امید به زندگی

Hope is essential for human health, so life expectancy is definitely a basic need for students. On this basis, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the mediating role of resilience in relation to spiritual experiences in predicting hope in students.

The current research was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all male and female undergraduate students of Farhangian University of Qazvin province in the academic year 2021-2022 (no = 900). Based on Morgan and Gujersi's table, 269 students were selected by available sampling method. The data collection instruments included the spiritual experiences questionnaire by Underwood and Tersey (2002), and Connor and Davidson's resilience (2003), and Snyder et al.'s (1991) life expectancy questionnaires. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test was used on SPSS version 24 and AMOS software was used to check the research model.

The feeling of the presence of God both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.205) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.126) had an effect on life expectancy. Positive Communication with God both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.135) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.082) had a positive effect on life expectancy. The feeling of responsibility towards others both directly (P < 0.01, β = 0.172) and indirectly with the mediation of resilience (P < 0.01, β = 0.110) had a positive effect on life expectancy.

The results of this study show the importance of paying attention to spiritual experiences and resilience as variables affecting hope in students. Therefore, such issues as supporting, facilitating and attention to people's spiritual desires and needs should be taken into consideration in the care programs.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of death in women. Given the psychological pressures and lack of education and research in this field, it is essential to pay attention to patient empowerment.The present study was conducted to determine the effect of an empowerment program on the life expectancy of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

The present study is an experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with random selection and a control group, the statistical population of which was breast cancer patients referred to Shahid Rajaee and Imam Ali (AS) hospitals in Alborz. According to the inclusion criteria, 88 patients were randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the empowerment program was implemented in 4 sessions of 60 minutes in groups of 3-4 people using the group discussion method. Data were completed before and after the intervention using the Herth Hope Index. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software and Chi-square, Fisher's exact, independent t-test, and paired t-test statistical tests.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables (p>0.05). The mean hope scores of patients before the intervention were 36.15±6.07 in the intervention group and 36.59±5.35 in the control group, which was not statistically significant (p=0.725). After the intervention, it was 40.77±5.31 in the intervention group and 36.91±4.92 in the control group, and this difference was significant in the intervention group (p<0.001). Also, the empowerment program, with an effect size of 0.75 (Cohen effect), significantly increased patients' life expectancy.

Implementing a self-care empowerment program through group discussion and telephone follow-up to resolve ambiguities and consolidate learning can be effective in promoting hope in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, it is essential to emphasize the education and empowerment of these patients by nurses.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a potentially brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) debilitating disease. In addition to physical problems, it can cause mood disorders and mental, neurological, and psychological problems in patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and compassion-based therapy on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome in patients with multiple sclerosis.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest and a two-month follow-up design with a control group. The study population included all patients with multiple sclerosis referred to the MS Association of Tabriz City in 2023. A total of 60 people were selected by convenience sampling method and divided into two experimental groups and a control group (20 people each). For the first experimental group, acceptance and commitment-based therapy, and for the second experimental group, compassion-based therapy, were administered in eight 60-minute sessions over four weeks in an independent manner. The control group did not receive any training. The research instruments included the Hope Scale by Snyder, et al. (1991) and the Demoralization Scale by Kissane et al. (2004), which were completed at the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS v.16 software.

The results showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment and compassion-based therapy had positive effects on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome in patients with MS (p<0.05). Furthermore, the post-hoc results showed that there is no significant difference between the effects of two treatments on life expectancy and demoralization syndrome.

According to the study results, the acceptance and commitment-based therapy and the on compassion-based therapy can be used as effective treatments to increase life expectancy and reduce demoralization syndrome in patients with MS.

Breast cancer is now the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. For patients with breast cancer, pain is a common and debilitating symptom that can negatively impact physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. In this randomized controlled trial, we aim to determine the effect of meaning-centered pain coping skills training (MCPC), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), on pain self-efficacy and life expectancy in women with breast cancer.

We enrolled 45 adults females with stage III breast cancer referred to the Bazarganan Hospital and Roshana Oncology clinic in Tehran, were randomly assigned to one of the three MCPC (n = 15), MBSR (n = 15) or control (n = 15) groups. MCPC is a 6-session and MBSR is a systematic educational program during an 8-week period. The control group had no additional contact. Measures assessing the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Snyder Adult Hope Scale were administered at baseline, post-intervention, and 2-month follow-up.

