بینایی

The somatosensory system is one of the most important sensory sources involved in postural control. The purpose of the present study was to compare function of the somatosensory system in postural control of blind athletes compared to blind and the sighted non-athletes.

A total of 30 men were purposefully selected and categorized into three groups of blind athletes of Goalball B1 class (n=10), absolute blind non-athletes (n=10), and the sighted non-athletes (n=10). In vitro, body sensory information was predominant in posture control, and then participant's performance of the posture control system was evaluated based on the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external, anterior-posterior direction, and total using the balance measurement instrument Biodex. The comparison of variables among the groups was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests at a significance level of P

The results of Kruskal Wallis test indicated that when the visual information is removed and the head is in the hyperactivity state, the differences in the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction (PML=0.006) and total (PTotal=0.041) among the three groups of the blind athletes, the blind non-athletes, and the sighted non-athletes were observed to be significant. According to the results of Uhnu-Whitney test, the center of gravity displacement in the internal-external direction and total in the blind athletes group was significantly less than that of the two blind non- athletes (PML=0.011, PTotal=0.049) and the sighted non-athletes (PML=0.003, PTotal=0.025) groups.

In situations where the somatosensory system data is predominant, the postural control of Goalball's athletes was better than that of the blind non-athletes and even the sighted non-athletes. It seems that the activities of sport or the nature of the Goalball are effective in improving the somatosensory and postural control.

This study was performed to evaluate the rate of abnormality in the ERG test (electroretinogram test) in the cyclosporine users referred to the Basir Clinic during 2015-2016.
In this case- control study, 50 patients who had been prescribed cyclosporine referred to the Basir Clinic during 2015-2016 were studied. Results of ERG test, including voltage and the delayed phase, were determined and were compared to the findings of the control group.
The mean (±standard deviation) of the recorded voltages in the ERG in the experimental group and control group were 117.1±14.9 microvolt and 116.2±14.3 microvolt, respectively (P=0.82). The mean (± standard deviation) of recorded delayed phase in the ERG in the experimental group was 44.33±2.24 microsecond, compared to 43.42±2.11 microsecond in the control group (P=0.14).
According to the acquired results of this study, generally it is inferred that using cyclosporine do not significantly change the result of electroretinogram (ERG).

Social participation is an important aspect of health in ageing. It is also a part of life and a key element in function that improves physical and psychological health in the elderly. Using assistive mobility devices may influence social participation in this population. Current study aimed to compare social participation in older adults who use assistive mobility devices with those who do not use assistive devices in Tehran.
Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study¡ older adults with and without assistive mobility devices were comprised in their social participation. Seventy-nine old age adults (39 women and 40 men) who were 60 years or older were recruited using convenience sampling method. They completed life habit¡ mini mental state and demographic questionnaires. For analyzing continuous data with normal distribution¡ t test and ANOVA were used¡ while Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for categorical variables or those with non-normal distribution.
The finding indicates that older adults with assistive mobility devices engage less in social participation than those who do not use these devices (P Type of assistive device affects social participation in older adults. The results suggest that older adults with higher physical ability have higher social participation. Older adults who use assistive devices face with more limitations to participate socially in their community. It is necessary for rehabilitation team to pay attention in improving social participation of older adults.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive training by working memory tasks on executive control network efficiency & accuracy of response.
The design of the study was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest. A total of 20 girl students participated in study. Cognitive group (n=10) received visuospatial working memory training and control group (n=10)have did usual training of table tennis without cognitive factor in two task. Participants performed attention networks test & accuracy response in pre and post of 8 sessions of training. Data were analyzed by means of statistical methods of repeated measure of ANOVA and SPSS 18 software in the significant level of 0.05.
Results showed significant differences between two group in each factor (executive control network efficiency & accuracy of response). Cognitive training group showed improvement in executive control network efficiency while control group didn’t showed. Response of accuracy was improved in both group but cognitive training group showed more improvement rather than control.
Based on study results,it seems that cognitive training has positive effect on neural network efficiency and response accuracy and this issue indicatesincreased effect of intra network communication and the flexibility of the brain toward repeating and practicing. And, this issue shows the effect of increasing the intra-network communications and the flexibility of the brain toward repeating and practicing. Therefore, it might be said that cognitive training has more positive effects on performance and cognitive abilities due to the involvement of more cognitive capabilities such as memory, attention, perception and also more involvement of brain networks and facilitate of synaptic connection.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sensory and movement speed manipulations on bimanual coordination dynamics. Here we compared to what extent the absence and or bias of different sensory modalities affect performance of coordination of movements. Fifteen physical education students of Shahid Beheshti University (aged 18-25 years) were participated in the study. Participants performed bimanual in-phase and anti-phase movements with their wrists at 3 levels of speed ranging from slow to fast and 4 different sensory conditions, including 1) Normal sensory input; 2) Masked vision; 3) Masked proprioception; and 4) Full sensory deprivation. Separate analyses of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on speed and sensory conditions were conducted for the in-phase and anti-phase movement patterns, followed by post hoc analyses using the Bonferroni correction. The dependent variable was error of relative phase. In line with observations from previous studies, results of our study showed that increasing movement speed influenced performance of the anti-phase (P=0.001) but not the in-phase (P=0.9) coordination patterns. Specifically, as speed increased from slow to fast, the performance of 1800 anti-phase patterns destabilized, with participants showing higher error scores of relative phase. Sensory manipulation showed that proprioception and vision did influence the accuracy and consistency of the coordination tasks in both the in-phase and antiphase movement patterns (P=0.001). The performance of a bimanual linear coordination task depends mainly on the availability of proprioceptive input.

