بیماری آلزایمر

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Herbal medicines are increasingly recognized as alternative therapies with lower side effects.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of silibinin on cognitive function and the expression of neurotrophic factors in a rat model of AD.

Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were assigned to the sham group, lesion (Aβ40-1 injection), treatment group (Aβ40-1 injection followed by silibinin gavage in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg), and vehicle group. The cognitive performance of the groups was evaluated using the Morris Water Maze behavioral test. Subsequently, brain tissue homogenates were prepared to measure BDNF and VEGF expression levels using the western blot technique. Also, the brain slices were stained with the Nissl technique and the neurons were counted in the hippocampal regions.

The mean number of neurons in the CA1 region in the lesion group was significantly reduced compared to the sham group (P = 0.004), however, treatment with silibinin has significantly increased the number of neurons in this region compared to the lesion group (P = 0.0002). Also, treatment with silibinin led to a significant increase in the levels of neurotrophic VEGF, and BDNF in the treated groups compared to the lesion group (P ≤ 0.05).

Findings showed the potential of silibinin in reducing the symptoms associated with Alzheimer's and protecting hippocampal neurons against disease-related damage by increasing the levels of BDNF and VEGF growth factors in the brain.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Namaste care on the Quality of Life (QoL) of elderly individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study was conducted on 25 elderly individuals with AD who were receiving care at a nursing care center. The QoL in the Last Stage of Dementia (QUALID) questionnaire was used to evaluate QoL before the intervention. This questionnaire had 11 items across various domains and was scored on a 5-point Likert scale. All participants received Namaste care for 4 months, 7 days a week, by trained caregivers. At the end of the study, QoL was reassessed using the QUALID questionnaire. The findings revealed that the mean QoL scores before and after the intervention were 45.24±6.26 and 23.72±6.55, respectively. Namaste care significantly improved the QoL of elderly individuals with AD (P<0.001). All variables related to QoL showed improvement after the provision of Namaste care. The care for individuals with AD extended beyond medical and nursing protocols and encompassed psychological and social dimensions. Namaste care could enhance the quality of care for elderly individuals with AD.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease and one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. AD causes impairment in memory, learning and other important mental functions. The aim of this study is the effect of ovariectomy on cognitive memory and learning in AD mouse model induced with scopolamine.

In the present study, 32 female Wistar rats (weight 180 to 200 grams) were divided into four groups: control, ovariectomy (OVX), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and ovariectomy + Alzheimer's disease (AD+OVX). Alzheimer's model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine, 1 mg/kg for 14 days. Short-term memory and non-avoidance learning were evaluated by Y-shaped maze and shuttle box behavioral tests, respectively. Nissel's staining method was used to evaluate the degree of neuronal destruction in the CA1 area of hippocampal tissue samples. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's approximate test at a significance level of 0.05.

According to the Maze test, a significant decrease in frequency index was observed in the OVX, AD and AD+OVX groups compared to the control group. According to the shuttle box test, the average duration of entering the dark area in the OVX, AD and AD+OVX groups was significantly reduced compared to the control group. The Nissl staining results showed that the average number of live cells in the OVX, AD and AD+OVX groups was significantly reduced compared to the control group.

Deprivation of estrogen caused by OVX can have aggravating effects on Alzheimer's symptoms on cognitive memory, learning and also neuronal damage.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with severe cognitive impairments. Taking into account the role of folic acid on improving cognitive functions in some disease models, the present study aimed to examine the effect of folic acid on spatial learning and memory impairment induced by bilateral electrical lesion of nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in Alzheimer’s disease model of adult male rats.

In this experimental study, 49 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Negative control, NBM lesion (bilateral electric lesion of NBM), sham lesion (electrode entry into NBM without induction of electric current), vehicle (lesion+saline), and lesion+folic acid (FA 5, 10, 15 mg/kg). In the treated groups, intraperitoneal injection of folic acid or saline was performed for one week, 30 minutes after the NBM lesion. Then, they were trained for five days by Y-shaped maze. Twenty-five days after the training, a memory recall test was performed to evaluate long-term memory.

NBM bilateral lesion decreased learning and spatial memory compared to the negative and sham control groups (P˂0.001). There was a significant increase in learning and spatial memory in the lesion+FA 10 mg/kg (p<0.05) and lesion+FA 15 mg/kg (P<0.01) groups compared to the lesion group.