Both the MCPC and MBSR groups achieved significant improvement in pain self-efficacy  and life expectancy with statistically significant differences between groups. However, no significant difference was reported between the effectiveness of the interventions used in the present study on self-efficacy in breast cancer patients. Thus, the intervention of MCPC showed a greater effect on increasing life expectancy in breast cancer patients (P<0.001).

Our findings, which found that the MCPC and MBSR group had improved in at both post-intervention and follow-up compared to the control group. These interventions may provide an important avenue for alleviating suffering in patients facing pain from breast cancer.

Aging is a natural process of change that affects a person's social and psychological status and brings about new developments. Life expectancy is one of the factors closely associated with getting older. Because the presence of psychological symptoms, such as low life expectancy, in addition to imposing high costs on the health care system, results in poor treatment outcomes. Timely diagnosis and treatment of psychological symptoms in older people increased recovery, longer maintenance on other treatments, and improved overall quality of life. Consequently, psychological therapy can assist older adults in recovering from their individual, societal, and economic impairments. Logotherapy is one of these psychological procedures that assists clients in discovering the purpose of their lives. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is another subgroup of third–wave psychotherapy that can lessen some of the secondary effects of aging by increasing the life expectancy of older adults. The present study was done to compare the effects of logotherapy and ACT on the life expectancy of older adults.

This research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. In the first six months of 2021, all elderly residents referred to the municipality's health homes in Tehran City, Iran, were included in the statistical population. Of whom, 45 qualified participants entered the study by the available sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (each group with 15 people). In this way, by announcing the call for 3 weeks, eligible older people were registered to enter the research (76 people). Then, the Life Expectancy Questionnaire (Schneider et al., 1991) was implemented as a data collection tool. Next, 45 older adults who scored lower than average in the questionnaire (average score=36) were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having at least 60 years and at most 75 years, having a level of literacy in reading and writing, appropriate listening and speaking ability, lacking a history of hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital, and providing informed consent to participate in research. The exclusion criteria included missing two or more intervention sessions and withdrawing from the study. In the current study, the intervention method of logotherapy (Frankl, 1967) was employed in ten 75– to 90–minute sessions for the first experimental group. In the second experimental group, ACT (Hayes, 2004) was used in eight sessions of 75–90 minutes. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using the Chi–square test, analysis of variance, univariate analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni post hoc test using SPSS statistical software version 23 at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that the difference in the average scores of total life expectancy (p<0.001) and components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.018) in the posttest after controlling the pretest scores in the three groups was significant. The total scores of life expectancy (p = 0.009) and hope component (p=0.032) significantly differed between the experimental groups. Only logotherapy training had a significant effect on the total scores of life expectancy (p<0.001) components of functional hope (p<0.001) and strategic hope (p=0.005) compared to the control group. However, the ACT did not have a significant effect on life expectancy (p=0.213) and factors of functional hope (p=0.172) and strategic hope (p=0.142) compared with the control group.

Based on the findings, logotherapy is more effective in older people's life expectancy than acceptance and commitment therapy, and this therapeutic approach can be an effective intervention method for the life expectancy of older people.

The main consequence of heart failure is a decline in patients' functional abilities, leading to limitations in occupational and social-family tasks, as well as impairments in cognitive and emotional health, ultimately resulting in a reduced quality of life. This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients referred to health centers in Khorram Abad City.

The current research used a semi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test type and three-month follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research included all patients with cardiovascular diseases referred to the health centers of Khorram Abad City in 2023. Among the statistical population, 40 people were selected by direct sampling and randomly divided into two experimental (20 people) and control (20 people) groups. The experimental group was trained in emotion regulation during eight 90-minute sessions for 8 weeks. Both groups completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO-QOL-BREF) and Schneider et al.'s (1991) Life Expectancy Questionnaire in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The multivariate covariance analysis method and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the results.

The results showed that emotional regulation training is efficacious in improving the quality of life and life expectancy of cardiovascular patients (P < 0.01), and this effect remained stable in the three-month follow-up phase (P < 0.01).

