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Background and Aims:

 Wrestling techniques are mainly based on continuous displacements, pushes and pulls, with the overall goal of maintaining own balance and disrupting the opponent's balance. The balance related systems are matured during adolescence. The level of balance training in prepubescent athletes is not well-defined. The present study aims to investigate the effect of age-focused balance exercises using functional tests tailored to the wrestling sport on the balance of prepubescent male wrestlers.

Methods:

In this study, participants were 28 boys aged 11-16 years in two groups of 18 wrestlers (training groups) and 10 non-wrestlers (control group). The training group performed age-focused balance exercises for 16 weeks, three times a week. The intensity, duration and type of balance exercises were changed every week. The control group was used to control balance changes during four months. The balance parameters including distance and surface area of the center of pressure (COP) movement were measured in the guard position immediately after 25-30 seconds of perturbation by a foot scan plate. The independent t-test was used to examine the statistical differences between the two groups. Statistical calculations were performed in SPSS software, version 27. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

Results of the independent t-test showed that the wrestling group had a significant improvement in the surface area for the COP displacement compared to the non-wrestling group (17.60 vs 9.06 cm; P<0.001), while the distance of the COP displacement did not show a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.13).

Conclusion:

The age-specific balance exercises can lead to a significant improvement in the balance of prepubescent male wrestlers. If these wrestlers regularly perform these balance exercises, they will show greater improvement in balance and may perform wrestling techniques better.

Marriage satisfaction is one of the main determinants of the quality of life of each person, and marital satisfaction can predict the stability and instability of a relationship.

This research was conducted with the aim of developing a model of marital satisfaction based on marital expectations, emotional maturity and aspects of love by mediating marital conflicts in married women.

The descriptive data collection method was correlational. The current study's statistical population was comprised of all married women who referred to the community centers of Tehran in 1401, and 550 by the available sampling method people were selected from among them. In this research, Enrich's (1998) marital satisfaction tools, Miller and Tedder's (2011) expectations from married life, Singh and Bhargava's (1991) emotional maturity, Barati, and Sanai Zaker's (1375) marital conflicts, and Sternberg's love triangle (1989) were used. Structural equation modeling method and SPSS and PLS software were used for data analysis.

The findings of the research showed that marital expectations and emotional maturity and dimensions of love had a significant effect on marital satisfaction directly and indirectly due to marital conflicts (P<0.05).

Based on the research findings, marital satisfaction is influenced by marital expectations, emotional maturity, and aspects of lovemaking. It is suggested to researchers and therapists to examine marital expectations, emotional maturity and the dimensions of love and subsequent marital conflicts in preventing and planning treatment for couples.

 The main purpose of the investigation is to determine a specific and fixed age for puberty for all girls and boys, while people who are distinct and different from each other face the phenomenon of natural puberty and experience it.

 This research has analyzed the age of puberty through library resources with an analytical approach and in this regard, it has benefited from field evaluations and medical data related to the subject.
Ethical Considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

 According to the Qur'anic standard and rule in the sixth verse of Surah "al-Nasa", puberty is a natural phenomenon with the actualization of sexual talent and reproductive powers. However, in jurisprudential and legal foundations, reaching the age of 9 years for girls and 15 years for boys is considered to be the beginning of religious, civil and criminal obligations and responsibilities; While the readiness to accept the responsibility and limitations caused by puberty is not the same for girls and boys in different races, different climates and climates where they live, as well as being affected by differences in the culture of communities and the state of social health and other factors; The same field evaluations done in this field confirm it.

 Considering the re-reading of jurisprudence and legal foundations in the field of puberty criteria and also paying attention to the audience of hadiths in the criticism of jurisprudential reference to puberty traditions, it shows that determining a specific age for puberty is not very valid and only by choosing some categories of the corresponding traditions. It has become a problem. While other evidences refer to other sexual signs of puberty or at least determining it at an older age. The proof of this statement is the indicators that were obtained based on the measurement and examination of the variable rate of puberty in heterogeneous climates and climates according to the findings of field research and medical components and they all emphasize that girls and boys living in climates and conditions Sardsir climates have reached the maturity stage much later than their counterparts in tropical regions and they find a correct understanding of their social responsibilities and duties at an older age. Therefore, determining a fixed standard for the maturity of all people seems inappropriate.

