تعارضات زناشویی

AbstractThe purpose of the current research was to design and validate the counseling model for managing marital conflicts based on the Sahmgozari approach. This research was conducted with the grounded theory method, to design a model, couples were interviewed who scored lower than the average score in the Marital Conflicts Questionnaire by Jamshidi & et al. (1395) and in Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989) and the Sahmgozari Life Style Questionnaire of Ismaili et al. (1400), and they scored higher than the average. To analyze the interviews using the grounded theory method, a model based on the contribution approach was obtained. Then, to validate the model, it was evaluated and modified by Guba & Lincoln (1985) method by experts and counseling experts in the field of couples counseling. Then, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the model by targeted sampling method, the obtained model was performed on three couples who were willing to cooperate and due to marital and family conflicts went to counseling centers in Tehran city (Fahm, Masir Solh, Khadem yaran Astan Qods Razavi) and the results were analyzed using a single subject design method with an AB type baseline. The results showed that the designed model has increased marital satisfaction among couples.

Infertility can pose numerous personal and relational challenges for infertile couples, affecting their marital life. Addressing the psychological needs of infertile couples is essential in infertility treatment. This study aimed to examine the relationship between marital conflicts, perceived self-communication, and sexual intimacy among infertile couples in Urmia.

This descriptive cross-sectional correlational study included 102 infertile couples attending the Koosar Educational and Therapeutic Center in Urmia, selected through convenience sampling. Data collection tools comprised a demographic questionnaire, Marital Conflict Questionnaire, Sexual Intimacy Questionnaire, and the Perceived Self-Communication Questionnaire, which were completed by the participants in the form of self-reports. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 with descriptive and inferential statistics.

The mean and standard deviation scores for marital conflicts, perceived self-communication, and sexual intimacy were 55.56 ± 11.22, 70.01 ± 8.62, and 104.16 ± 9.55, respectively. The results indicated significant correlations between perceived self-communication and sexual intimacy (r = 0.5498, P<0.01), marital conflicts and perceived self-communication (r = -0.61, P<0.01), and marital conflicts and sexual intimacy (r = -0.51, P<0.01). Additionally, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the duration of infertility and the three variables, marital conflicts, perceived self-communication, and sexual intimacy (P<0.05).

The study's findings revealed a significant negative relationship between marital conflicts and perceived self-communication, as well as between marital conflicts and sexual intimacy. These results can be a base for making strategies to reduce marital conflicts in the etiology, design of therapeutic interventions, and improvement of relationships among couples facing infertility. Considering that infertile couples require more psychological counseling and support, efforts should focus on establishing constructive therapeutic relationships, providing awareness and clarity for precise problem recognition, offering appropriate solutions to overcome these challenges, and ensuring clear psychological support.

Considering importance of marriage and growing statistics of divorce, methods to decrease marital conflicts and increase marital satisfaction hold great importance. The purpose of this study was to comparison of effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on marital basic needs among women with marital conflicts.

This semi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with control group and follow-up 2 month. In this research, the statistical population was all women who referred to counseling centers in Tehran city in year 1401. In the first stage, using convenience sampling method, 45 women with a score of 111 and above in the marital conflict questionnaire of Barati and Sanai (2008) were selected and then randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (each group 15 people) and one control group (15 people) were replaced and experimental groups underwent emotion-focused couple therapy (10 sessions 90 minutes) and acceptance and commitment therapy (8 sessions 90 minutes). To collect data couple’s basic needs assessment scale by Maaref et al (2019). Analysis of variance with repeated measures with SPSS software was used for data analysis.

The results showed that both interventions had a significant effect on Power (f=8.487, sig=0.001), love (f=35.359, sig=0.001), fun (f=6.699, sig=0.001), freedom (f=36.764 , sig=0.001), survive (f = 60.219, sig = 0.001) and the total score of marital basic needs (f = 76.084, sig = 0.001) among women with marital conflicts (P<0.05). In addition, the results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that emotion-focused couple therapy is more effective in marital basic needs (P<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that emotion-focused couple therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as a treatment method to on marital basic needs among women with marital conflicts in marital counseling centers.

