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Urinary stress incontinence occurs due to weakness of the urethral sphincter and/or weakness of the pelvic floor muscles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the complications of TOT surgery in the treatment of women with stress urinary February.

This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on women suffering from stress urinary incontinence who underwent TOT surgery in Rohani and Mehregan Hospitals of Babol between March 2010 and February 2019. In order to record early complications, the medical records available in the clinic were referred to for the examination of patients one week and two months after the operation. The late complications of the operation were also investigated at the time of entering the study. Also, satisfaction with the procedure was scored using a visual scale (score 0 to 100). SPSS version 26 software was used in this study. Also, the significance level is less than 0.05.

The study included 59 patients, the majority of whom were housewives (91.5%), had an education level below high school (74.6%), and were menopausal (71.2%). The average age of the participants is 54.92±9.40 years. The most common postoperative complications were Dyspareunia (20.3%), lower urinary symptoms (13.6%), and incontinency (10.2%). Also, the rarest complications were intraoperative injury to the urethra or bladder (1.7%), mild Vaginal erogenous (1.7%), pain at the operation site (3.4%), and need for adjuvant treatment (3.4%). In response to the question of whether you would recommend this surgery to others who have the same problem, 53 people (83.89%) responded positively. The average level of patients' satisfaction with the operation (on a scale of 0 to 100) was 88.64±23.44. According to the T-test, there is a statistically significant relationship between the incidence of postoperative complications and the level of patient satisfaction (P<0.001).

Dyspareunia is the most common and complications during surgery such as damage to the urethra are the rarest complications of TOT surgery.

The present study was performed to evaluate carboxytherapy as an outpatient and non-hormonal strategy for the treatment of a number of pelvic floor disorders.

This randomized block controlled clinical trial study was performed on 60 women aged 35-65 years in 1399-1400 to evaluate the effect of carboxytherapy on the treatment of stress urinary incontinence and sexual dysfunction in comparison with the control group. At the beginning of the study, vaginal examination, cough test and POP-Q test were performed for all patients. Eligible individuals were randomly assigned to either carboxytherapy or control groups. Stress urinary incontinence was assessed using the ICIQ-UI SF questionnaire and sexual dysfunction was assessed using the PISQ-12 questionnaire. In the intervention group, 30 cc of CO2 gas with a 90-degree angle was injected in three areas of the bladder neck with the help of a needle gauge 30 with a length of 12 mm, so that each person underwent carboxytherapy twice a week for one month. The control group received the same protocol but without CO2 injection. The results were assessed both at the beginning of the study and one month and three months after the intervention through physical examination and two questionnaires.

The results of the present study showed that the mean of general sexual function index and also the mean index of sexual function of patients in the physical dimension and in the dimension related to sexual partner in the intervention group was significantly different during the two stages of measurement but no significant difference was observed in the control group. The overall score of urinary function, frequency of leakage and the effect of leakage on the quality of life of women in both control and intervention groups were significantly different between the three stages of measurement. While the rate of urine leakage in the intervention group was significantly different between times, no difference was observed in the control group.

Carboxytherapy is a safe, effective, acceptable, inexpensive, affordable, and accessible treatment option compared to other treatments for urinary incontinence, and better results can probably be achieved by increasing treatment sessions.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common health problem in women which is not revealed to the family most of the times. One of the ways for promoting the health level is taking into account the individuals’ level of self-care behaviors which was examined in this study. SO in this study, the impact of family-centered empowerment model on quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence is discussed.

This study is a randomised clinical trial. Sampling was done through convenience sampling method, the subjects (N=64) were divided into intervention and control groups, using the blocked random method. For the intervention group, the interventions based on family-centered empowerment model which included four stages (perception of threat, problem solving, educational participation and evaluation) were performed using group discussion, representation, and training participation. Research tools included questionnaires of demographic and disease information, and researcher-made questionnaire of self-care behaviors for women with urinary incontinence.

The total score of self-care behaviors after intervention was 55.90 in the intervention group and 42.75 in the control group. The independent t-test showed a significant difference after intervention between the two groups (P = 0.001).

The results of the study indicated that the intervention based on the family-centered empowerment model has been effective in the promotion of the self-care behaviors of the women suffering from the stress urinary incontinence. Therefore, it is suggested that the health team uses this model as an appropriate solution so as to support the non-hospitalized women living in the society and enhance their adjustment with the available conditions.