Utilizing engaging techniques, such as animation, to educate adolescents about oral health can significantly impact their knowledge and behavior, resulting in the prevention of periodontal diseases. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of health education utilizing animation vs traditional education methods in improving adolescents' attitudes, behavior, and periodontal markers.

In this interventional study, 371 students aged 13 to 15 were randomly selected by cluster sampling and divided into two groups: control (187 students) and intervention (184 students). Questionnaires and clinical examinations of the Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) were completed before and four weeks following the intervention, and the data were entered into the SPSS software (v. 23). The independent t-test and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data, and P<0.05 was considered significant.

After the intervention, the average scores of knowledge, behavior, GI, PI, and SBI indices were changed from 6.27, 5.90, 1.10, 0.85, and 0.31 to 7.53, 7.08, 0.73, 0.53, and 0.21, respectively. All indices in the control group also improved; however, after the intervention, a significant difference was recorded between the animation group and the control group in all indices, except health behavior (P<0.05).

Oral health education through animation is a novel and effective approach that can be more appealing to adolescents and beneficial in reducing periodontal diseases in young patients.

Puberty health includes principles that lead to the monitoring and promotion of physical and mental health, and it is necessary to provide the necessary training to teenagers in this field. The current study has investigated the lived experience of female students from the neglect of puberty health in the health and hygiene curriculum.

This study is based on a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenology method, by studying students' lived experiences. Based on this, in 2022, the lived experiences of 19 twelfth-grade students have been investigated in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces using semi-structured interviews. The selection of participants has been done using the purposeful snowball sampling method. In order to verify the trustworthiness of the research information, the reliability criterion was used with two review methods by 12 participants and a review by 4 non-participating experts in the research. For the analysis of the data, Colaizzi’s strategy has been used.

From the data analysis, 237 codes, 7 themes, and 56 sub-themes were obtained. The themes extracted from the research are general neglect of puberty education, the overcoming of traditional cultural limitations, the one-dimensionality of puberty education, the high skills of medical staff, unrealistic expectations from adolescents, obstacles to puberty education, and the necessity of puberty education.

Planning puberty health education based on the strengths of the medical staff, realism towards puberty, and public attention to its education is a necessity.

The quality of puberty can affect the sexual health and fertility of children. There is limited evidence about the risks associated with the use of assisted reproductive methods (ART) on the process of puberty. This review study was conducted with aim to investigate the puberty process in ART children.

In this review study, to find the related articles regarding the puberty process in ART children, the databases of Web of Science, Scopous, Proquest and Pubmed and Persian databases of SID and Magiran and Google Scholar search engine were searched to find published studies using English keywords: Assisted Reproductive Technology, In vitro fertilization, Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, puberty, Tanner and adolescent and their Persian equivalents.

In total, among 1438 articles found, 10 articles were eligible for the research and were selected for this study. The prevalence of puberty disorders in ART children was not different compared to children resulting from spontaneous pregnancy. Tanner's stages, bone growth, hormonal status among adolescents resulting from ART were similar to the normal population, although in girls resulting from ART were exposed to earlier puberty and boys were exposed to small differences in sex hormones compared to children resulting from spontaneous pregnancy.

Although many studies did not show a significant difference in the puberty process of ART adolescents compared to other adolescents, information on long-term follow-up is limited. Therefore, it is necessary to long-term follow-up of ART-born children until completion of puberty by child's sex and ART types.

In adolescence, there is a heightened inclination to cultivate stronger social networks within schools, resulting in the exchange of information. This study investigates the influential factors that shape the exchange of information among students within their classrooms.

The study involved 350 male and female middle and high school students in Hamadan. Two types of networks were constructed within each class: the communication network, representing ordinary students’ interactions, and the specific network, which focused on the exchange of sensitive information about puberty. The network centrality index was calculated, and factors influencing information transfer were evaluated through a questionnaire.

The degree of centrality in the social network of boys exceeded that of girls, with values of 55.4% versus 47.6% in the communication network, and 33.4% versus 20.1% in the specific network, respectively. The degree of centrality of students had significant positive association with the length of time that they spent with their friends. Moreover, we found the degree of centrality of students in both networks, particularly in special network, was stronger in high schools.