Emotion regulation training is recommended to enhance cardiovascular patients' quality of life and life expectancy.

the chronic nature, tiring treatments and debilitating and threatening complications of diabetes affect the physical, mental, social, life expectancy and death anxiety of the affected person, so the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and A commitment was made to the life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

The current research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population includes all patients with type 2 diabetes with deceased relatives who visited Milad specialized and sub-specialized hospitals in the second six months of 2022, 30 eligible people were selected by purposive sampling method and by simple random sampling (paired sampling method) or the person inside the box) were placed in two groups (15 people in the test group and 15 people in the control group). The data collection tools included life expectancy questionnaires by Schneider et al. (1991) and death anxiety questionnaires by Templer and Ruff (1971). The intervention group was subjected to group intervention in eight 90-minute face-to-face sessions over a period of two months, and the control group received the normal intervention. In order to analyze the data, SPSS version 22 software and the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements between groups were used, observing the statistical assumptions.

The results showed that there was a difference between the average scores of life expectancy and death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage, and these results remained stable until the follow-up stage (P<0.01); Therefore, the treatment based on acceptance and commitment improved the life expectancy and reduced the death anxiety of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Based on the results of this study, therapists and health care providers can use acceptance and commitment therapy as an effective treatment method in improving the health and psychological status of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Due to the development of science, life expectancy has increased and the number of elderly people in the world is growing. As such, all countries face major challenges to ensure that their health and social systems are ready to manage this demographic change. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases.

In terms of the nature of the collected data, the present research is part of quantitative studies, in terms of purpose it is part of applied studies, and in terms of method, it is part of semi-experimental designs with pre-test and post-test of several groups with a control group and with follow-up. The statistical population of the research consists of all elderly people with chronic diseases under the welfare support of Bam in 1400. The sample of the research was 40 of these elderly people who were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to two groups, including the experimental group and the control group (20 people in each group). The measuring tools of the research were the health-related quality of life questionnaires of Lipad and Miller's life expectancy questionnaire. SPSS software and univariate analysis of variance test were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge has an impact on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases.

The results indicated the effect of salutogenic empowerment based on body knowledge on the quality of life and life expectancy of the elderly with chronic diseases. Therefore, it is suggested that counselors and therapists use salutogenic empowerment training based on body knowledge to increase life expectancy and raise the quality of life of the elderly.

 Psychological interventions can improve quality of life and increase hope for life. The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of an intervention based on Zarvan's theory on quality of life and hope in women living in Isfahan.

 This quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group was conducted with the participation of 60 women living in Isfahan in 2023. Participants were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). Snyder's life hope (1991) and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaires were used to collect data. The experimental group received the intervention based on Zurvan's theory in six sixty-minute sessions. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).

 The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 32.7(4.8) and in the control group was 33.1 (4.9) years. In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of the quality of life score increased from 99.0 (9.8) before the intervention to 105.6 (10.7) after the intervention (P=0.001). In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of the hope to life score increased from 27.3 (1.8) to 31.3 (4.1) (P=0.001). The changes in the control group were not significant.

 The study showed that the intervention based on Zarvan's theory improved the level of quality of life and hope to life in women.

Life expectancy plays an important role in people's adaptation to the issue of divorce, and lack or low life expectancy causes psychological damage. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying life expectancy factors in women after divorce.

The current research was conducted with the qualitative approach of conventional content analysis. The statistical population of the present study included experts including academic lecturers in the field of psychology from Zanjan Islamic Azad University, Qom University and Zanjan University and experts in the field of family and divorce as well as women after divorce from several psychology centers in Zanjan city in in 2022.
Data collection was done by semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the conventional content analysis method and in MAXQDA. 2020.

Findings showed 8 main themes and 33 sub-themes including: factors of independent financing (with 3 sub-themes), factors related to personality characteristics (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to group education through media and culture building (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to counseling and psychotherapy (with 4 sub-themes), factors related to family support, social support, government support (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to empowerment and having a goal (with 7 sub-themes), factors related to healthy lifestyle (with 2 sub-themes) and factors related to spirituality (with 2 sub-themes).

The existence of 8 main themes including factors of independent financing, factors related to personality characteristics, factors related to group education through media and culture, factors related to counseling and psychotherapy, factors related to family support, social support, and government support. It showed factors related to empowerment and having a goal, factors related to healthy lifestyle and factors related to spirituality. Therefore, it is suggested to use the results of the present study to increase the life expectancy of divorced women.