This study compares emotion-oriented schema therapy and transactional analysis's effectiveness in addressing marital conflict communication beliefs, aiming to improve effectiveness and reduce recovery time.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method is semi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up stage. The statistical population of this research consisted of all couples who referred to Abadan counseling centers and Abadan judicial service offices in 2022. The statistical sample consisted of 30 couples who were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group based on the criteria for entering the research. The research tool was Eidelson and Epstein (1982) Communication Beliefs Questionnaire. Research protocols included emotional schema therapy written by Leahy, Tirch and Napolitano (2011) and interactional behavior analysis by Eric Byrne (2011). Multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed using SPSS version 26 statistical software at a significance level of 0.05 for data analysis.

The findings show that in the groups of emotion-oriented schema therapy and transactional analysis, there is a significant difference in all variable components of communication beliefs in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases (p≤0.05), but There is no significant difference in between the post-test and follow-up (p≥0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the post-tests and follow-up group comparison (p≥0.05); But there is a significant difference between the control group and the two experimental groups (p<0.05).

According to the results of the research, it can be said that both treatments are effective on the variable of communication beliefs and its components in couples with marital conflict.

Satisfaction with marital relations as one of the important and determining indicators in the health and strength of the family is influenced by several factors; therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of marital conflicts and marital expectations in predicting satisfaction with marital relations.

The present research method was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all the married women who were referred to the health centers of the neighborhoods of Tehran in the second six months of 2022, and 120 people were selected by the available sampling method. The data collection tools included Sanai's Marital Conflict Questionnaire (2008), Bakhshodeh and Bahrami Ehsan's Marital Expectations (2012), and Inrich Favers and Elson's Marital Satisfaction (1993). To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions were used with the help of SPSS version 21 software.

The results showed that the correlation between marital conflicts and marital expectations with satisfaction with marital relations was negative (p<0.01). Also, the components of marital conflicts and marital expectations had a total of 37% ability to predict changes in satisfaction with marital relations.

The results of the research show the importance of marital conflicts and marital expectations in marital counseling.

The meaning of life is always emphasized in religious approaches and can play an important role in married life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of meaning therapy based on Islamic-Iranian values on marital conflicts and religious orientation of couples. This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test design with control group and follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included all couples who referred to Kerman Counseling Center who due to marital conflicts based on psychological interview and marital conflict questionnaire who referred to this center and 30 of them by sample method Available samples were selected for inclusion in the study and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent semantic therapy training based on Islamic-Iranian values during 12 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were collected in pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages using marital conflict and religious orientation questionnaires and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of covariance. The results showed that semantic therapy training based on Islamic-Iranian values has reduced marital conflicts with an ETA coefficient of 0.42 and increased religious orientation with an ETA coefficient of 0.34.  Considering the effectiveness of meaning therapy based on Islamic-Iranian, this treatment should be prioritized.

Satisfaction and happiness from marital relationship decreases over time and among many couples. Communication problems have always been considered as one of the main causes of marital dissatisfaction and divorce. Marital heartbreak and marital incompatibility have become one of the most important events in life and have significant economic and social consequences. Heartbreak is a painful state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion and affects those who expect dream love to give meaning to their lives. This situation occurs when they realize that despite their efforts, their relationship has not and will not give meaning to life. In the meantime, marital conflicts are of particular importance, and when conflicts occur, relationships become weaker or stronger. Usually, conflict is defined as a lack of agreement and opposition between spouses, inconsistency in behavior, opinions and goals in opposition to the other. The inability to communicate logically with the spouse is considered the most common problem that unhappy couples raise and have reported as a significant relationship between communication beliefs and marital conflicts.Research on the issue of marital dissatisfaction is important for several reasons. Some of these reasons are related to the importance of the family institution in today's society. Others are related to the quality of life and the effect that marital boredom can have on other aspects of life. Unfortunately, family damage has increased in many countries, the divorce rate has increased in recent years and has reached its peak in the last decade. There may be problems that lead couples to decide to separate, such as motivation for separation, intense conflict, and chronic violent events. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prediction of marital dissatisfaction based on marital conflicts and communication beliefs in couples applying for divorce.