Stress urinary incontinence is a disabling disease that affects the lives of women and requires solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise on stress urinary incontinence in women.
In this review study, information related to the effects of exercise on stress urinary incontinence in women were searched in Persian and English in the databases of clinical trials registry centers, including Elsevier, ProQuest, UpToDate, Scopus, Magiran, Irandoc, SID, Iran medex, Sciencedirect, Pubmed, GoogleScholar and web of science using keywords of urinary incontinence, stress urinary incontinence, exercise, and elderly and their Persian equivalents. The search was based on a mesh during 2000-2017.
In total, 23 interventional studies, including clinical trials and quasi-experiments, which were published during 2000-2017 and met the inclusion criteria, were assessed. In the review conducted on women with different age groups from across the world, most studies have reported a positive relationship between exercise and stress urinating incontinence.
Based on the published studies, following exercises are effective in prevention and treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: regular daily pelvic floor muscle exercises, co-contraction of the muscles of the pelvic floor and central trunk or transverse abdominal, gymnastics, Pilates, exercise of pelvic floor muscles along with biofeedback intravaginal or perineal, pelvic floor muscles training using a muscles shocking device or electrical stimulation, Valsalva, physical fitness, Paula's Exercise, Kegel Exercise, training of the gluteal and adductor thigh muscles, Tensberger's exercises, physiotherapy, isometric exercises, and exercise in water.

Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) is a very common problem in adult women and its etiology is multifactorial. Due to different viewpoints in the prevalence and causes of SUI in previous studies، this study was performed with aim to compare the prevalence of SUI four months after vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section and the effective factors. This analytical study was conducted on 1520 primiparous women in Kermanshah medical-health centers in 2010. The first group had normal vaginal delivery four months ago and the second group underwent elective cesarean section. Sandvik questionnaire and medical records were used to evaluate the severity and factors effective on SUI. Data analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 16) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، Levene test، independent t-test، Mann-Whitney and chi square-test. The prevalence of stress urinary incontinence four months after vaginal delivery was 3%. After vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section، the prevalence was 4. 3%، and 1. 87%، respectively، significant difference was observed between the two groups (P = 0. 006). There was a significant relationship between SUI with maternal age (P=0. 001)، maternal BMI (P=0. 043) and neonatal weight (P=0. 042)، but there was no significant relationship with head circumference (P=0. 943) and episiotomy (P=1. 0). The two groups of vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section were not significantly different in terms of severe SUI (P=1. 0). Mode of delivery، neonate''s weight، maternal age and BMI increase the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence four months after delivery، but normal vaginal delivery does not cause severe SUI.

Urinary incontinence is a common health problem in women and its most common type is urinary stress incontinence. The disease has a significant impact on various aspects of life and leads to reduced quality of life for women. One way of improving health level is focusing on life quality level in individuals. So, in this study, the impact of family-centered empowerment model on quality of life in women with stress urinary incontinence is discussed.

This study is a clinical trial. After sampling through convenience method, the subjects (N=64) were divided into experimental and control groups, using blocked random method. For the experimental group, the interventions based on family-centered empowerment model which included four stages (perception of threat, efficacy promotion, self-esteem and evaluation) were performed using group discussion, representation, and training participation. Research instruments included questionnaires of demographic and disease basic information, assess quality of life in patients with urinary incontinence (IQOL), knowledge, self-esteem, and health behaviors. The questionnaires were ccompleted before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 20 using descriptive statistics and analytical tests.

The statistical tests showed that the two groups of experimental and control were matched in terms of demographics and severity of incontinence. Moreover, based on independent t-test, there was no significant difference between the mean score of quality of life, knowledge, self-esteem and health behaviors in the two groups before the intervention (P>0.05), while there was a significant difference between the two groups with respect to these variables after the intervention (P<0.001). Also, Chi-square test showed a significant difference in the occurrence of urinary incontinence before and after the intervention in the experimental group (P<0.001).

Family-centered empowerment health model can be used by nurses for the management of behavioral techniques, as the first level of provided intervention to improve the stress urinary incontinence. Moreover, it can increase the life quality of women with stress urinary incontinence who are not hospitalized and reside in the community.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)، the most common type of UI، is the involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra with an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Pelvic Floor Muscle (PFM) dysfunction in women may lead to SUI. Thus، one of the effective managements in SUI is Pelvic Floor Muscle Training. PFM strength has a strong relationship with abdominal muscles work، therefore، in the present study، a combination training of PFMT and core exercises is used for the management of SUI. The study was a semi experimental control trail which was approved by the Ethical Committee of Medical Sciences/Tehran University، Main participants were 22 women with proven stress urinary incontinence، VAS score، IQOL questionnaire، PFM strength، PFM static and PFM dynamic tests were evaluated pre and post intervention. The subjects were conducted a three-weekly training program under supervision Conservative management & exercise therapy is recommended as a first line treatment for SUI. The results of this study showed that combined exercise training of core muscles & PFM was associated with the improvement of SUI، in reducing incontinency، increasing the score of IQOL questionnaire، improvement of the PFM strength and endurance in a short duration. There were significant differences in our variables pre and post intervention، including 60% increasing of the total score of IQOL questionnaire، 57% reduction in VAS score and 76% increase in pelvic floor muscle strength. Our findings showed the positive effects of this new exercise protocols in improving the physical condition and quality of life in all participants.

