تعادل پویا

Flat feet is a common condition that affects the balance of children and adolescents. This study aimed to compare the effects of comprehensive corrective exercises and Xbox Kinect exercises on static and dynamic balance in adolescent girls between 10 and 12 years old with flat feet.

A semi-experimental pretest-posttest design was utilized. Forty girls aged 10-12 years with confirmed flat feet (arch drop > 9 mm) were purposively selected and randomly assigned to two groups: a corrective exercise group and an Xbox Kinect exercise group. The average weight, body mass index and navicular drop of the participants in the research were 37.58±3.34, 18.32±1.16, and 11.70±1.18, respectively. Participants engaged in specific exercises for their group for six weeks, three sessions per week. The BioDex Balance System SD, System115, VAC was used to measure static and dynamic balance before and after the intervention. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis, and repeated measures analysis of variance applied to assess within and between groups changes (pre-test and post-test), with a significance level set at p≤0.05.

Corrective exercises significantly improved static balance variables, including overall index (p≤0.05), anterior-posterior index (p≤0.05), and lateral index (p≤0.05), as well as dynamic balance (p≤0.05) among participants. Xbox Kinect exercises also showed significant effectiveness in improving static balance variables, such as overall index (p≤0.05), anterior-posterior index (p≤0.05), lateral index (p≤0.05), and dynamic balance (p≤0.05). There was no significant difference between the effectiveness of corrective exercises and Xbox Kinect exercises on the static and dynamic balance of individuals with flat feet (p≥0.05).

Based on the research findings, Xbox Kinect exercises, when supplemented with corrective interventions, show promising potential in enhancing the balance issues associated with flat feet. Consequently, these interactive games possess the ability to serve as a notable alternative for conventional corrective exercises, due to their attractive and engaging characteristics.

Functional movements and balance are necessary requirements in many sports. However, there is little information about defects in functional movements and balance in professional athletes in different sports. The purpose of this study was to screen the functional movement patterns and balance in professional athletes with the aim of preventing sports injuries.This was a cross-sectional causal-comparative study. Among the active sports in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, nine sports, including wrestling, basketball, wushu, badminton, judo, rock climbing, taekwondo, football, and volleyball (n=20 athletes in each sport), were randomly selected, and the professional athletes according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated. In order to evaluate movement defects, three functional patterns, including the overhead squat, overhead squat with heel lift, and single leg squat, were used based on the Fusionetics scoring system. Balance was also evaluated using the Y balance test. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare the scores of different sports fields in the evaluation of functional movement patterns and balance (p<0.05).The results showed that professional athletes in different sports showed good performance in squat and balance functional tests (75-100%), and in general, the risk of injuries in athletes was low. Nevertheless, significant differences were observed in the scores of functional tests and dynamic posture control in some sports fields, which indicated the presence of injury-prone athletes in different sports teams (p<0.05).From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that professional athletes had good scores in general, but they may have defects in functional movement pattern and balance, which make athletes prone to injury. Therefore, it is recommended that the trainers of sports teams and clubs continuously use injury prediction tests such as functional movement patterns and dynamic posture control in order to evaluate and screen their athletes.

One of the characteristics of children with developmental coordination disorder is height control disorder. Because they respond to balance and motor function disorders more slowly compared to their peers. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of yoga and suspended exercises on the static and dynamic balance of children with developmental coordination disorder. This was a quasi-experimental study with a control group conducted in the spring 2023 in Tehran. In this study, 45 children with developmental coordination disorder were randomly divided into three groups of suspension exercises, yoga exercises, and control group (15 people in each group). The suspension training group and the yoga training group practiced for 6 weeks and 3sessions of 45 minutes each week, but the control group did not do any activities. In order to evaluate dynamic and static balance, the Sharpened Romberg test and the sit-up test were used in the pre-test and post-test stages, respectively. The data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that static and dynamic balance in the suspended exercise group (p<0.001) and static balance (p<0.001) and dynamic balance (p<0.01) in the yoga exercise group were significantly different from the control group. The results show that yoga and suspension intervention exercises are likely to be effective for improving the static and dynamic balance of children with developmental coordination disorder, and these exercises can be used along with other common treatments to improve the mentioned indicators.

Balance disorder is an important risk factor in older people while walking. Knee pain (KP) and low back pain (LBP) are the most common disorders related to aging that disturb the balance of the elderly. This study aims to investigate the relationship between chronic LBP and chronic KP with dynamic balance in the elderly.

