الگوی مصرف

An awareness of the pattern of using household insecticides in order to determine the type of damage caused by them, how to use household insecticides, the necessary safety measures in using insecticides, determining strategies to reduce the harmful effects of insecticides are of utmost importance. This descriptive study investigated the consumption pattern of household insecticides in Mazandaran province in 2022.

For this purpose, 380 subjects living in Mazandaran province were selected via random sampling from people who had access to social networks. In order to assess the consumption pattern, a standard questionnaire was used whose validity and reliability were checked and confirmed.

The results demonstrated that the most widely used household insecticide in Mazandaran province was Halak (Samsaline). Moreover,  the reason for using household pesticides (0.17), the frequency of using pesticides (0.20), the intensity of using pesticides (0.04), and the advertisement of pesticides (how to get acquainted) (0.07) had a positive and significant effect on the amount of pesticides consumption (P<0.05). The most common use of insecticides in the Mazandaran province was to control mosquitoes (33.7%), and 41.7% of household insecticides were used as sprays.

As evidenced by the results of this study, an awareness of the harms and chemicals present in these pesticides for the health of humans and pets and the safety measures required during use are among the most important factors that affect the consumption pattern of household pesticides in Mazandaran province.

The pharmaceutical product market is one of the largest and highest -paid markets in the world in which the upper figures are exchanged every year. A market where any inaccurate decision on it quickly boosts the black market and makes the drug dealers stronger. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the market for specialized drugs in Iran.

The results of the study have been examined in a quantitative method. The method used in this study is based on fundamental studies. The present study is based on the data collection method. In this study, targeted sampling methods used to select experts and simple random methods in 385.

The results showed that the two modulations of the proprietary profit reduction on the relationship between processing and ease of consumption on the drug market prediction of 4.414 with a significant level of 0.0001, which is less than alpha = 0.05, As the most important factor and adjustment of proprietary profit reduction on the relationship between the office and the physician on the anticipation of the drug use market with a coefficient of 2.355 and the significant level of 0.0001 to two important factors in impact on the anticipation of the drug use market Specialized in Iran are identifiable.

Finally, the drug market is very attractive in many ways. Drug manufacturers must persuade physicians to sell the drug to the final consumer who are patients, in other words, the final decision maker here. Therefore, given the high impact of the drug characteristics and the patient's characteristics on the drug selection, it is better to marketing their time and energy on the marketing of more desirable drug profiles (for physicians).

Excessive exposure to household detergents and cosmetics can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Understanding the consumption pattern of such products could perform a pivotal role in evaluating the health effects and ultimately controlling the consequences of inappropriate and excessive use of them.

Using a standardized questionnaire in this descriptive study, , the consumption patterns of household detergents and cosmetics including 15 household detergents and cleaners, 6 laundry products and 22 personal care products were assessed among the generalpopulation of Mazandaran province (N=384; age>18) in 2021, in order to evaluate how consumers use these products. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and Excel. Ethical considerations were considered in all stages of study.

The results showed that 94% of the studied population used detergents and cosmetics during the past three months. About 35% of the surveyed participants used cleaners other than the appropriate place for the product. 48% of them did not observe the duration of handwashing during the use of detergents and cosmetics. On average, 35% of the subjects have cleaned each part of their home with cleaning products at least once a day.

It is necessary to develop knowledge about the correct patterns of household detergents and cosmetics consumption and to assess the possible risks of personal care products, cleaners, and detergents for human health in Mazandaran province.

In assessing the risk of community related poisonings due to insecticide use a practical and effective tool is needed to evaluate insecticides Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of exposure patterns to insecticides.

In this study, after performing validity, translation of the final version of the questionnaire was prepared based on the agreement of experts in accordance with the study population. In the next step, the reliability validity of the study was investigated. Finally, the questionnaire reliability was evaluated by test-retest method at a 14-day interval with the participation of 40 resident of Tehran city.