During adolescence, boys tend to possess a broader communication network within their classrooms, enabling them to effectively exchange information about puberty. Factors such as effective communication skills, knowledge about puberty, and spending time with their classmates play crucial roles in facilitating the exchange of information among adolescents in schools.

The dominant culture in any society plays a very constructive role in the lifestyle of people. Marriage and puberty, as the most important events in life, are directly influenced by the culture and values of the society. On the other hand, the wide spread of imported and imitation customs and cultures among families and their distancing from religious and Islamic cultures and values, especially in the current era, has caused a change in lifestyle. One of the most important parts of any ethnic structure is its rites of passage, which is a cultural thing and has a social function. These rites are intertwined with people's beliefs and can be investigated as a cultural phenomenon among different ethnic groups. Focusing on the popular culture and literature of the people of Kerman and Jiroft, the present research seeks to identify and compare the rites of puberty, marriage and the influence of religion on these rites of these two cities. In this research, the two stages of puberty and marriage in Kerman and Jiroft were discussed and analyzed in a comparative way. The article tries to examine and study two basic categories of rituals related to Kerman and Jiroft. The approach of the present research is qualitative, of the type of in-depth anthropology and the means of gathering information, documentary studies, participatory observation and interviews. In the present research, efforts have been made by focusing on the theories of evolutionism and diffusionism, functionalism, rituals and rites related to maturity, marriage. to be investigated in the city of Kerman and Jiroft. Based on the results of the research, the aforementioned rites and rituals have been transferred from one generation to another over time, and during this transfer, some have remained constant and others have undergone changes. Also, with the rapid development of technology and technology and the impact of imitation and imported culture, some rituals and ceremonies are fading. He named the third.

Puberty is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood which is accompanied by physiological changes. Menarche age is an important puberty indicator for assessing growth status. Growth and maturity of the genitals are essential for a girl's reproductive health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between uterine sonographic characteristics and dimensions with menarche and puberty in girls.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 76 healthy girls (aged 9-16 years) who were referred to the endocrinology clinic of Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan (Iran) during 2017-2020. Height, weight and age were recorded and uterine and ovarian dimensions were measured by pelvic sonography.

There was a significant positive correlation between menarche age (r=0.79, P=0.001) and ovarian length (r=0.81, P=0.007), ovarian volume and the length of the largest side of the uterus (r=0.77, P=0.001). Height had a significant positive association with menarche age (b=0.082, P=0.002) and ovarian length in the second place (b=0.097, P=0.004). But there was an inverse relationship between menarche age and girls' weight.

An increase in the menarche age increases the size of the uterus and its volume.

Although mental, emotional and social variables play an important role in the general health of teenagers, but without a doubt, the meaning that teenagers find for themselves in life, i.e. spiritual vitality, can also affect their lives. In fact, vitality and spiritual health is the newest dimension of health, which is placed next to other aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, and social health. In a comprehensive definition, it can be said that spiritual vitality is having a sense of acceptance, morality, a sense of positive mutual connection with a sovereign and superior holy power with others, which comes about through a dynamic and coordinated cognitive, emotional, action and personal consequence process (7).Since the family is the center and core of care, the most effective services are those that emphasize the role of the family and strive to empower families, because the family-centered approach is effective for children, parents, families, and service providers. It improves medical services and increases families' satisfaction with the services provided. This is despite the fact that the performance of each person within the family system, especially the guardian, who is a mental-behavioral model for continuing, maintaining and changing the behavior of other family members, affects the psychological and social well-being of children (9). Therefore, family-oriented educational intervention means providing information to families about various issues or mental disorders and methods of prevention, coping and facing them. The main goal in family-oriented educational interventions is to improve the attitude and change the behavior of family members, especially spouses (10). According to the mentioned materials, the use of effective psychological interventions can provide the ground for the normal social and emotional development of teenagers. However, it should be noted that teenagers should assume professional and social roles upon entering adulthood. Therefore, weakness in effective emotional components such as mental health and weak spiritual vitality can make them face many problems. Therefore, considering the strong role of mental health and spiritual vitality in adolescence and its extensive effects on the personal, social and professional life of adolescents, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to improve this component. At the same time, it is necessary to address the research gap. As such, conducting family-oriented research in order to reduce the psychological and emotional problems of adolescents in the high-risk period of puberty has been largely neglected. Now, considering the research gap (lack of similar research) and considering the effectiveness of family-oriented interventions, the main problem of the present study is to evaluate the effectiveness of family-oriented spiritual-respectful psychological intervention on the mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescents during puberty.