In this analytical cross-sectional study, 79 older adults aged ≥65 years living in a nursing home in Mashhad, Iran, were selected using the census method and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. In addition to measuring demographic information, fear of falling was assessed with the Persian version of the falls efficacy scale - international (FES-I), and the pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS). To assess dynamic balance, the time up & go (TUG) test was used. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 23.

There was a significant difference among the three study groups of LBP, KP, and control in TUG score (P=0.050). With the increase in the FES-I score, the mean score TUG score increased significantly (P=0.01). With the increase of age, the mean score of TUG score increased significantly (P=0.006).

The elderly with chronic KP have poorer dynamic balance than the elderly with chronic LBP. Therefore, focusing on the prevention and treatment of knee injuries at younger ages can play an important role in preventing balance disorders in the elderly.

Balance is an important factor in people with intellectual disability to have an independent life. These people are weak static and dynamic balance due to lack of development in their central nervous system, defects in the sensory-motor pathways, and having a sedentary life. This study aims to determine the effect of eight weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) exercises on static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female students.

In this study, participants were 26 educable mentally retarded female students aged 15-20 years (Mean age: 17.19±1.50 years, IQ: 61.15±6.07, weight: 58.9±12.73 kg, height: 157.92±6.07 cm) who were selected using purposive and convenience sampling methods and randomly divided into two groups of training (n=13) and control (n=13). Before and after training, their static balance and dynamic balance on the right and left feet were evaluated using a foot scan device. Subjects in the training group performed DNS exercises at 24 sessions, each session for 40 minutes. No intervention was provided to the control group; they performed their routine activities. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The significance level was set at 0.05.

After eight weeks of DNS exercises, the results showed a significant improvement in static balance (F=72.54, P=0.001), dynamic balance on the right foot (F=90.90, P=0.002) and dynamic balance on the left foot (F=61.58, P=0.001) in the training group compared to the pretest scores and compared to the control group.

DNS exercises can be used as an effective method to improve static and dynamic balance of educable mentally retarded female students.

 Balance deficiency is one of the risk factors for falls, injury or even death of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate The Effect of a Fall Proof training on balance and fear of falling in older women was conducted. 

 This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. Thirty elderly women aged 60-70 years were selected as available for the sample. Subjects were randomly divided into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. To assess static and dynamic balance, Sharpend Romberg test and time up and go test and to assess fear of falling the fear of falling questionnaire were used. Exercises were performed for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 60 minutes by experimental group, while the control group did not do any exercise. Analysis of covariance and paired t-test were used to analyze the data

The results of this study showed that a period of Fall Prof Training significantly increased static (P=0.01) and dynamic balance (P=0.01) and a significant decrease in fear of falling (P=0.01) In the experimental group compared to the control group.

 Due to the weak balance and high fear of falling in the elderly, based on the findings of this study, we can use fall proof exercises in elderly rehabilitation and exercise.

Mental retardation is a condition in which the general performance of the mind is lower than average and is accompanied by limitations in two or more applicable skill and adaptation levels (1). Control of body posture and poor balance is one of the problems of mentally retarded people. It is possible. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate and compare static and dynamic balance and body posture in the mentally retarded.

The current research is semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research included all mentally retarded female students of Gilan province, among them 30 mentally retarded female students in two groups of children with an average age of 8.20±0.862 years and teenagers with an average age of 16±0.756 years and Body mass index with an average of 20.98±5.159 in the child group and an average of 24.636±4.479 in the adolescent group were selected as samples. Single limb standing (SLS) test was used to evaluate static balance and Y test was used to evaluate dynamic balance. To analyze the results, SPSS version 26 software and independent t-test and Yeoman-Whitney test were used at a significant level (p ≤0/05).

Based on the results of this research, there is a significant difference in dynamic balance in the children group (p=0.823) with the mean and standard deviation (7.06±9.67) and the adolescent group (8.39±4.65), the condition Body in conditions of vestibular and sensory disturbances (participation of the visual system) (p=0.174) with (2.94±10.0) in the children group, (3.62±9.40) in the adolescent group, the condition Body in the conditions of visual and sensory disturbance (participation of the vestibular system) children group (p=0.818), (4.64 ±7.91), adolescent group (2.80±7.64), between the two groups was not observed. In two states, body posture in the children group in the condition without disturbance (p=0.026) (3.24 ± 7.15), in the adolescent group (2.24 ± 5.82) and in the condition of vestibular and vision disturbance (participation Sensory system) in the children group (p=0.039), (3.02 ± 9.80), in the adolescent group (2.50 ± 11.28), a significant difference was observed between the two groups.