 The results of R-CVI and C-CVI were evaluated as good for all of items (between 0.91 and 0.97). The total CVI index for the whole questionnaire ranged from 0.75 to 1 in terms of proportion and transparency. On the other hand, the total coefficient of kappa for reliability of the questionnaire was obtained between 0.89 and 1.

Considering the acceptable validity and reliability level of the Persian version, this questionnaire is a valid tool and can be applied to assess the risk of insecticide use and its associated injuries in the Iranian population.

Fluoroquinolones are among the most common types of antibiotics used in hospitalized patients. Accordingly, in this study, we examined the pattern of use of fluoroquinolones in hospitalized patients.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 300 patients underwent fluoroquinolones who were hospitalized in Tehranchr('39')s Imam Reza Hospital from April to October 2016, and the consumption pattern was based on available files. Fluoroquinolones were determined in them.

In this study, the possible types of infections including pneumonia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections and other infections were 27, 34, 21 and 18%, respectively. Percentages of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, both at 67, 31, and 2%, were prescribed. Fluoroquinolones at 26% 750 mg daily, 6% 500 mg daily, 38% 500 mg twice daily, 3% 250 mg twice daily, 11% 400 mg twice daily, 13% 200 mg twice daily The day and 3% were prescribed four times a day.

In general, based on the findings of this study, it is concluded that the pattern of consumption of fluoroquinolones in the study community has few problems that can be solved by providing the necessary training to physicians in the form of training sessions or pamphlets and etc.

Effective management of consumption in the field of health, through reforming the consumption pattern in the health and treatment systems, will improve the quality of health services. The present study was conducted to identify factors related to consumption pattern reform in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2018.

This descriptive research was carried out in 2018 using a qualitative approach. The factors related to consumption pattern reform in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences were determined in three phases including documents review, interview with experts, and validation of factors using Delphi method. The framework analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data and the total score method was used to reform the factors.

In the initial phase, after refining the primary codes, 39 factors related to consumption pattern reform were identified in four general categories including implementation of general policies of consumption pattern reform (21 components), promotion of domestic goods consumption (4 components), planning for quality improvement (12 components), and production competitiveness (2 components). In the Delphi phase, 11 components were confirmed as factors related to consumption pattern reform in the field of health.

The health officials, especially the institutions in charge, can take the necessary measures to improve the consumption pattern in the field of health.  Such measures may include adding a health impact assessment part to the major development plans, implementing a health literacy promotion program, implementation of a comprehensive health services network, modification of the nutritional patterns, and modification of the defective processes.

Fish intake is known as a healthy dietary pattern that can reduce cardiovascular risk factors, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cerebrovascular risks. Regarding the geography of Hormozgan province as a costal area, current study was designed to assess the intake of this food rich in omega3 in towns, districts, and villages of Hormozgan Province.   

In this descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study, samples were selected by multistage random cluster sampling. Data were collected by a researcher made questionnaire containing demographic and fish intake variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

In this study, 5074 people from Hormozgan province who were older than 18 years were participated. Out of which, 41% were male, 85.2% were married, and 29.8% were illiterate. Jask and Bandar lenge citizens had the highest and Hajiabad had the lowest fish intake. In addition, 64.9% of urban and 76.8% of rural population in Hormozgan Province had fish intake more than twice per week. This study showed a significant relationship between fish consumption and residence place, education, monthly income, marital status, occupation, and age.

Regarding the role of fish intake in community health and low fish intake in educated individuals, young people, and those with specialized jobs in Hormozgan province, it is necessary to conduct applied research to identify the effective factors and barriers in increasing fish consumption and to design effective interventions to increase fish consumption in the studiesd population.

Aging growth and changes in the pattern of diseases in this crowd, cause exponential growth of costs. The aging of population is a demographic and epidemiological phenomenon; however, it requires socioeconomic solutions and healthcare management. The health services required by the insured population vary according to age and demographic conditions. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to the epidemiological and demographic developments of the population to determine the critical measures for effective planning. Furthermore, the aging of population has increased the financial burden of social security systems; it is necessary to consider appropriate measures in this area. Population aging is an opportunity for the insurer organizations; the receivers of the healthcare services might be threatened in the lack of adequate planning. Thus, this study aimed to identify the consumption pattern of inpatient services in the insured elderly covered by the Armed Forces Health Insurance in 2018.