Stress urinary incontinence, the most common urinary incontinence in women, occurs when the intra-abdominal pressure increases. Although many studies have introduced normal vaginal delivery as a risk factor for future stress urinary incontinence and considered cesarean as a preventive method, others have raised controversy about such a predictive effect. This study evaluated the frequency of stress urinary incontinence in primiparous mothers giving birth in Shahid Beheshti Hospital (Isfahan, Iran) to understand the effects of type of delivery on developing the condition. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 women in three groups of normal vaginal delivery, elective cesarean, and emergency cesarean. The subjects had given birth in Shahid Beheshti Hospital within six months prior to the study. Stress urinary incontinence was assessed with the Bonney test. The overall frequency of stress urinary incontinence was 5.6%. It was 6.0%, 4.0%, and 7.0% among women with normal vaginal delivery, elective cesarean, and emergency cesarean, respectively (P = 0.41). No significant relation was observed between the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and type of delivery.

This study was held to assess the literatures related to pelvic-floor muscle (PFM) strengthening exercises in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). This review also included the comparison of types of exercise-training protocols such as: group and individual training, skill and strength training, optimal treatment period, women’s positions while doing exercises, and the last, the best available evidence for selecting the most effective exercise-training protocols. Some of the major evidence-based electronic sources (Evidence-Based Practice, Medlin, and Cochrane Database) were searched to identify published papers from 1995 to 2010. Fifty Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were found and 25 of them selected to access the best available evidence for training program in women with stress urinary incontinence. The evidence showed that doing group or individual exercise programs doesn’t have any effect on treatment results. While, scientific evidence suggests that a combination of strength and skill training is effective on treatment for stress urinary incontinence women, but the contribution of each component to the outcome is unclear. Less than three months treatment programs improve SUI, as well as PFM strength. In addition, there is no evidence for priority of specific position in different studies of exercise program. Although strong evidence proves the effectiveness of pelvic-floor muscle strengthening exercise on treatment of SUI in women, further studies are needed to determine the most optimal training protocol.

TVT is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Attempt for correction of the supportive anatomical tissues of the urethra have been agreed by most of the urologists in recent years. In this paper we would like to introduce the long – term results and complications of this procedure. This descriptive study enrolled 33 patients affected by stress urinary incontinence who were referred to Imam Reza hospital from 2001 to 2004.The age of patients ranged 29-62 years old(mean age of 47.09)and TVT procedure was done for all. All of the patients were admitted and after taking the history, physical examination, doing Marchal – Bonie and Q – Tip tests, routine lab tests, urinary analysis, cardio vascular assessment and anesthetic consultation, the procedure of tension-free vaginal tape was done. The operation took 15-45minutes (mean 22.6 min). The hospitalization period was 2 – 2.5 days. (mean 2.3 days) During 6 years follow up, we did not have any mortality. Subjective improvement was seen in 33 patients (100%) and cure happened in 30 patients (90.9 %) after 1 month, in 28 patients (84.8 %) after 6 months, in 27 patients (81.8%) after one year and 26 patients (78.7%) after 6 years follow up. One patient had urinary retention (3.03%) and one patient had residual volume more than 100cc (3.03 %) they were treated by 1 week of CIC One patient had de novo urgency who improved following 3 weeks of anticholinergic treatment. Tention-free vaginal tape operation is an effective, fast and safe minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of pure stress urinary incontinence in women that has attracted the attention of many urologists due to its short duration and minimally invasive nature.