The results of the research showed that in the conditions where all three sensory systems, vestibular and visual, were involved in the body posture, a significant difference was observed between the two groups of children and teenagers, that in the children group, the number of errors was more and the body posture was poor. They have more No significant difference was observed between the two groups in the conditions where vestibular and vision system information was involved in the body posture, and only in the conditions of disturbance in the vestibular and vision system, i.e. when the sensory system was involved in the body posture, there was a difference between the two groups. It was observed that the number of errors in the group of children was less and children were in a better condition than the group of teenagers, which can indicate the strengthening of proprioception with age. In addition, there was no difference between the two groups in the variable of dynamic balance.

Balance ability is a critical component of independent daily activities among the elderly. Balance disorder is one of the major risk factors for falls and related complications. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of the the comparision of the effectiveness of neurofeedback training (NT) and exercise environmental affordances (EEA) on static and dynamic balance and the fear of falling in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the current study included elderly men aged 60 to 80 years living in Ilam, Iran, among whom 36 people were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly assigned into three 12-member groups of NT, EEA and control. In the pretest and posttest stages, the participants completed the Yardley et al.’s fall self-efficacy questionnaire-international form, and having completed the questionnaire, they performed the static (Carlsen et al.) and dynamic (Tsang et al.) balance task in 3 attempts. In the intervention phase (exercise), carried out in form of three 30-minute sessions per week for eight weeks, NT and EEA groups performed the relevant exercises, and control group carried out their usual and daily activities in this time. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that EEA and NT have a significant effect on posterior and central-lateral displacement of the center of pressure as well as the time to reach anterior-posterior, lateral stability and the time to reach total stability of elderly men. EEA had a significant effect on the risk of fear of falling, but NT did not have the same effect. Besides, the results revealed that EEA, compared to NT, had more effect on static balance (anterior-posterior displacement and central-lateral displacement of the center of pressure) and dynamic balance (the time to reach anterior-posterior stability, the time to reach lateral stability, and the time to reach total stability) in elderly men. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested to geriatric trainers and specialists to pay attention to the enrichment of the environment to improve the static and dynamic balance of the elderly and the risk of falling.

Ballet is not only a dramatic sport but also an activity with high physical needs. In ballet jumps and rotations, delicate movements, high flexibility and the final transition to the en pointe are performed in women (1). Every position and step in ballet requires postural control (2), and researchers consider static and dynamic balance and weight movement to be very important for motor function in ballet (3). A determining factor in maintaining balance is the size of the support surface, and ballerinas must perform some movements on very little support surface (3, 4). Doing these techniques on young ballerinas who have not had enough proper training can lead to numerous injuries (5). Balance is a key component of motor skills for maintaining posture and performing complex sports skills. It seems that maintaining balance and use training programs to improve it is a good solution that will help reduce the amount of falls during training or competitions (23). Balance is achieved through a variety of sensory input information to the CNS, including visual, vestibular, and sensorimotor (24, 25). It seems that by simultaneously stimulating the superficial and proprioceptive senses and creating sensory integration, it can increase the cortex's awareness of the organs and increase the balance this causes proper control during movement (9). Proprioceptive sense refers to the ability to integrate sensory information received from mechanical receptors and thus determine the position and movements of the body in space. Mechanical receptors for proprioceptive sensation in the muscles of the lower limb, soles of the feet, and around the ankle joint provide important information about the displacement and movement of the body mass center, as well as the characteristics of the impact surface for the CNS (7). Proprioceptive training includes activities that challenge the ability of the target joint to find and respond to input information about the position of the joint (11). Some evidence suggests that improving the proprioception of agonist muscle groups strengthens and stabilizes limb coordination, thus leading to improve movement during ballet (12, 13). Conversely, some studies show that ballerinas are more dependent on visual information to maintain balance (3, 14). Accordingly, the question of whether it is possible to increase balance by strengthening the sense of proprioception and also enhance performance in ballerinas has not been studied and needs to be investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of open or closed eyes balance training on static and dynamic balance in adolescent ballerina girls.