The results of this study show that folic acid improves learning and spatial memory in Alzheimer's disease models with bilateral electrical lesions of NBM in adult male rats.

Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive and debilitating neurological disorder, significantly impacts the quality of life, particularly in the elderly. Given the increasing prevalence of this disease, developing accurate methods for early prediction and diagnosis is crucial. This study aims to identify key factors influencing Alzheimer’s disease prediction using novel feature selection techniques and machine learning models. The primary objective of this study is to contribute to the development of more accurate diagnostic tools, thereby improving the management and treatment of this disease.

In this study, we employed ten wrapper-based feature selection methods to identify the most accurate and relevant features of Alzheimer’s disease. The performance of these models was evaluated using popular machine learning algorithms and standard evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC curve analysis. All evaluations were conducted on the ADNI standard Alzheimer’s disease dataset.

The influential features included cognitive test results (e.g., Mini-Mental State Examination), functional assessments, patient-reported memory and behavioral problems, and activities of daily living scores, which were identified as key indicators for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis.

The results demonstrate that employing novel feature selection techniques and machine learning algorithms can lead to the development of more accurate models for predicting Alzheimer’s disease. These findings can contribute to improving early diagnosis and management of this diseas.

Neurological diseases, including brain trauma, cancers, and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), are leading causes of disability worldwide, particularly among the elderly. NDDs represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by pathological protein accumulation, synaptic and neural network dysfunction, disrupted proteostasis, cytoskeletal abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, DNA and RNA defects, inflammation, and neuronal cell death. A key feature of NDDs is oxidative stress (OS), driven by excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating OS and alleviating symptoms of neurological diseases. Astaxanthin, a potent antioxidant, has garnered attention for its therapeutic potential. Chemically classified as a xanthophyll carotenoid (C₄₀H₅₂O₄), astaxanthin exhibits a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, DNA repair, stress tolerance, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and skin-protective effects. By targeting the three key pathways involved in neurodegeneration—OS, inflammation, and apoptosis—astaxanthin may contribute to the prevention, symptom reduction, and treatment of neurological diseases.

Considering its significant therapeutic potential, this review summarizes the effects of astaxanthin on neurological disorders, highlighting its role in neuroprotection and disease management.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, incessant and neurodegenerative disorder that affects large areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Abnormalities first involve the frontal and temporal lobes in the brain tissue and then slowly reach other areas of the neocortex. It seems that Alzheimer's patients who participated in sports activities had an increase in blood flow, hippocampal volume and improved neurogenesis. In this study, we provide an overview of the positive effects of exercise on the biomarkers of this challenging disease. In this study, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SID.IR databases were searched with the keywords "Alzheimer, Resistance Training, Endurance Training, Biomarker" between the years 2000 and 2024. The results of the studies indicate that exercise can be a non-pharmacological strategy to prevent or delay the decline of the cognitive power of the brain. Exercise also plays an effective role in changes in plasma biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's and cognitive impairment associated with the disease. Among the changes created following sports activity, we can mention the increase in the expression of neurotrophic factors in the brain, inhibition of oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, which leads to an increase in blood supply to the hippocampus tissue.

Alzheimer's disease is the cause of neurological deterioration. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Nerolidol is an herbal compound with antioxidant properties. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in the survival and growth of neurons. The effect of nerolidol was investigated on BDNF gene expression and malondialdehyde (MDA) amount in Alzheimer's model of male Wistar rats induced by beta-amyloid. The number of 48 rats was divided into 8 groups including control, sham, Alzheimer's model, drug solvent, Alzheimer's and treatment with donepezil, Alzheimer's and treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg nerolidol, and prevention group (treatment with nerolidol before induction of Alzheimer's). The expression changes of the BDNF gene was assayed by real-time PCR and the amount of malondialdehyde was assayed with a lipid peroxidation assay kit in hippocampus tissue with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Alzheimer's induction decreased BDNF gene expression and increased MDA in Alzheimer's group compared to the control group (P<0.001). Donepezil and nerolidol in both doses of 50 and 100 in donepezil, nerolidol, and prevention groups reduced Alzheimer's symptoms by increasing BDNF gene expression and reducing MDA compared to Alzheimer's group (P<0.001). The data suggest the antioxidant properties of nerolidol, its effect in improving Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, and it can probably be effective in preventing Alzheimer's in susceptible people with a family history of Alzheimer's.