In order to conduct the present semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period, among adolescent boys (13 to 15 years old) present in the first secondary schools of the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year 2018-2019, whose score less than 65 in the mental health questionnaire and less than 70 in the spiritual vitality questionnaire, 25 teenagers were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (13 people) and control group (12 people). In the following, the samples of the mental health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) which has 28 questions, 14 of which measure psychological well-being and 14 of which measure psychological helplessness in a five-point Likert scale from 0 (completely disagree) to 4 (completely agree) The range of scores is between 0 and 112. Scores lower than 65 indicate the presence of damage in the mental health process of a person (4), and the spiritual vitality scale of Polotzin and Ellison (1982) which has 20 questions, 10 of which are religious health and 10 Another question measures existential health. The range of religious and existential health score is 10-60, each separately. For religious and existential health sub-groups, there is no leveling and judgment is based on the obtained score. The higher the obtained score, the higher the sign of spiritual and existential vitality. The score of spiritual vitality is the sum of these two subgroups, the range of which is 20-120. Answers to the questions were categorized on a six-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. In negative questions, scoring is done in reverse. Obtaining scores less than 70 indicates a person's lack of spiritual vitality. Finally, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to check the normality of the distribution of variables, Levine's test to check the equality of variances, Mochelli's test to check the assumption of sphericity of the data, and mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to test the research hypothesis. became.

According to Table 3, the effect of the factor of group membership (respectful-spiritual family-oriented psychological intervention) on the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). The effect size shows that group membership (respective-spiritual family-centered psychological intervention) explains 44 and 42 percent of the difference in mental health and spiritual vitality scores, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the interaction effect of the type of treatment and the time factor on the mental health scores and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty is significant (p<0.001). As the results of Table 4 show, there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of mental health and spiritual vitality. This means that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-test and follow-up stages. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the puberty period, which underwent a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to maintain this change during the follow-up period as well. In a summary, it can be stated that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention has been able to lead to a significant change in the mean scores of mental health and spiritual vitality of adolescent boys in the post-test phase, and this effect has maintained its stability in the follow-up phase.

The results showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had a significant effect on the mental health and spiritual vitality of male adolescents during puberty and was able to improve the mental health and spiritual vitality of these adolescents. In the present explanation, it can be said that family-oriented psychological intervention improves the management of emotions and feelings (19). Based on this, family-oriented psychological intervention by improving the skills and management of emotions, cognitions and cognitive processing causes adolescents to show better mental health. In addition, during the family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention training sessions, parents were taught to familiarize themselves with the psychological, emotional and cognitive characteristics of adolescence and learn ways to establish healthy relationships with adolescents. Such a process made it possible for parents to establish normal psychological and emotional relationships with their children and in this way prevent the occurrence of challenges between them. Based on such a trend, the amount of mental and emotional disturbance of teenagers is reduced and they show better mental health.The second finding showed that family-centered religious-spiritual psychological intervention had an effect on the spiritual vitality of adolescent boys during puberty. In the present explanation, the concepts taught during the sessions should be addressed. First of all, it should be mentioned that family-based education is able to strengthen the communication of family members with each other by promoting the culture of mutual thinking and negotiation, and in this way, it helps to improve the mental, emotional and cognitive health of the people present in the family (25). This process can also prepare the ground for improving the cognitive and emotional processing of children, and in this way, their mental and spiritual vitality increases.

puberty is an effective and critical period as a specific developmental time when the adolescents face problems. therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of family-oriented respectful-spiritual psychological intervention on the emotion regulation of the male adolescents in the puberty period. the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population of the present study included male adolescents in the puberty period (13-15 years old) in the first high schools in zone 5 of the city of Tehran in the academic year 2020-21. 27 male adolescents in the puberty period were selected through random sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups. The parents of the adolescents in the experimental group received fourteen seventy-five-minute family-oriented respectful-spiritual psychological intervention during three-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaire in the current study included emotion regulation questionnaire (Garnefski, Kraakji and Spinhoven, 2001). The data from the study were analyzed via SPSS23 software through mixed variance. the results showed that family-oriented respectful-spiritual psychological intervention had significant effect on the emotions regulation of male adolescents in the puberty period (p<0.001) and could lead to the improvement of positive emotion regulation and decrease of negative emotion regulation.