Twenty ballerina girls aged 8-15 years with a history of 6 months to 1 year ballet training were selected and divided into two groups of ten: 1- closed-eyes balance training (proprioceptive training) in addition to routine ballet training and 2- open-eyes balance training in addition to routine ballet training. Both groups participated in balance training for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 30 minutes to 1 hour each session) (15). The training movements used in the balance section were 14 items and were used from simple (exercises with hand support, with two legs and without interference) to complex (exercises without support, with one foot and with interference by the trainer) (14). 48 hours after the end of the last training session in both groups, post-test was taken. Stork balance test and star excursion balance test were used to measure static and dynamic balances, respectively. Before starting the research protocol, to eliminate the learning effects, the samples were asked to perform stork and star balance tests several times during the routine ballet training period. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine the data. If time was significant, the paired t-test was used to examine the post-test changes compared to the pre-test in each group, and if the group was significant, the independent t-test was used to examine the differences between the two groups in the post-test. Significance level was set at 0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS statistical software version 21.

The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the group (F1, 9 = 7.50, P = 0.023) and time (F1, 9 = 593.64, P = 0.001) effects on static balance were significant. The results of paired-samples t-test showed that there were significant difference in static balance scores between pre-test and post-test in the closed-eyes (P = 0.001) and open-eyes (P = 0.001) groups. The results of independent-samples t-test showed that static balance was significantly increased in the closed-eyes group compared to the open-eyes group (P = 0.006). The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the time effect on dynamic balance (dominant foot and non-dominant foot) was significant but the group effect was not significant. The results of paired-samples t-test showed that there were significant difference in dynamic balance scores between pre-test and post-test in the closed-eyes (P = 0.001) and open-eyes (P = 0.001) groups.

The results of the present study showed that both types of balance training with open and closed eyes significantly improved static and dynamic balances in adolescent ballerinas. The result of the present study on the effect of exercise on dynamic balance is consistent with the results of Yalfani et al. (2017) (17), Ashoury et al. (2016) (18), and Sadeghi Dehcheshmeh et al (2015) (19). The results of the present study showed that closed-eyes training significantly increased static balance compared to the open-eyes training group, but in the dynamic balance there was no difference between the two groups. Gebel et al. (2018) set a minimum training duration of 12 weeks for significant balance improvement but found that 8 weeks could also be effective (15). In the present study, eight weeks of exercise improved balance in both groups, but the short duration of exercise probably had an effect on the results. Another reason could be the use of more static exercises in the present study, and therefore the significance of static balance in closed-eyes exercises compared to open-eyes exercises can be explained. The next point to consider is that open-eyes balance tests were used to assess balance in the present study, and it is possible that different results will be seen in closed-eyes balance tests. Finally, in the present study, the effect of exercise on ballet performance was not evaluated, and the stork and star tests used in the present study provide the opportunity to use more visual information to maintain balance, and as mentioned Ballerinas are more dependent on visual information to maintain balance. Therefore, if the ballet performance was evaluated according to its dynamics, it could be effective on the results. One of the limitations of the present study was the low volume of research samples, which was due to the small number of athletes active in this field according to the research criteria. Also, due to being in the growth ages, the age range of research samples was wide and it was not possible to form research groups in a more limited age range.

Balance disorder in patients with stroke can cause the loss of independence and increase possibility of falling. The olfactory stimuli can activate the brain areas involved in balance activities. This study aims to investigate the effect of balance exercises combined with olfactory stimuli on the balance of patients with stroke.

In this randomized clinical trial, 32 patients with stroke were randomly assigned into groups of balance+olfactory stimulation and balance. The first group performed the balance exercises while wearing a mask containing the lavender essential oil. The second group performed the balance exercises while wearing a mask containing distilled water. Both groups performed the exercises for 20 min at one session. The timed up & go (TUG) test, 10-m walk test with self-selected speed, and Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BEST) were used for assessments. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22. P<0.05 was statistically significant.

The mean score of 10-m walk test before and after the intervention was significantly different (decreased) in the combined group (P=0.001) and balance group (P<0.001). The mean TUG score before and after the intervention was also significantly different (decreased) in the combined group (P= 0.008) and balance group (P=0.003). The mean score of mini-BEST before and after the intervention was also significantly different (increased) in the combined group (P=0.001) and balance group (P= 0.008). No significant difference was observed in the mean scores of 10-m walk test (P=0.386), TUG test (P=0.720) and mini-BEST (P=0.152) between the two groups before and after the intervention.