This study's purpose was to compare the efficacy of the behavioral intervention program and vaginal cones on stress urinary incontinence.: In this single-blind randomized clinical trail 60 eligible women aged 25-65 years with stress urinary incontinence randomly divided in two groups, behavioral intervention program(n=30) and vaginal cones(n=30). Women in behavioral intervention instructed pelvic floor exercise and bladder control strategies. Women in vaginal cones group were allocated to using vaginal cones, women in both group were followed up every two week. They were treated for 8 week. The subjective changes in severity of SUI were measured using a Detection SUI Severity Questionnaire and leakage index and 3-day urinary dairy. The objective changes were measured using pad test. Data analyzed by statistic methods (chi-square, Mann-Whitney, t student test, paired t test, Wilcoxon test with spss software. Characteristic of both study groups was comparable. 51 women who completed this study, 25 in vaginal cones group, 26 in behavioral intervention program. The changes in three parameters after 8 week intervention, leakage rate on pad test, leakage index, severity of SUI were statistically significant in both group(p<0/001). Changes in leakage rate on pad test, leakage index in behavioral intervention program were statistically significant higher than vaginal cones (p=0/006, p= 0/025). Severity of SUI wasnt significantly difference between two group after 8 week (p=0/08). vaginal cones and Behavioral intervention program both are effective to treatment of mild to moderate SUI, in comparison of effectiveness, cost and side effects behavioral intervention program is superior to vaginal cones in treatment of mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), is one of the important health problems for women and the knowledge about its risk factors is considerably significant.The purpose of the present study is finding a relationship between the mode of delivery and SUI, one year after first delivery.Patients and A historical cohort study was performed in Akbarabadi Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between March 2006- March 2007. One thousand four hundred primiparaous women who had delivered one year ago entered the study and were compared. They were divided into three groups.Patients were diagnosed with incontinence by questionnaire. The patients with internal disorders or chronic high intra-abdominal pressure and urinary infection were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. t and Chi2 tests were used for comparing the results. The patients were evaluated in 3 groups. Group 1 or vaginal delivery group (400 cases), group 2 or elective cesarean section group(600 cases), and third group or emergency cesarean section group(400 case)were compared. 25 women (1.9%) had SUI, 12 of which (3%) were in the vaginal delivery group, 5 (0.83%) were in the elective cesarean group and 8 cases (2%) were in the emergency cesarean group showing a statistically significant difference (p=0.037). There was no significant difference between women in the 3 groups according to age, maternal weight, doing exercise, occupation, race, reason for cesarean section and neonatal weight. Mean duration of the second stage of labor was longer in patients with SUI (34± 8.1 min vs 25±9.63 min), showing a statistically significant difference (P=0.000). Vaginal delivery in the first pregnancy is a risk factor for SUI after one year

The present study was undertaken to compare complications of folly catheter removal 24 hours versus 72 hours after cystocele repair and Kelly plication. A randomized clinical trial study was performed in Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital on 83 patients with cystocele repair and Kelly plication due to stress urinary incontinence. The patients were divided randomly into two groups. In 34 patients folly catheter was removed 24 hours after the operation of cystocele repair and Kelly plication and in 49 patients after 72 hours. The complications after catheter removal including dysuria, supra pubic pain, urinary retention and urinary infection were compared in two groups. The patients in two groups were similar in terms of age, parity and cystocele grading. The complications (including dysuria, supra pubic pain, urinary retention and urinary infection) did not statistically show any significant difference between two groups. In conclusion, folly catheter removal 24 hours after cystocele repair and Kelly plication do not have any significant adverse effects and reduce hospital cost, hospital stay duration and the risk of infection.

Stress incontinence is the most common types of urinary incontinence in women and the second factor for permanent incontinence in old women, which effects on their health and quality of life. Basic treatment for this problem is pelvic floor exercises. Usage of vaginal cones is an effective intervention for prevention and treatment of urinary stress incontinence. To determine the effect of cone therapy on urinary stress incontinence. Design: This was a before– after clinical trial without control group. In which subject, used vaginal cones (20 to 70 gram) twice a day each time for 15 minutes during 3 months except on menstrual period. Data were evaluated by assessing the pelvic floor strength, through perineometery, and the number and amount of leakage during stress, through self reporting before and after cone therapy. Sample: 53 patients were selected consecutively. The findings indicated a significant decrease in frequencies and amount of urine leakage after cone therapy (P< 0.0001), and 45.3 percent of subjects cured completely. The results showed that cone therapy is an effective method for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence. Therefore, it is recommended that cone therapy be used as a supportive treatment for this problem.

Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary loss of urine, which is a social and hygienic problem. The study is about quantity of stress incontinence in high school 15-17 years old girl during (1999-2000). This is a descriptive cross-section study. From 711 cases, 454 (76.4%) did not have urine stress incontinence (USI) and 166 (23.6%) had this problem. From these 166 members 24.1% were 15 years old, 35.8% were 16 years old and 40.1% were 17 years old. Therefore with increasing age we have more urine stress incontinence and the most prevalence of USI occur during laughing predisposing factor for USI is urinary tract infection (UTI) and trauma to hip. 27% of these girl’s mothers had USI and the population was chosen by cluster sampling. Therefore genetic factor could be a cause. The most presentation of USI is in the estrogenic phase and we didn’t have any USI report in the progestronic phase. According to our results the incidence of USI among 15-17 year girls students was 23.6%.