect on antisocial behaviors, while the significant positive effect of suppression emotion regulation strategy on antisocial behaviors was mediated by moral intelligence (P<0.01).

Based on the results, it can be said that being aware of emotion regulation strategies can mitigate men’s antisocial behaviors through the mediating role of moral intelligence. Therefore, antisocial behaviors in men can be controlled by paying attention to these strategies and strengthening moral intelligence.

Nurses, as direct providers of patient care, face higher levels of psychological stress in the workplace compared to other healthcare professionals. Nurses working in pediatric wards, where they interact with children and their families, experience increased levels of moral distress. This study was designed to explore the experiences of nurses working in pediatric units regarding moral distress.

This qualitative study was conducted using interpretive phenomenological analysis between 2023 and 2024. Twelve nurses with moral distress experiences were selected through purposive sampling from hospitals of Babol and Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through semi-structured and individual interviews and analyzed simultaneously using Van Manen's approach.

The findings include three main themes and seven subthemes including moral distress related to colleagues (lack of competence, physician-centered), hospital policies (lack of personnel, high workload, and lack of proper equipment), psychological stress following moral distress (negative effects following the sudden death of a child, feeling of insufficiency, and helplessness).

According to the study's findings, reducing moral distress by enhancing clinical knowledge and experience, fostering self-confidence, providing organizational support, managing nurses' workloads, and paying attention to nurses' emotions can be beneficial. Also, designing and organizing educational programs and workshops to help reduce nurses' distress by identifying stressful conditions and minimizing exposure to moral dilemmas.

Nurses are the largest group of healthcare providers and must be aware and sensitive to ethical issues to adhere to ethical principles and make correct professional decisions. Ethical performance is an essential skill in nursing that protects nurses against complex ethical issues. Identifying the relationship between ethical performance and moral sensitivity is crucial for improving the quality of healthcare and making better ethical decisions. This study aimed to understand this relationship better and identify strategies to enhance ethical performance in healthcare. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between ethical performance and moral sensitivity among nursing students at universities in West Azerbaijan Province.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 500 nursing students in universities in West Azerbaijan Province. The study population included nursing students from the universities in the province (Urmia School of Nursing and Midwifery, Islamic Azad Medical Sciences University of Urmia, Khoy Medical Sciences University, and Mahabad Nursing School). A quota sampling method was used to select eligible students based on the number of students in each university. Demographic information, moral sensitivity, and ethical performance questionnaires were completed by the students and collected by the researcher. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.

The results showed that the participants' total mean scores of moral sensitivity and ethical performance were 69.18±7.05 and 146.11±15.91, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated a significant correlation between moral sensitivity total mean score and its subscales with ethical performance (P < 0.01). The correlation between professional knowledge and ethical performance total mean score was not significant (P > 0.05).

The study results demonstrated that moral sensitivity has a significant relationship with ethical performance and can be considered an important and influential factor in improving students' ethical performance. These findings can help design appropriate educational programs and enhance ethical education among nursing students, promoting ethical performance.

This research was conducted with the aim of applying ethics in the formal and public education system of Golestan province.
Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive-analytical with a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population included 10 secondary school principals and teachers of Golestan province in 1402-1403 in the qualitative section and 382 students of this level in the quantitative section, who were selected by stratified random method. The data collection tools include interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. Data analysis was done in the qualitative part through MaxQDA software and in the quantitative part through SPSS and Smart PLS software.
In connection with the applied model of ethics, 190 concepts were presented in the fields of cognitive, emotional, skill and management, planning and knowledge, thinking and ability, individual and personality, and attitude and religious beliefs. Also, the obstacles and limitations of presenting this model included thinking and creativity, health and hygiene, economy, defense and security, social and sociological, belief and religion, cultural and artistic, scientific and educational and psychological. According to R2 values, the total effectiveness of the authors on practical ethics is equal to 75.3%
Evaluating the effective methods and approaches of moral and value education can be an effective step towards solving problems related to moral education and the curriculum in terms of goals, content selection, content organization, learning experiences and educational materials with environmental characteristics and components. Adapt the identified ethical model.