One session of balance exercise can improve the static and dynamic balances of patients with stroke. Including the olfactory stimulation by the lavender essential oil in the balance exercise program has no significant effect. It is recommended that the effects of long-term use of different olfactory stimuli on the balance of patients with stroke should be investigated in the future studies.

Controlling balance and maintaining posture is the foundation of all voluntary motor skills, complex performance, and perceptual processes. In other words, maintaining balance depends on the integrated coordination of sensory messages. Sensory receptors in muscles, joints, ligaments, and skin send information about the sense of position and movement to the central nervous system. Sensory data are processed to determine direction and movement, and finally, appropriate movement responses are delivered to maintain balance. Balance is a multi-sensory activity composed of properly functioning the bodily, vestibular, and visual sensory systems. The knee's anterior cruciate ligament is rich in mechanoreceptors and is a crucial sensorimotor component in postural control. The anterior cruciate ligament is the most important knee ligament and is the main factor controlling the forward movement of the knee. Considering the sensory role of the anterior cruciate ligament and its rich source of proprioception and position in controlling balance from the point of view of movement control, one of the important measures after the injury of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee is the evaluation of neuromuscular function. One of the most important aspects of neuromuscular assessment is balance control. This study determines the importance of the amount and significance of pasteurization control.

The present study was a case-control study. The study population includes athletes with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injuries and healthy athletes living in Kermanshah City, Iran. The statistical sample consisted of 30 people with and without unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury. They were divided into two groups: 15 in the control group and 15 in the experimental group, aged 20 to 30. According to the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria, the athletes referred to orthopedic centers, physiotherapy, and sports teams with anterior cruciate ligament injury for at least 6 months and at most 2 years were identified and selected. By choosing an athlete with anterior cruciate ligament injury, a healthy athlete matched with the injured athlete in age, height, weight, and type and level of sports experience was selected as a healthy athlete to participate in the research. A range was considered for each matching criterion to match healthy and injured athletes. The acceptable range for height was 5 cm, weight 3 kg, and age 3 years. Also, the participants were matched in terms of sports field and sports background. To match the activity level of the subjects, the Persian version of the Tegner physical activity level scale was used. It should be noted that the goal of the researchers in determining the range was to form two identical groups, and this range was chosen due to the limited number of available samples. At first, written consent was taken from them to participate in the research. The subjects were assessed for dynamic and static test control in the first step. The Y test was used for dynamic evaluation, and the Bess test was used for static analysis. To analyze the data, the independent t test was used to compare the between groups at a significant level of 0.05. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to investigate the normal distribution of data.

The results showed a difference between dynamic balance (p<0.001) and static (p=0.05) in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury and healthy counterparts in the dominant leg.

According to the results of the present study, athletes who underwent anterior cruciate ligament surgery in the knee after surgery had recovered from postural control disorder in the affected limb (lack of resistance to the balancing factor). Perhaps with the benefit of advanced rehabilitation principles, it is possible to enhance the sense of proprioception further, recover your balance acceptably, and return to patterns similar to those of healthy people. 

Disturbance in maintaining balance and controlling posture is one of the consequences of aging, which, with changes in standing and walking patterns, causes a decrease in functional readiness in the elderly, which leads to a decrease in the sense of balance, loss of coordination, and muscle weakness in these people. As a result, it causes many problems such as frequent falls while standing or walking in this group of people. Therefore, it is very important to design sports exercises in order to improve functional readiness and prevent loss of balance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the effect of core stability exercises on the static and dynamic balance of older men.

This study is a cross-sectional, comparative, quasi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. Thirty healthy elderly men between 60 and 70 years old were selected through purposive, convenience sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups: core stability exercises and control group in equal numbers. The experimental group received a 45-mintue training program three sessions per week for 6 weeks, while the control group went about their daily lives. The participants were evaluated using Romberg and Sharpendromberg balance tests for static balance and FRT and TUG balance tests for dynamic balance before and after 6-week training program. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, paired T-test and One-way ANOVA test were used at the alpha significance level (P ≤0.05) using SPSS software (version 26).

The results showed that by performing 6 weeks of core stability exercises, the mean post-test scores were significantly different from the pre-test scores of the experimental group in all 4 tests (P=0.001). Moreover, the findings revealed that the core stability exercises have a significant effect on static balance (P=0.001) and dynamic balance (P=0.001), in the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group.