Breast cancer causes psychological problems and decreases psychological health in people, therapeutic interventions are needed to solve these problems. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of group meaning therapy intervention on the quality of life, emotional regulation, and life expectancy of women with breast cancer.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer referring to the health centers of Kerman city in 2023. Among them, 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and were replaced randomly and by lottery in two experimental and control groups (15 individuals in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The people in the experimental group received group-meaning therapy intervention (10 sessions) and two sessions weekly for 90 minutes. The questionnaires used in this research included quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy questionnaires administered in two phases: pre-test and post-test.

The results showed that before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the average scores of the quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy of the intervention and control groups, but there was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the intervention and control groups after the intervention. The mean and standard deviation of the quality of life in the post-test was 6.91 ± 29.75, emotion regulation was 10.25 ± 98.28, and life expectancy was 6.49 ± 39.51 (P < 0.001).

According to the results of this research, group therapy increased the quality of life, emotion regulation, and life expectancy in women with cancer. Since the favorable mental state of the patient affects their recovery, the use of this method is recommended as an effective strategy to reduce the psychological problems of patients.

Patients with chronic diseases have a low life expectancy. Therefore, the present study aimed to designing the causal model of life expectancy in patients with cancer diseases based on mental toughness, interpretation bias and body image.

The present research method is descriptive and correlation type (structural equations). The statistical population of the study was all cancer patients in Tabrize city at 2023 years. The statistical sample was 250 patients who were selected in a purposive sampling. In data collection, Miller's life expectancy(1988), Gaffiero et al.'s bias in pain interpretation(2022), Clough's mental toughness (2002) and Littleton's wory about body image (2008) questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS version 24 software.

The results indicated that the 35% of the variance of the life expectancy variable was explained through the variables of the model. The direct effect of mental toughness  (0.41), wory about body image (-0.28) and interpretation bias (-0.38) on the level of life expectancy was significant. And the indirect effect of wory about body image (t-value = 2.95) and mental toughness  (t-value = 2.1) with the mediation role of interpretation bias on the life expectancy was significant.

Considering the direct and indirect effect of the interpretation bias, mental stability and self-image on the level of life expectancy, it seems that by strengthening mental toughness, improving interpretation bias and worry about body image in patients with cancer diseases, the life expectancy can be strengthened.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management training on emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study was a semi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of high school students with generalized anxiety disorder in Divandarreh city in the academic year 2022-2023. Using purposive sampling method, 28 of them were selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (14 subjects) and control (14 subjects). Then, the experimental group received 10 sessions (90 minutes each) of cognitive-behavioral stress management protocol according to Antoni et al. (2007). To collect data, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Scale, life expectancy Scale, Mental Well-being Questionnaire, and California Social Adjustment Questionnaire were utilized. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26 software.

The results indicated a significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.01) in pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages in emotion regulation strategies (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 16.42, posttest: 28.42, follow-up: 27.14), life expectancy (p < 0.01), (pretest scores: 85.57, posttest: 119.28, follow-up: 105.07), mental well-being (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 92.71, posttest: 128.71, follow-up: 126.71), and social Adjustment (total) (p < 0.01) (pretest scores: 10.06, posttest: 18.70, follow-up: 17.15).

Considering the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management training in enhancing emotion regulation strategies, life expectancy, mental well-being, and social Adjustment in students with generalized anxiety disorder, the results of the present study can be used in counseling and psychotherapy centers for intervention in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.

Breaking the marital contract is one of the most traumatic issues that women face and it can lead to cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms in them. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" with "Compassion-Based Therapy" on self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract.

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test, follow-up and control group design. The statistical population of the present study were women affected by the breach of contract by their husbands who referred to counseling and screening centers in Isfahan city in the Spring of 2023, of which 51 were randomly assigned to the first and second intervention groups and the control group (17 in each group). Research tools included: demographic questionnaire, "Self of Differentiation Inventory" and "Life Expectancy Questionnaire". Content validity was measured by qualitative method and reliability by internal consistency method by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The participants of the "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" group and the "Compassion-Based Therapy" group were treated during 10 sessions 90-minute. The control group received the treatment after the completion of the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS. 22.

The results of analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that "Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" and "Compassion-Based Therapy" were effective in increasing self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the effect of two treatment methods on self-differentiation and hope for the future (P<0.01).