This descriptive–analytical study was of a cross–sectional design. The study statistical population included the elderly aged ≥60 years who were classified in three age categories (60–69 years, 70–79 years, ≥80 years), and used hospital services of the contracted and non–contracted hospitals with the Armed Forces Health Insurance in 2018, where inpatient medical records were filed for them. The number of samples in this study, considering the minimum number required for relational research (causal–comparative), according to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) (who stated that for the communities of ≥100000, 384 individuals suffices), 491 subjects were selected by random stratified sampling method as the research sample from the three mentioned groups of the elderly. The study inclusion criterion was having ≥60 years of age by the beginning of 2018. As per the study exclusion criteria, according to the information provided in the insurance system of the organization, the elderly should have not experienced concurrent overlapping access to inpatient services. In total, the study samples were hospitalized 1330 times, on a temporary or permanent basis, in the contracted and non–contracted hospitals. Accordingly, from each age group of the elderly, the first 100, the second 100, etc. were randomly selected from the inpatient services consumption data, i.e., extracted from the medical documents. We also considered the payroll reports of Organization Database (Oracle); these data were then analyzed using SPSS. In this study, the Kruskal–Wallis test was employed to examine the between–group differences. Additionally, if the Kruskal–Wallis test result was significant, Mann–Whitney U post–hoc test with the adjustment of p–value was applied. The desired significance level was 0.05.

In this study, the default normality of the data was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. The relevant results indicated that the data of this study were significantly different from the normal curve. Therefore, non–parametric tests were used to examine between–group differences. The mean±SD duration of stay of the studied elderly was 5.58±1.5 days. The largest proportion of the total hospitalization days of the elderly samples was related to the cardiac ward by 252(18.95%) insured subjects; respecting the type of service, this rate belonged to the coronary artery bypass with the mean±SD duration of 8.17±4.70 days. Among the referrals for hospitalization, the hospitals of contracted military/corps nature were the most visited military hospitalization center. The least–cost was paid for the radiotherapy ward (1.041.871 Rials) and the highest was paid for the cardiology ward (8.593.036.458 Rials). There was a significant relationship between the mean stay duration at different wards and the service type (p=0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the treatment costs in different age groups (p<0.001). The highest–paid expenses were related to cardiovascular care services and the younger group of elderly. The obtained data suggested that older women’s cost of hospitalization (18.531.525 Riala) was significantly more than that in men (16.701.832 Rials) (p=0.041).

Based on the current research findings, the highest–burden and cost of hospitalization of the elderly belonged to cardiovascular diseases. Thus, planning to expand insurance organization commitments to prevent the occurrence of such diseases is necessary. Such issues could reduce the quality of life and present premature disability in the elderly. It is also crucial to address the phenomenon of population aging.

Regular use of household cleaning products and cosmetics can result in adverse consequences for human health. Therefore, the knowledge of consumption pattern of these products can help to evaluate the effects and finally control the consequences of their inappropriate application. As there is not an appropriate tool for evaluating public use-pattern for these products in Iran, we studied the reliability and validity of a questionnaire designed for the use-patterns of these products.

In the present study, a questionnaire, which was previously applied in similar studies for this purpose, was first translated to Persian. Then, some changes were made in the questionnaire according to the studied population. In the next step, the assessment of both content validity and face validity of the instrument was performed. Finally, the questionnaire reliability was studied in two test-retest steps at a 14-day interval with 40 subjects older than 14 years old being resident in Tehran city.

Total Content Validity Index (CVI) of this questionnaire ranged 0.66-1 for all question items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.814. The correlation assessment of each question item based on the total correlation score showed that all questionnaire items had a direct and strong correlation with the total instrument score.

Given the acceptable validity and reliability obtained for the questionnaire in Persian in this study, it can be used in those investigations that evaluate use patterns or asses the exposure risks to chemical pollutants from cosmetic products or detergents.