Neuro-plasticity is the neuronal system ability to modify and recover itself after the occurrence of impairment and injuries. Following the abolition of a sensory modality، modifications will be applied to other modalities and their cortical function in a way that the processing of these modalities not only will happen in their own specific cortical area، but also in those areas that have developed injuries. Therefore a compensatory process will happen in the regions، which are deprived of their own sensory inputs. This phenomenon is known as cross-modal plasticity. This paper investigates various aspects of cross- modal plasticitycity between auditory and visual systems، and the latest scientific findings in this field are explored. Scientific articles published in Pubmed، Google Scholar، Science Direct websites using key words Cross-modal plasticity and Auditory، Neuronal plasticity and Visual، Neuronal plasticity between 1980 and 2013 were investigated. Ninety five articles were found using the mentioned methods. All titles and abstracts were studied thoroughly، and 70 articles with the desired concept were selected eventually. The extent of cross-modal plasticity is related to the age at which the deprivation of a certain sense occurs. In blind people، Auditory and Somatosensory senses take up the occipital space، and result in the augmentation of hearing، recalling memories، spatial localization، musical understanding and reading Braille. In deaf people on the other hand، visual and somatosensory occupy parts of the temporal lobe and result in improvement of peripheral visual signals processing، and enhancement of tactile sense، and active movements.

Vision plays an important role in maintaining balance in the body so that the visual defects produce some disturbances in the body balance. In order to establish balance، the first afferent signals to the brain are provided through the visual system. Therefor، diagnosis and treatment of visual disturbances are so most effective and important. This paper reviews the importance of the visual system in body balance control and visual disorders which affecting on balance. In this study، the articles from 1989 to 2012 with issues of vision and body balance were reviewed. The research with medical subject heading terms and key words of “vision” and “balance” in Pub-med، Science Direct، Scopus، Iran Doc، Scholar Google، Iran Medex، Magiran were done. Correction of visual disorders and improving vision in patients with balance disorders can hasten the healing process.

Although there is a consensus about the importance of vision perception in reading, its role in development of dyslexia is highly debated. In order to understand the relationship between dyslexia and disorders of visual perception, we have compared color opponent contrast sensitivity in dyslexic children with that in normal subjects. 3 dyslexic and 3 normal children participated in this study. Their responses to stimuli produced by means of “Pattern Generator” software were recorded in three spatial frequencies: 5, 8, and 18 cycles per degree (cpd). In each spatial frequency, contrast sensitivity test was executed in two different levels (pattern detection and color discrimination) once in yellow background and once again in blue background. In general, there was no significant difference between dyslexic and normal children in almost all the tests performed. Nevertheless, dyslexic subjects have shown reduced sensitivity in pattern detection both in yellow and blue backgrounds, yet they had better sensitivity than normal subjects in color discrimination. The results from comparison between dyslexic and control groups showed that color contrast sensitivity cannot be a proper differential indicator for dyslexia. It suggests that dyslexia does not affect all functions of the visual system. However, in dyslexia we may have anomalous perceptual responses even with normal basic and primary visual functions.