Among the different periods of human life, adolescence is one of the most important and valuable periods of each personchrs life and anxiety is very common in this period of development and can continue into adulthood. One of the concerns is health concern so it is the best time to target the efforts of preventive behavior during adolescence. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of group-based puberty counseling on problem-solving health concerns of adolescent girls.

This study is an educational trial with a pre-test and post-test design that is performed on 60 female students aged 15-18 years in Tehran (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) who meet the inclusion criteria and by sampling method. Two-stage cluster random sampling was performed. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic information and a standard health concern questionnaire. The intervention was designed by group discussion during 6 sessions for the experimental group and after 2 months, information was collected from both groups and analyzed by chi-square, independent t-test and paired t-test.

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.262), and all participants have read and signed the informed consent.

 According to the results of the study, before the educational intervention in the experimental group, the mean scores of anxiety in: personal health were 3.90, sexual health was 3.77, communication was 3.83, emotional health was 5.43 and the total score of anxiety was 16.10. The intervention had changed to 2.53, 2.03, 2.97, 3.30 and 10.90, respectively. This change was significant in the areas of sexual health, emotional health and total anxiety score (P<0.005). Also, the experimental and control groups, after the educational intervention, had significant differences in the areas of personal health, emotional health and total anxiety score (P<0.005).
Conclusion The results of the intervention showed that group discussion can reduce the health concerns of adolescent girls.

The process of puberty is the most important event in a personchr('39')s life. The first menstruation (menarche) unlike other changes in puberty, which is slow and continuous, the sudden onset of dardocene the first menstruation is associated with various factors such as genetic factors, environmental conditions, etc., so this study aims to investigate the lifestyle of menarche in girls it was performed for 11 to 14 year olds in Ardabil.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study in which 300 female elementary and junior high school students (11-14 years old) in Ardabil were studied in the 2019. Sampling was performed in a two-stage random cluster. The data collection tool consistedof a two-part questionnaire: the first part included demographic information and the second part consisted of a 42-item lifestyle questionnaire (resulting from the WHO standard lifestyle questionnaire). To achieve the results, the data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 18. Pvalue less than 0/05 was considered significant

The results show that the mean age of menarche in girls aged 11 to 14 years in Ardabil is 12 ± 0/03 and between body mass (P = 0/003), nutrition, stress control (P <0/03) and self-care (P = 0/004) with age There is a significant relationship between menarche (P value less than 0/05 was considered significant), but there was a significant relationship between sports activity(P<0/70), smoking, alcohol and illicit substances (P = 0/6) and menarche age There is no gallows.

By identifying the effect of lifestyle dimensions on menarche age and controlling thesefactors, we can play an important role in preventing premature menarche and its complications

Adolescence is one of the most important and the most sensitive periods in human life. One of the most fundamental changes to this period for a person is changes caused by beginning of puberty. Having enough knowledge about this process helps to get through this critical period easily and carefree, especially in girls. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of education based on the locus of control theory on the puberty health of the junior high school girl students in Faruj in 1996.

This study was a quasi-experimental intervention study. 100 junior high school girl students participated in the study by random allocation in 2 experimental and control groups (50 people in each arm). The data gathering tool was a demographic and field information questionnaire on knowledge and students’ performance in puberty health and Walton locus of Control Questionnaire. Students completed the questionnaires before starting the curriculum. The intervention was performed in the experimental group during 5 sessions. Questionnaires were completed again for both groups immediately and 3 months after the intervention. Mean scores before, immediately and 3 months after the educational intervention were measured and compared in the two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 software and statistical tests. Significance level was considered 0.05.