The number of the elderly population is increasing, and Alzheimer's disease is one of the age-related and debilitating neurological diseases that impose a major social and economic burden. Nowadays, since there is no effective treatment for this disease, prevention through lifestyle modification is vital. The aim of this study was to review lifestyle strategies in middle age to prevent cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in old age.

A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, MagIran, SID, IranDoc, and Google Scholar databases was performed using appropriate keywords. Authentic articles published from 2010 to 2024 that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed.

The results showed that a healthy lifestyle approach, including eating foods containing more B group vitamins and antioxidants, a Mediterranean or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, aerobic or non-aerobic exercise, and reducing everyday stressors through meditation, yoga, or mindfulness may be promising options for delaying or preventing Alzheimer's disease.

To prevent cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in old age, it is recommended to consider a combination of lifestyle interventions from middle age.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible disorder that not only affects patients but also has severe repercussions on the daily lives, social relationships, and mental health of caregivers. This qualitative study aimed to delve deeper into the daily challenges faced by caregivers, the coping mechanisms they employ, and the positive outcomes they may experience, focusing on caregivers in Richmond Hill, Ontario.

A qualitative research approach was adopted, utilizing semi-structured interviews to collect data until theoretical saturation was achieved. A total of 26 participants were selected using purposive sampling method from Alzheimer Clinics of the Richmond Hill area, ensuring a representation of varied experiences. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis method and NVivo software was utilized to assist in the organization and analysis of the data.

Four main themes were identified: daily challenges, coping mechanisms, health impacts, and positive outcomes. Caregivers reported significant daily challenges, including time management difficulties, financial burdens, behavioral problems of the patients, and lack of social support. Coping strategies varied widely, encompassing both active and passive approaches, with some caregivers displaying significant psychological resilience and resourcefulness. Positive outcomes, such as personal growth and improved family relationships, were noted, despite the substantial burdens.

Caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients endure considerable psychological and physical burdens. Nonetheless, the presence of effective coping strategies and social support significantly affected their ability to manage these challenges. Future interventions should focus on enhancing caregiver support systems and providing targeted education and resources to alleviate caregiver strain.

Linalool is one of the active monoterpene alcohols found in many plants, such as lavender, rosemary, and jasmine. This compound has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antimicrobial properties and is a popular aromatic compound in cosmetics and health industries. Linalool has two optical isomers, R and S, with different aroma profiles. Recently, many studies have been conducted on the effects of linalool on the central nervous system, which has shown that this compound can positively affect brain function. Numerous studies have demonstrated that linalool possesses neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it demonstrates sedative, anti-anxiety, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anti-Alzheimer's effects.

Linalool holds promise as a natural compound for enhancing cognitive performance and supporting brain health. However, further research is needed to clarify its precise mechanisms of action and assess its long-term effects. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of linalool's impact on the brain, highlighting its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties in various neurological disorders.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disease with mild memory loss that eventually leads to the loss of the ability to conduct conversation and react to the environment. Despite the proven role of the drugs used against the obvious causes of Alzheimer's disease, it still seems impossible to achieve an effective and permanent treatment for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. So, investigating different angles of GABAergic system signaling can be introduced as a promising target for the development of anti-Alzheimer drugs.

To induce Alzheimer's disease, the β-amyloid toxin at a dose of 5µg/µl was injected bilaterally into the hippocampus of Wistar male rats, and the rats were then treated with bilateral injection of GABA-A receptor agonist (muscimol) and antagonist (bicuculline), at a dose of 100 ng/µl/side in the hippocampus for 4 days. To assess the spatial memory of the animals, the parameters of the distance traveled by the animals, latency time to reach the hidden platform, and velocity of the animals were analyzed in Morris water maze test.

The distance traveled and the latency time to reach the hidden platform increased in the Morris water test following the injection of beta-amyloid, and the muscimol increased the amount of this memory impairment. The injection of bicuculline could not significantly change the spatial memory of the animals.

The results of this study indicate the destructive effect of beta-amyloid toxin on spatial memory, as well as the destructive role of muscimol in memory consolidation and retrieval.