It can be concluded that in order to improve balance and reduce the risk of falling in the elderly, core stability exercises can be used. Due to the ease of doing these exercises, it is recommended for sports coaches and people who work with the elderly to use core stability exercises to improve the static and dynamic balance of the elderly

The difference in the force distribution of plantar muscles in the landing stage in volleyball players is an important cause of lower limb injuries in the lack of balance control. The aim of this study was to compare the distribution of plantar pressure on the dynamic balance of infants, teenagers and young volleyball players in the stance phase of walking.

The current research was descriptive-cross-sectional. For this purpose, 64 healthy male volleyball players in 3 age groups were targeted in three groups; Infants (n=22), teenagers (n=24) and young people (n=18) were divided. The minimum amount of training per week was 3 days. A foot pressure device was used to determine the pressure distribution of the plantar muscles on the way back and forth. In order to compare between groups the level of foot contact and impulse in three parts of the front, middle, back of the right and left foot and the axis angle of the feet, correlated t-test and multivariate analysis of variance were used at the alpha level of 0.05.

The contact surface of the sole of the right foot in the middle part compared to the left foot in the group of infants increased significantly compared to the other two groups (P=0.038). But in other sections and groups, there was no significant difference in the right and left leg (P=0.051). The results of multivariate analysis of variance for the comparison of the contact surface (forefoot, midfoot, rearfoot) in the right foot between the three groups of infants, teenagers and young people showed a significant difference (P=0.023). Impulse in the front (P=0.030) and middle parts of the right leg (P=0.015) increased significantly compared to the left leg in the group of infants. But in the back part of the sole of the right foot (P=0.411). There was no significant difference between the three groups in the three sections mentioned in the left leg (P=0.050). There was no significant difference in the rotation axis angle of the plantar force between the right and left foot in any of the groups (P=0.050).

According to the possible results, the increase in the contact surface and impulse in the front, middle and sole of the right foot compared to the left foot and at the moment of landing and the settling phase in non-hall players is more than that of teenagers and young volleyball players, which is an effective factor in weakening balance control. dynamic and causing damage.

Background and Aims :

Considering the importance of balance and the prevalence of genu varum in soccer, this study evaluated the role of lower extremity corrective exercises on dynamic balance improvement and knee deformity in teenage football players (youth footballers). 

Methods :

This semi-experimental study was performed on 24 male soccer players aged 15-17 years with genu varum deformity (more than 5 cm knee distance), who were divided into two groups randomly. Collis for measuring the knee distances and the star balance test for dynamic balance were used in both groups. After six weeks of corrective exercise with traband (three times a week) in the training group and sport-specific activities in the control group, all measurements mentioned above were repeated in both groups. Analysis of covariance for balance and Mann-Whitney U test for knee position were used with a level of significance less than 0.05.

Results :

The results showed the significant positive effects of the exercise program on the knee position (P=0.002) and dynamic balance variables (ant: P=0.002, med: P=0.004, post: P=0.005, posterolateral: P=0.006, and other directions: P˂0.001) and balance improvement and knee distance decreasing were found in the training group.

Conclusion:

 It seems that six weeks of traband training exercises can improve dynamic balance in soccer players by reducing the knee genu varum deformity.

Inadequate mobility in intellectual disability causes imbalance. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of intellectual disability.

Methods :

In this study, a comprehensive review of the effect of motor interventions on improving the balance of the intellectual disability was done by searching the Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the keywords balance, equilibrium, balance in intellectual disability, balance in mentally retarded, intellectual disabled, and also Persian databases of Google Scholar, Megapaper, IranDoc, Magiran, SID, MedLib and IranMedex from 2000 to February 2021. In this search, two languages, Persian and English, were used. After collecting the search results, first, the title and then the abstract of the articles were studied. If the articles complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, their results were used in the present review study and otherwise discarded.

Results:

 In the search of texts, a total of 110 articles were found and after deleting similar cases, 44 articles (18 Persian articles and 26 English articles) were selected from the articles that were very closely related to the studied subject.

Conclusion :

A review of studies has shown that performing motor interventions in most studies improves the balance of intellectual disability. However, due to the limitations of the studies, the conclusions of the present study should be interpreted with caution. Although these results can help coaches, exercise teachers, physiotherapists, and therapists improve the balance of intellectual disability, more detailed studies are needed.

Background and Aims:

 Balance disorder has been recognized as a leading cause of falls in the elderly. One way to strengthen the balance of the elderly is to use new technologies such as virtual reality. Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality exercises on the dynamic and functional balance of the elderly.