"Existential Acceptance and Commitment Therapy" and "Compassion-Based Therapy " have been effective in increasing self-differentiation and life expectancy in women affected by husband's breach of contract. Therefore, it is suggested to therapists, marriage and family counselors that the above treatment methods are used to reduce the conflicts of women who are affected by their spouse's breach of contract.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of two group spirituality therapy approaches with acceptance and commitment based therapy on increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients in Kermanshah city. The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients referred to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah. The sampling method was available (with the approval of a specialist doctor and undergoing chemotherapy) and they were divided into three groups of 15 people, which include two test groups and one control group. Eight ninety-minute spiritual therapy sessions were given to the first experimental group and eight ninety-minute training sessions based on acceptance and commitment therapy were presented to the second experimental group. Schneider et al.'s (1991) life expectancy scale and Schneider et al.'s (1991) happiness scale were used to collect data. The results showed that spiritual therapy is effective in increasing life expectancy and happiness, treatment based on acceptance and commitment is effective in increasing life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients, and the results of the research showed that spiritual therapy is more effective than acceptance-based therapy. And commitment to increasing life expectancy and happiness among cancer patients has a greater effect. Therefore, by performing psychological interventions on time, it is possible to help increase the life expectancy and happiness, speed up recovery and reduce the length of hospitalization in the hospital, and finally reduce the hospital costs in these patients, and change the physical outlook and pay more attention to psychological aspects in this group of patients.

Pain as one of the side effects of chemotherapy is associated with physical and psychological discomforts in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was designing, validating and evaluate the effectiveness of a pain management program for pain and life expectancy in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

The program was designed using a qualitative thematic analysis method. Relevant studies were identified from the background and used to develop a six-session program by identifying primary, secondary, and main component codes. Then, to evaluate the validity, 10 experts in this field were asked to assess the program. A semi-experimental method was used to assess the effectiveness of the program. In 2022, 28 breast cancer patients with a cancer severity of 1 to 3 undergoing chemotherapy at Namazi and Amir hospitals in Shiraz city were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (n=14). Both groups were evaluated by Brief Pain Inventory and Hope Scale in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up. Moreover, the variance analysis with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

Based on the evaluation results, the pain management program demonstrated sufficient content validity and reliability. In addition, the intervention group reported significantly lower pain and higher life expectancy scores in post-test (p<0.01). The difference reminded significant in follow-up (p<0.01).

Based on the study findings, the pain management program effectively moderates pain and improves the life expectancy of breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. Hence, this program is a suitable option to moderate the side effects of chemotherapy.

Experiencing tensions such as anxiety, stress, and depression is inevitable due to the nature of the disease and treatment, which can affect the life expectancy of these patients. Emotional intelligence is one of the most effective components in adapting to a disease and its complications and in complying with treatment. This study is conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between emotional intelligence and life expectancy in leukemia patients.

This was a descriptive -correlational study conducted on 200 patients with leukemia who were referred to the selected hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The research tools included a demographic information form, Schutte emotional intelligence questionnaire, and Snyder life expectancy questionnaire. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics methods.

The average age of the participants in the research was 36/83 ± 11/13 in the age range of 18-69. Most of the patients were male (62%) and married (66/5%). The mean score of emotional intelligence in leukemia patients was 127/17 and the mean score of life expectancy was 32/19. According to the results of the study, there was a positive and significant correlation between emotional intelligence and life expectancy (P<0/001) (r=0/364).

Based on the results of the study, patients with higher emotional intelligence had higher life expectancy. Since emotional intelligence is very helpful in facing stress and tension and can be taught and learned, implementing interventions to increase emotional intelligence can be the basis for improving the life expectancy of these patients.

The diagnosis of cancer causes considerable suffering and anxiety for the patient. It threatens the meaning of the patient's life, which leads to a sense of collapse, so it is necessary to meet the psychological needs of the cancer patient. Meeting the spiritual needs of cancer patients plays a role in accelerating recovery and achieving spiritual well-being. Recently, along with common physical treatments, spiritual therapy has attracted the attention of doctors, and also paying attention to spirituality in life can help to improve the mental health of cancer patients in the difficult conditions of the disease and to accept the disease as a psychological support. By the patient and to be effective in improving psychological disorders and this treatment method is recommended as an effective intervention in improving psychological problems. Many studies report religion and spirituality as complementary treatments for cancer patients. The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two approaches of group spirituality therapy with therapy based on acceptance and commitment to increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients in Kermanshah City. Group therapies, including spiritual therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment, which are part of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy, can have positive and significant therapeutic effects in the treatment of cancer patients. Considering the different areas of human life and the effects of religion on mental and physical health, including health and treatment, it is important because it has a prominent and indelible role in human life. Therefore, the knowledge of the effectiveness of group spirituality treatment methods can be used by experts in treating many disorders and increasing cancer patients' life expectancy and happiness. Paying attention to the research background shows that so far no research has been done in comparing the effectiveness of two approaches of group spirituality therapy with treatment based on acceptance and commitment to increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients. The lack of research findings in this field prompted researchers to compare these two treatments in terms of increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients. Therefore, how much is the effectiveness of group spirituality therapy compared to treatment based on acceptance and commitment in a group way on acceptance and commitment on increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients?