The pathogenesis of AD shows that the imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the cause of the development of dementia. Exercise reduces Aβ deposition through the AMPK signaling pathway. In addition, resveratrol (RSV) has neuroprotective effects associated with cognitive decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and RSV consumption on the AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT1 pathway in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer's disease.

In this experimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: Control (NO), Alzheimer's (AD), Alzheimer's-Training (ADT), Alzheimer's-Resveratrol (ADRSV) and Alzheimer's-Training-Resveratrol (ADTRSV). The supplement groups received 20 mg of RSV (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on treadmill with a speed of 6-18 meters per minute, was performed 5 days a week for eight weeks.

AD induction caused a significant decrease in the gene expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT1 (p=0.0001). Exercise and RSV significantly increased the gene expression of AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT1 in AD rats (p<0.05). Also, a significant increase was observed in the gene expression changes of AMPK, PGC-1α and SIRT1 in the ADTRSV group compared to the ADT group (p=0.034, p=0.020 and p=0.038, respectively) and ADRSV (p=0.026, p=0.021 and p=0.021).

AD induction was associated with a decrease in AMPK/PGC-1α/SIRT1 gene expression, and aerobic exercise and RSV consumption can reverse this process. It seems that changing the levels of these indicators following physical activity and the use of RSV can partially reduce the complications of AD.

 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and gradual progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal protein accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Hydrogen sulfide, a novel neuromodulator, has neuroprotective effects and regulates learning and memory. It has be shown that Hydrogen sulfide ameliorates homocysteine-induced impairment in cognitive function. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), as an H2S donor, on Spatial Learning and Memory in streptoztocin (STZ) rat model of Alzheimer’s disease

 Animals were divided into: Control, NaHS (2.8 mg/kg per d) and Alzheimer’s rats group include (STZ, STZ + Saline and STZ + NaHS groups) which were the Alzheimer’s rats and received Saline and NaHS (2.8, 5.6 mg/kg per d) for 10 days. For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, 10 μl/injection site) were administered into lateral ventricles. All rates were trained in the Morris water maze.

our results show that i.c.v. injection of STZ significantly increased escape latency and Swimming distance to find the hidden platform in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The amnesic effect of STZ was prevented with NaHS treatment So that The latency time and Swimming distance to find the platform in the STZ+ NaHS group rats were significantly lower than STZ + DMSO groups (P<0.05). Conversely, the percentage of time spent and distance swimming in the target quadrant in the probe test in the STZ+ NaHS group rats were significantly higher than those in the STZ + saline group. 

sodium hydrosulfide, improved, learning and memory in the STZ rat model of AD. The results suggest that treatment with sodium hydrosulfide is useful for treatment of cognitive impairment in AD.

Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible neurological condition characterized by cognitive, behavioral, and memory impairments. Early prediction before the transition from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease is still a challenging issue. This study aimed to identify factors associated with Alzheimer's disease.

This study proposes a framework for predicting Alzheimer's disease using data collected from the OASIS project, made available by the Washington University Research Center. In this study, a deep neural network was used for prediction. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was employed for selecting appropriate features. The combination of these two methods increases the accuracy of the proposed prediction method.

The results indicate that the proposed method achieves higher accuracy with fewer features. Among the 11 features in this dataset, six features (age, socioeconomic status, Mini-mental state examination score, clinical dementia rating scale, estimated total intracranial volume, and normalized whole-brain volume) have a significant impact on predicting the disease. Among these six features, the clinical dementia rating scale is of great importance.

This study investigated the influential factors and prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease allows for the provision of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic services, as well as an improvement in patients' quality of life. The proposed method in this study is compared with various machine learning algorithms that have shown good accuracy in predicting Alzheimer's disease. The results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method is higher with fewer features.

Impact of antioxidant supplements on the health of patients with Alzheimer’s disease has not yet been clearly defined. Given that no study has been conducted so far to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamins C and E on the expression of Carbonyl Protein (CP) and Heat Shock 70 (HSP70) genes in rats with Alzheimer’s, this study aims to investigate the effect of an eight-week supplementation of vitamins C and E on the expression of CP and HSP70 in the brain tissue of rats with Alzheimer’s disease.