Regard with the importance of balance in daily activities especially in sport activities and understanding the important factor affecting it، the purpose of this study was to compare the role of vision system on dynamic postural stability of young women with men elite athletes.

Twenty six young women and men elite swimmer were chosen from the available society. They were divided in two groups according to body mass index. Each subject performed postural stability tests for 6 trials with open and close eyes (3 trials with open and 3 trial with close eyes) that each trial was taken for 30 seconds and with 10 seconds rest between each of them. Balance index in anterior- posterior and medial- lateral directions were calculated and independent t test was used to compare between groups.

Results show that men swimmer are more depended to vision than women swimmer in maintaining retrieval postural stability (p= 0. 001)، while most impairment in maintaining postural stability in both groups occur in lack of vision status in anterior- posterior direction (p= 0. 001).

The findings of this study can be used to design training programs to prepare athletes.

Children need to play. It is through play that they learn to develop creative thinking and to express themselves. One of the most popular and favorite fun in children is play with sand might provide growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sand play therapy on visuo-motor perception development in children with educable mental retardation in Isfahan city، Iran. The study design was tentative (pre-post test with control group). The statistical population of this study included all children with educable mentally disability in preschool and children in year 1، 2 and 3 in city of Isfahan. The sample included 32 children (16 boys، 16 girls، and age range 7-12 years) who were randomly selected from one dual-shift school. Then they were randomly assigned in to 2 equal groups: the experimental and control groups. The material used in this study was: Kay cognitive diagnostic test. All participants in experimental group received intervention that was ten 45-minute sessions sand therapy. Individuals in control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS، version 16. Statistically significant differences were observed in visuo-motor perception improvement in children with educable mental retardation using sand play therapy (P < 0. 001). However، there was no significant difference in mean score of visuo-motor perception development between boys and girls (P > 0. 05). Play appears to have important positive effects on a child’s ability to learn especially in subjects with mental retardation. Our results also showed that sand play therapy can significantly increase the visuo-motor perception development in educable mental retardation children.

Artic Hyphema, the blood in the anterior eye chamber, can be caused by penetrating or blunt trauma or other causes. This study aimed at investigating the clinical features of 15 cases of traumatic Hyphema, having referred to ophthalmology ward of Shahid Beheshti hospital of Babol university of medical sciences. In this study the clinical characteristics of 15 patients with eye trauma-who had referred to Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Babol University of medical sciences during 2008-2009- were examined. In addition to eye trauma the selected patients had microscopic or macroscopic anterior eye chamber hemorrhages. The mean age of patients was 25. 1 years. Eleven patients were male and four were female. Increased IOP was seen in 4 cases, three patients improved with drug therapy, but one patient needed surgery due to an increase in IOP and the re-bleeding. Regarding the degree of Hyphema, 4 cases were microscopic Hyphema, 2 cases were grade 1 of Hyphema, 3 cases were grade 2 of Hyphema, 3 cases were grade 3 of Hyphema, 2 cases grade 4 of Hyphema and one case was not assessable due to flattened anterior chamber, Visual Acuity was mostly poor at the beginning of admission which was significantly improved after treatment. On the whole, six patients underwent surgery. The results of this study show that patients with traumatic Hyphema usually have poor Visual Acuity at the beginning of admission, but the vision was relatively improved with early treatment in many cases. Therefore, proper and timely treatment is necessary in these patients.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of mild and moderate visual and auditory impairment on activities of daily living (ADL) and Balance in the elderly people. In this analytical and comparative research, thirty six elderly persons were selected simply and conveniently among 370 men and women whom were residing in 6 sanitariums in the north of Tehran. At the end, Snellen visual chart & Audiometer were used to measure visual acuity & auditory intensity. Samples were taken in 4 groups: 1- with visual impairment 2- with auditory impairment 3- with combined visual & auditory impairment 4- without any sensory impairment. Finally Berg balance scale and physical self maintenance scale as an ADL scale were used in 4 groups. Relative risk in ADL for visual impairment was 2.46, for auditory impairment was 1.5 and for combined visual and auditory impairment was 2.85. Auditory impairment didnt have any effect on balance and falling. However even mild visual impairment was an effective factor on balance (P<0.001). Contemporary auditory and visual impairment was an effective factor on balance (P<0.001). Even mild and moderate auditory impairment can cause disability in the basic ADL. If mild and moderate auditory impairment exist simultaneously with visual impairment, the person had balance disability. Auditory impairment didnt have any effect on balance.