The research method was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients referred to Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah. The sampling method was available (with the approval of a specialist doctor undergoing chemotherapy). They were divided into three groups of 15 people, including two experimental groups and one control group. Eight 45-minute spiritual therapy sessions were given to the first experimental group and eight 45-minute training sessions based on acceptance and commitment therapy were presented to the second experimental group. Schneider et al.'s (1991) life expectancy scale and Schneider et al.'s (1991) happiness scale were used to collect data.

The results showed that spiritual therapy is effective in increasing life expectancy and happiness, and treatment based on acceptance and commitment is effective in increasing the life expectancy and happiness of cancer patients.

The main goal of this research is to find a better treatment among the existing treatments. The results of the research showed that there is a difference between the effectiveness of spiritual therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment to life expectancy and happiness. According to the previous interpretations, the positive effect of both treatments on the variables of life expectancy and quality of life has been proven, and there is no debate there, but according to the findings of the research and considering the native context of the province and the variety of existing religions, spiritual therapy has been able to have a greater effect. Accepting a cancer diagnosis and its treatment is often considered a psychological and spiritual transition that can lead to the restructuring of values and can reflect how patients evaluate their lives and their sense of happiness. Therefore, it is important to assess happiness in cancer patients and look for ways to promote it, that is, by providing support during treatment or encouraging the development of positive characteristics unrelated to the disease or its treatment. Religious beliefs may influence physiological responses such as sensitivity to pain. In addition, prayer may trigger a mechanism called the relaxation response, in which physiological phenomena occur when a person reaches a state of relaxation. Prayers and other rituals are often performed as a repetitive practice. Repetition of this action can cause physiological responses, for example, lowering metabolism and heart rate, causing relaxation and relaxation, and improving well-being and quality of life. Spirituality has different interpretations in every religion and nation, but what they have in common is the existence of God and adherence to moral principles - a belief that can cut through the strings of despair like a winning sword and overcome dark and painful days. Open a new door for people. Men usually respond positively to psychological treatments, especially spiritual treatments, due to their busy work schedules and unsophisticated spirits, and the younger the age, the greater the resistance and stubbornness of accepting this type of treatment among men. Is. However, it should be remembered that these strong men have learned the way and customs of spirituality in the arms of their spiritual mothers, and this spirituality has a special place in their unconscious mind, and we can stimulate emotions and remember moments. By using the principles of proximity and similarity, we have been able to achieve valuable results with a young and male group.Also, the results of the research showed that spiritual therapy has a greater effect on increasing life expectancy and happiness among cancer patients than treatment based on acceptance and commitment. Therefore, by performing psychological interventions on time, it is possible to help increase life expectancy and happiness, speed up recovery and reduce the length of hospitalization in the hospital, and ultimately reduce hospital costs in these patients, and change the view of the physical and pay more attention to the dimensions mental state in this group of patients.

The purpose of the current research was to compare the personality traits, ambiguity tolerance and life expectancy of people satisfied and dissatisfied with the corona vaccine injection.

The current research was of comparative causal type. The statistical population of the present study included all vaccinated people in Karaj city. Among the statistical population, and according to Cochran’s formula, 306 people were selected using available sampling method. The data collection tools were Neo Personality Questionnaire, Snyder et al.’s Life Expectancy Questionnaire and McLean’s Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between ambiguity tolerance, factorial thinking subscales of life expectancy and neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits in the satisfied and dissatisfied groups of corona vaccination.

According to the results, it can be concluded that psychological factors can be effective in the level of satisfaction with vaccination and paying attention to these factors in epidemics such as the corona epidemic can help health professionals to encourage people to inject vaccines.