In this experimental study, 28 rats with Alzheimer disease were injected with 10 mg/kg of trimethyltin and divided into four groups: patient control, sham (soluble vitamin E), Vitamin C, and Vitamin E (VE). Seven healthy rats were included in the control group to investigate the effects of disease induction on the variables under study. They were administered a daily supplement of 4 mg/kg of vitamin C and 30 mg/kg of vitamin E for eight weeks. After supplementation period, the groups were compared in terms of CP values and HSP70 gene expression. Data were analyzed by SPSS16 statistical software. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check normality of the finding distributions. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance. Tukey's post hoc test was used to check the type of variable effects. A significant level of 0.05 was considered for all analyses.

Levels of carbonyl protein in both the vitamin C and vitamin E groups were significantly lower than those in the patient control group (P < 0.05). HSP70 levels in the vitamin C and E groups were significantly higher than those in the patient control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between vitamin C and E supplement groups (P > 0.05).

Findings of this study suggest that both vitamin C and E exhibit similar antioxidant and cellular protective effects in the brain tissue of mice with Alzheimer’s disease. Given the impact of vitamins C and E on reducing carbonyl protein levels and increasing HSP70 levels in the hippocampal tissue of rats, it is recommended to explore the effects of these vitamins on other neurodegenerative disorders in future studies.

Klotho, an elixir of life, beneficially affects several bodily systems, including the brain. During the past two decades, positive effects of klotho in systemic and neurodegenerative diseases have been frequently reported. In this review, we summarized published data addressing these protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases along with associated improvement in cognitive performance. Klotho, a product of the Klotho gene, is a pluripotent protein and exists in soluble, secretary, and transmembrane forms in various types (α, β, and γ). Klotho receptor is localized in several cerebral regions, including the choroid plexus, limbic system, Purkinje cells, hippocampus, and basal ganglia. Klotho has been shown to induce anti-aging effects through the activation of several pathways. Moreover, a growing body of evidence supports its protective and cognition-enhancing effects in different Alzheimer's models. These effects mainly emerged via enhanced synaptic plasticity and clearance of amyloid beta plus improving neuronal energy balance by affecting astrocytes metabolic pathways. Growth factors-related pathways along with Wnt signaling are the most important pathways relating to Klotho functions. Klotho also promotes antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase, to diminish reactive oxygen species and consequently restricts apoptotic cell death.

Due to its low regenerative capacity, the brain is of great importance for therapeutic explorations aiming to replace dead neurons. In sum, comprehension of precise mechanism of this protein actions could be promising tool to develop Klotho based-novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.

Identifying and diagnosing Alzheimer's disease in brain tissue is one of the serious challenges in diagnosis in the field of medical image processing. Currently, MRI is the most common way to diagnose Alzheimer's disease, and failure to correctly identify the tissue involved in it can lead to incorrect diagnosis as healthy brain tissue. Deep learning algorithm as a process of detecting features related to damaged tissue and extracting useful information. In this research, we decided to use the convolutional neural network in the processing of medical images so that we can perform the diagnosis with better accuracy than the previous works.

Using a convolutional neural network, the features of MRI images have been extracted. Alzheimer's images have been analyzed using Matlab2023a software and the intended outputs have been obtained.

Brain Alzheimer's images have been analyzed after pre-processing and entering the deep neural network, and in the output of the proposed algorithm, the identification accuracy and identification speed of the algorithm with the improvement of cloud parameters was higher compared to other common methods, which was 96% accuracy. presented in identification.

The purpose of using deep learning is to make image data with large dimensions and a large number into a conceptual form for machines. It is expected that in the future feature extraction will be done more accurately and more details will be available to machine vision systems to recognize objects in the image.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurological disorder that begins with mild memory loss and progresses to severe impairment of executive and cognitive functions. This study aims to investigate the effect of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the working memory of patients with AD.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design, 30 patients with AD aged 55-75 years referred to neurology clinics in Yazd, Iran participated, who were selected using a convenience sampling method and divided into two groups of intervention (n=15) and control (n=15). Active memory was measured by a computerized n-back test, both in terms of reaction time and percentage of accuracy before and after treatment. In the control group, each patient received 10 sessions of inactive rTMS for 20 minutes, while the intervention group received 10 sessions of active rTMS for 20 minutes at a frequency of 10 Hz over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance.

Data analysis results showed that the reaction time significantly decreased, and the percentage of accuracy significantly increased in the n-back test in the intervention group after receiving rTMS compared to the control group (P= 0.001).

It seems that rTMS over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex can improve the working memory in patients with AD.