Deciding on life-prolonging treatments for terminal patients is a major challenge in healthcare. The Advance Directive is a proposed solution. While morally justifiable and aligned with principlism, religious beliefs, particularly in Islam, where preserving life is paramount, heavily influence these decisions. Several juridical and legal rules can culminate in different decisions on the continuation or termination of life-prolonging treatments including the absolute legal power of the owner to exercise dominion[1] or control over property and permission of intervention in their body[2], the rules of prohibition on causing the death[3], the sanctity of human killing[4], the rule of prohibition of detriment[5], and paying attention to the concept of unstable life[6] in Article 372 of the Islamic Penal Code and the rules of preventing losses[7], and also paying attention to the rule of sanctity of idle[8]. In relation to the use of an Advance Directive, given various types of will in Islamic Jurisprudence and according to the contract of agreement[9], it is possible to enter the patient’s request regarding how to continue the treatment. This study indicated that applying Advance Directives in Iran’s health system requires a more accurate analysis of moral, legal and jurisprudential foundations

Research ethics is a branch of professional ethics that deals with the ethical principles guiding the research process from the beginning to the end. Ignoring ethical issues in research sometimes occurs unintentionally and simply due to a lack of awareness regarding professional research ethics. Therefore, this study aimed to identify facilitators and inhibitors of adherence to ethics in research conducted by postgraduate students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. This qualitative study was conducted using an inductive content analysis approach. The target population included postgraduate students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 29 students who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the method proposed by Diekelmann et al. For data validation, Strauss and Corbin’s method was utilized. Factors influencing adherence to research ethics included individual and personality traits (accuracy and ethical conduct of students and professors and having sufficient information about research ethics) and environmental factors (information dissemination and familiarity with research methods, the professors’ interactions with students, confidentiality of information, strictness of professors, having a clear framework from the university, respecting students’ rights, and establishing deterrent regulations). Strengthening facilitators and mitigating inhibitors of adherence to research ethics requires joint efforts from students, professors, and the university. Students need to develop accuracy and awareness, and professors should serve as ethical role models. University officials are required to create and propose clear frameworks for adhering to ethics, to be followed by all individuals involved in research.

Virtual education comes with ethical challenges. Designing reliable and robust tools to assess ethical performance in virtual education is essential. The aim of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire on ethical behavior in virtual education among students.

The present study was methodological research conducted on 264 students of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences during the years 2022-2023. The design and psychometric validation of the Ethical Behavior Questionnaire were performed using Waltz’s method (2010) in four stages. Face validity, content validity (both quantitative and qualitative), and internal consistency were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 20.

The theoretical concept of ethical behavior in students was extracted in six domains: academic honesty, privacy and confidentiality of individuals’ information, avoidance of cheating, maintaining order, observing etiquette and respect, and mental well-being. The Ethical Behavior Questionnaire, consisting of 35 items, demonstrated satisfactory content validity ratio (CVR = 0.84), content validity index (CVI = 0.93), and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92).

The designed questionnaire possesses desirable psychometric properties, including reliability and validity, and is suitable for use by other students. To further develop the concept of ethical behavior and precisely define its domains, qualitative studies with structural validity are recommended.

Human truth is tied to moral life and without it, humanity has no meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and practice bioethics in order to achieve true salvation in its light. The question that we are looking for in the current research is what and how is bioethics suitable for humanity? For the answer, we went to the Holy Quran and explained and analyzed the problem based on the interpretation of Quran. What was obtained as a result was that ethical life has two principles: faith and righteous action, without these two, ethical life has no real meaning and result. Therefore, if unbelievers or sinners perform seemingly moral actions, it will only benefit worldly life and will have meaning and result only in the light of non-divine morals, and such moral life will not be the source of real and eternal happiness.

Professional ethics is based on human values, tasks, rights and responsibilities and affects the professional and organizational conditions of nurses. In this regard, the aim of this study was identifying framework of the dimensions of nurses' professional ethics from the point of view their and physicians. This study was done with qualitative method, using semi-structured interview, with the participation of 26 physicians medical ethics specialist, clinical specialist, clinical assistant and intern and 20 nurses based on theoretical saturation with the purposeful sampling method and after obtaining informed consent from them. Content analysis method was used for data analysis, which was done in MAXQDA version 18 software. Findings showed professional ethics was based on a four-dimensional framework; The professional ethics of nurses in relation to the patient (six sub-components), in relation to colleagues in different job categories (four sub-components), in relation to the profession (three sub-components) and in relation to the hospital and medical organizations (two sub-components). The reliability of the coding of the components was obtained based on the Kappa index equal to 0.88. Therefore, it can be said. Framework of the dimensions professional ethics of the point of view of nurses found meaning in relation to themselves and others (patients, colleagues, organization and profession). The nurses, knowing and observing the details and nature of these communications, as well as the individual rights of these people from their own point of view; they can properly implement the principles of professional ethics in advancing the goals of the organization and increasing the quality of service provision and the satisfaction of others and raising the status of the profession.