Methods :

The present study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design. Subjects included 24 male aged 60-75 years that were selected by a convenience sampling method from Shabestar city and divided randomly into two virtual and control groups. Participants in the experimental group practiced for 9 weeks, but the control group continued their usual treatment programs. XBox device was used for virtual reality interventions. Also, in order to evaluate the functional and dynamic balance, Berg Balance Scale, and Up and go timed Test were used, respectively. MANCOVA and ANCOVA Tests were used at P<0.05 level to analyze the data.

Results :

MACNOVA test results showed a significant difference (P=0.001) between two groups at least in one balance variable (dynamic and functional). Also, based on the results of ANCOVA test, due to better balance scores in the experimental group, virtual reality practice using Xbox improved their dynamic and functional balance compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

 This study provides evidence that dynamic and functional balance is modifiable in elderly people and that they respond to short-time VR training. It is suggested to use virtual reality as well as balance exercises as a suitable method of improving dynamic and functional balance abilities in the elderly.

Whole body vibration (WBV) is a safe and effective method to improve balance and muscle strength. Considering to the effect of foot longitudinal arch on dynamic balance, and the effectiveness of WBV in improving balance, the present study aims to assess the effects of WBV on dynamic balance of patients with flexible flatfoot.

In this randomized clinical trial, 80 patients with flexible flatfoot; 40 aged <18 years (Mean±SD age= 15.25±1.24) and 40 aged >20 (Mean±SD age= 22.57±1.48). They were randomly divided into two intervention groups of <18 and >20 years and two control groups of <18 and >20 years. The intervention groups received four weeks of WBV. In the control groups, no intervention was carried out. The fatigue was induced by running on a treadmill at different speeds and inclinations according to the Bruce protocol. Dynamic balance was assessed using the Biodex Balance System at anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions and in overall.

The repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni test results showed that the mean dynamic balance in overall and at anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly increased in the intervention groups compared to the control groups (P<0.001). Moreover, the dynamic balance showed a significant increase in the intervention group aged <18 years compared to the intervention group aged >20 years (P<0.001).

The WBV can be used to improve the dynamic balance of people with flexible flatfoot even in fatigue conditions.

 Study on the effectiveness of new methods of low back pain treatment is very important due to its high prevalence. There is no consensus on the most effective treatment for low back pain, despite the existence of different treatments options.

 This study aims to assess the effect of 8 weeks of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) and core stability (CS) exercises on pain, hamstring flexibility, balance, abdominal muscle strength, and quality of life (QoL) in men with chronic low back pain.

 Participants were 20 men with non-specific low back pain, randomly divided into two groups of DNS (Age=47.8±9.82 years, BMI=25.8±2.9 kg/m2) and CS (Age=42.4±11.8 years, BMI=28.1±13.1 kg/m2). Subjects performed exercises for 8 weeks. Before and after exercises, their pain, hamstring flexibility, static and dynamic balances, abdominal muscle strength, and QoL were assessed. For data analysis, the paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used, considering a significance level of P<0.05.

 Both training methods improved pain, abdominal muscle strength and static balance. The CS exercise significantly improved hamstring muscle flexibility, and DNS exercise significantly improved QoL. The comparison between the two methods showed no significant difference in any study variables.

 Both CS and DNS exercises can be used in designing the interventions for patients with chronic low back pain.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the physical activity of the elderly because these restrictions have forced them to stay at home. This study aims to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Internet-based aerobic exercise on static and dynamic balance of older women during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 The study population consists of all older women in Kermanshah, Iran. Thirty inactive older women participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into exercise and control groups. Static and dynamic balance of participants was measured using stork balance test and timed up and go test, respectively before and after the training protocol. The exercise group performed aerobic exercises provided to them via the Internet on their smartphones, for 8 weeks, three sessions per week. In order to increase the training intensity, the number of movements and repetitions were gradually increased such that the rhythm of aerobic exercises increased from 40 beats per minute to 90 beats per minute in last session. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance in SPSS v. 23 software were used to analyze the data.

 The balance changes from pretest to post-test phase were significant in the exercise group, but not significant in the control group. The internet-based aerobic exercise had a significant effect on static and dynamic balance of older women (P=0.001).

 Performing aerobic exercises provided via the Internet on smartphones can improve the static and dynamic balance of older women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is recommended that older women use Internet-based aerobic exercises to improve their balance skills during the pandemic.