افغانستان

Immigration could affect people's sexual health. The present study aimed to compare sexual quality of life of Afghan immigrant women living in Tehran province with Iranian women.

This was a cross-sectional study that conducted from August 2022 to March 2023, in health centers of three counties in Tehran province with a continence sample of 218 Iranian and 218 Afghan immigrant women who met the inclusion criteria. The data was collected by a questionnaire containing items on women's sexual quality of life and demographic characteristics, history of fertility and menstruation, use of modern methods of family planning, and frequency of intercourse with spouse per week. The descriptive analysis of the data included reporting of frequencies, mean and standard deviation. To investigate the factors affecting quality of sexual life, multiple linear regression model was used.

The results showed that the mean (SD) score of total sexual quality of life in Iranian women was 89.57 (17.34) and it was 81.40 (18.79) in Afghan immigrant women (P < 0.001). Age (P = 0.01), occupation (P < 0.001) and contraceptive method (P = 0.02) had an inverse and significant effect and education (P = 0.03), husband's occupation (P = 0.02) and number of sexual intercourses per week (P < 0. 001) had a significant direct effect on the sexual quality of life of Afghan immigrant women, and husband's occupation (P = 0.04), contraceptive method (P = 0.02), and number of sexual intercourses per week (P < 0.001) had a significant direct effect on the sexual quality of life of Iranian women.

Based on the findings, Iranian women had a higher sexual quality of life than Afghan immigrant women. These differences may be due to marginalization and lower education and cultural differences between Iranian and Afghan immigrant women. It is suggested that health centers provide sexual health promotion services for immigrant women.

Many Afghans prefer Iran for migration due to the similarity of language and neighborhood. This study was conducted in order to evaluate the oral health status of the Afghan population living in Iran and the barriers to their access to dental services.

By using a researcher-made questionnaire and with the help of 4 calibrated researchers (Iranian and Afghan); referred to dental centers. The selfmade questionnaire included 14 questions about oral health status, as well as questions about barriers to accessing to dental services.

Out of 742 participants in the study, 461 people preferred the clinic to the dental office for economic reasons. 483 people found dentist based on their compatriots' opinion and 545 people were deprived of government dental services because they did not have Iranian citizenship. 691 people had problems in paying dental fees and 588 people said that they had their teeth extracted due to economic problems. 594 people felt that they were discriminated in receiving services, and 588 people stated that the reason for the visit was an emergency.35 people went to the dentist for a check-up and 87 people stated that it was difficult for them to find a dentist. 238 people were inclined to use supplementary insurance. The average DMFT in the Afghan population was 6.22. No significant relationship was found between the DMFT and gender and residence history.

The level of oral health of immigrants is low and it is difficult for them to access dental services and insurance. The possibility of tooth extraction instead of keeping it is high in immigrants due to economic problems.

Sharing resources and facilities, leveraging each other's experiences, and enabling interdisciplinary research are the benefits of co-authorship. The aim of this study was to investigate the co-authorship status of the scientific productions by Afghan researchers to plan the expansion of collaboration and employment of these researchers in migration destination countries, especially Iran.

This quantitative study examined 2732 articles indexed in Scopus with at least one Afghan author from the beginning of indexing in Scopus to September 2021. Statistical methods and analysis of the co-authorship network were used to analyze the data, via Python 3 language and VOSviewer 1.6.17 and Gephi 0.9.2.

The most scientific outputs of Afghan researchers are devoted to the writings of the medical field with 40.41%. The next scientific fields with a large difference are social sciences (15.67%), biological sciences (11.16%), and engineering (10.94%), respectively. The co-authorship network of Afghan researchers and their colleagues consisted of 13,379 nodes (researchers) and 2,511,879 weighted edges (co-author relationships). Afghan researchers collaborated most frequently with researchers from the United States. Iran, despite its geographic and cultural proximity, ranks fourth among its colleagues. America is followed by England and India.

Co-authorship varies among researchers in different scientific fields. The median number of authors of each article in dentistry, biochemistry and other majors close to medicine and basic sciences was about three times that of theoretical majors such as social sciences, arts and humanities.

The deployment of soldiers in military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq has a significant impact on their suffering from various mental, infectious, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases, as well as on the rate of suicide, as well as alcohol and drug abuse.