The mean score of puberty health of students before training was not significantly different in the experimental and control groups, while immediately after education the mean score of puberty health in the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Also, the correlation between external locus of control and puberty health score was significant immediately after education (p=0.0001), while there was a significant correlation between internal locus of control after three months (p=0.002).

According to the findings of this study, it seems that the educational intervention had a positive effect on improving the puberty health of the subjects immediately after training, but due to the decrease in mean scores in the experimental group 3 months after the intervention, continuing education is an important point to consider; Therefore, it is worthwhile to teach puberty issues to improve the health behaviors of girls in this period.

What is always referred to Maturity as the beginning of the responsibilities and limitations of the obligated human being is the reaching of a girl and a boy at a certain age, but regardless of its religious basis, puberty is a natural phenomenon with the actualization of sexual talent and reproductive powers. The criterion and rule that is explained in verse 6 of Surah An-Nisachr('39'). However, many narrations and news have mentioned various signs to interpret this stage of sexual ability and have stated the ages for it. However, attention to maturity in terms of ability and fertility is affected by many factors such as climate and climatic characteristics. This issue has not been much considered in jurisprudential and legal fields, although it is cited in the components of natural sciences. With these descriptions, dynamic jurisprudence is expected to take a new look at the basis and concept of maturity, to study and evaluate this phenomenon.

The effect of motherschr('39') group discussion on the level of knowledge and practice of adolescent girls about puberty health in public high schools in Ghaemieh in 2019.

The present study was a quasi-experimental interventional study with a pre-test-post-test design with the control group. In this study, two schools were randomly selected and 40 students from each school were selected as a sample. Group discussion sessions with the mothers participated in a circular manner were held during 4 sessions for each intervention group once a week for 40 minutes for a month. In this study, the standard questionnaire of Alizadeh Cherandabi et al (2014) was used to measure the knowledge and performance of the students. T-test was used to compare the mean scores of variables before and after the intervention. All statistical operations were performed by SPSS Version 16 software and the significance level was considered P <0.05.

The results of independent t-test showed that before the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge and practice about puberty health were not significantly different between the two groups (P> 0.05). The intervention was significantly higher than the control group (P <0.05).

The analysis of the findings of this study confirmed the effectiveness of education through group discussion in promoting the knowledge and practice of adolescent girls about physical puberty health.  Therefore, officials, health educators and school counselors are advised to hold regular training sessions as a group discussion for mothers of teenage girls

The phenomenon of maturity in jurisprudence plays an important role, because it is the source of the beginning of religious duties and legal obligations. The issue of puberty is one of the controversial issues in jurisprudence. One of the most important stages of human natural development is puberty, with which God Almighty has assigned duties to human beings, and due to its importance, natural and religious signs for puberty have been expressed. Shiite and Sunni jurists have been studying this issue for many years and have come to the conclusion that the signs and symptoms of puberty are different in girls and boys. Of course, some of those symptoms are common between girls and boys, but menstruation and pregnancy are specific signs of puberty in girls. The age of puberty between girls and boys is a point of contention for jurists. The source of the differences between these sayings in different jurisprudential religions is the differences between the narrations and the texts that have reached us from the leaders of the religions. In this article, we will examine the jurisprudence and medicine of puberty.

Puberty is the period of developmental changes from childhood to adulthood and the acquisition of fertility. The time of puberty likely affects future risks such as cancer, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Many evidences point to the role of environmental exposure in changing the time of puberty. This review article was performed with aim to investigate the effect of lead on pubertytime in girls and boys based on the studies performed in this field.

In this review article, English and Persian articles related to observational studies which were indexed in databases of Embase, PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, SID, and Google Scholar during 2000-2018 with different combinations of the keywords of "lead” and "Puberty" were selected from Medical Subject Headings (MESH). From 182 reviewed articles, 12 articled related to the aim were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality of reporting articles according to STROBEchecklist. 

12 articles were classified in two domains of lead effects on the puberty of girls and boys. The results of most studies showed that there was a statistically significant association between blood lead levels in girls, especially high levels, with delayed appearance of menarche, development of breast and growth of pubic hair. In boys, there was a statistically significant association between blood lead levels, especially high levels, with a delay in the process of puberty, including increased testicular mass and growth of pubic hair.

Lead can affect the natural process of puberty, and especially is effective in delaying puberty of girls and boys.