The present study aimed to investigate the health status of the military forces deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq So to improve the health of Iranian military advisors.

This narrative review study reviewed the health status of troops deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. PubMed, Web of Science databases, and also Google Scholar Search Engine were used for this study without time limitation in English. The desired articles were searched in these databases using the keywords Iraq war, Afghanistan war, and Military health. A total of 4, 610 articles were retrived, and finally 33 articles were selected according to the various criteria of inclusion and exclusion of articles.

According to the findings of these studies, soldiers who return after deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan are exposed to a wide range of physical and mental problems, including respiratory and infectious diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, physical dysfunction, traumatic Brain, and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), alcohol and drug abuse, increase in the suicide rate, sleep disorder, and increase in violent crimes, Social support, coping, and psychological resilience will have significant indirect effects on PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorders) and depression.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the complexity and extent of the health risks in the soldiers stationed in military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan increases the concern about the health consequences in the future. The identification of soldiers at risk and therapeutic measures to increase resilience are important issues that should be considered.

Since man-made accidents, whether accidental or intentional, lead to disasters such as human and environmental accidents. It may cause irreparable damage to the fundamental rights of human beings, which the most important include the right to life, the right to water, the right to food, the right to shelter and etc. The republic of Afghanistan is an explicit example. For the reason that since the last decades, this country had faced with political, security and human crisis, because of the competition for taking political position by the heads of state, excessive demands by neighboring countries as well as various interests of great powers. And so on, the fundamental human rights have been violated, such as the fundamental principles that are emphasized within the international rules, particularly International Movement of Red Cross and Red Crescent. It is the principle of humanity, based on which all human beings have the rights, just because they are human and this oblige states to observe it.

This article is of a theoretical type, the research method is descriptive and analytical and the method of collecting information is library and it was done by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all stages of writing the current article, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Examining the legal situation of Afghanistan from the point of view that this situation is one of man-made accidents and providing long-term and short-term solutions to comply with international rules by the Afghan authorities in order to provide relief and help to the people affected in this category of accidents. In this way, to provide aid to the affected people in a legal and principled way through international organizations and even non-governmental organizations.

In order for the Afghan authorities to comply with international rules, we should consider two solutions: a short-term solution means that if the Taliban group complies with the minimum human rights rules and there is real documentation and under the supervision of an international observer, this If the matter is confirmed, it can be recognized as a contract and in this way, assistance can be provided to the affected people in a legal and principled way through international organizations and even non-governmental organizations and a long-term legal solution, which includes: intervention Humanitarian as long as the territorial integrity of the country of Afghanistan is preserved and does not cause more governments to intervene in the worsening of the situation. In this article, we intend to state the theoretical foundations of this category of man-made incidents in the case of Afghanistan, in line with international documents and describe the obstacles and limitations of providing relief and humanitarian assistance to that country and provide solutions to remove the existing obstacles.

Nurses’ turnover reduces quality of health care and increases costs. Neglecting the nurses’ quality of worklife can lead to their turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nurses’ quality of worklife and their intention to leave work in public hospitals in Herat, Afghanistan.

This was a descriptive-analytical study, investigating nurses’ quality of worklife and their turnover intention in public hospitals. We used census method, and all 258 respondents completed the standardized questionnaire on quality of worklife. Nurseschr('39') turnover intention was also measured by using an item. Meanwhile, we used descriptive statistics to present demographic variables. Meanwhile, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square, and Spearman correlation coefficient were used to determine relationships between the study analytic variables. In this study, SPSS version 26 was used.

The quality of worklife and the intention to leave was at an average level. No relationship was found between turnover intention and demographic variables (p>0.05). Results from the Spearman correlation coefficient demonstrate a significant inverse relationship between turnover intention and some aspects of the quality of worklife including participation and involvement, job security, wages and salaries, career honor, and job stress. In other words, an increase in any of the aforementioned aspects results in a decline in intention to leave (P<0.05). The relationship between intention to leave and quality of worklife was inverse and significant (r=0.279, P=0.001).

Participatory management in decision-making, paying attention to salaries and benefits, and assuring nurses that they will not lose their job in the event of any socio-economic change can increase job satisfaction, and reduce their intention to leave work.