The population of this research included all couples applying for divorce who referred to the family court and dispute resolution council of Mashhad during the fall of 2018 (122,000 divorce cases). For this purpose, 100 couples (200 people) were selected from the mentioned society by purposeful sampling method. The criteria for include the research included: having a minimum education in reading and writing (in order to be able to read and understand self-report questionnaires), having at least one year of cohabitation, not having a history of divorce or remarriage. The exclusion criterion was non-cooperation in completing the questionnaire. Ethical considerations including obtaining informed consent, guaranteeing privacy and confidentiality were fully respected. In order to collect data, Marital Distress Scale (MDS; Kaiser, 1996), Revised Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (MCQ-R; Sanai et al., 2018) and Communication Beliefs Questionnaire (RBI; Eidelson & Epstein, 1982) were used. In Iran, for the first time, Saadati et al. (32) in a study with a sample of 300 people obtained the reliability of the scale of marital boredom, using Cronbach's alpha method, 0.79. Cronbach's alpha for the entire questionnaire of marital conflicts by Sanai et al., on a group of 270 people, was equal to 0.96 and for subscales from 0.56 to 0.89. O’leary also reported the reliability of communication beliefs questionnaire from 0.72 to 0.81. The obtained data were analyzed using the method of Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The average length of marriage of the participants in the research was 9.05 years. In examining the results of the Pearson correlation test to examine the relationship between the sub-components of the predictor variables and the criterion variable, it was observed that only 3 of the sub-components of marital conflicts (including a decrease in family relationship with relatives, spouse and friends; a decrease in effective communication; and an increase in emotional reactions) have a significant positive relationship with marital burnout. Regarding the sub-components of communication beliefs, 4 beliefs of destructiveness of opposition, expectation of mind reading, belief in the immutability of the spouse, and sexual perfectionism have a significant relationship with marital dissatisfaction; In the case of sexual perfectionism, this relationship was negative, and in the case of the three beliefs of destructive opposition, expectation of mind reading, and belief in the immutability of the spouse, there was a negative relationship with marital dissatisfaction. The relationship between the belief about gender differences and marital dissatisfaction was not significant. Also, the results showed that the multiple regression model was significant (p<0.001) and the components of these two variables were able to significantly predict 30% of the variance of marital boredom (R=0.552 and R2=0.304). Decrease in effective communication and increase in emotional reactions (one of the components of marital conflicts), belief in the immutability of the spouse and sexual perfectionism (one of the components of communication beliefs) can significantly predict marital burnout. The expectation belief of mind reading was also close to the significant level (p=0.052). Among these components, sexual perfectionism had a negative effect and the rest had a positive effect in predicting marital dissatisfaction.

When two people, as a couple, live together, conflict will occur. Due to the nature of couples' interaction, there are times when disagreements are observed or needs are not met, as a result, spouses feel anger, despair and dissatisfaction towards each other. Couples who have good communication skills will have a positive evaluation and a broader view of various aspects of incompatible issues and events in their lives, and they will often use problem-oriented strategies in dealing with issues and problems. While couples who have not learned the necessary communication skills and problem-solving methods correctly, they often use ineffective methods to resolve conflicts in stressful and challenging situations and end up suffering from marital burnout. The findings obtained in the present research and other similar researches, while clarifying some important issues in the society, provide the ground for establishing accuracy of opinion and more emphasis on identifying the fields of conflict resolution. According to these facts and the results of the present research, it can be said that it is necessary to apply these theories in treating the problems of couples with marital conflicts, in addition to creating facilities for increasing the knowledge of therapists, so that in this way it is possible to improve and enhance the quality of life of people. Therefore, according to the results of this research and the role of communication conflicts and beliefs in predicting marital dissatisfaction, it is necessary for family counselors to examine these cases in pre-marriage counseling and when marital conflicts occur, and in the case of divorce applicants, and prepare targeted interventions for them.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of family therapy based on family consolidation on marital conflicts and sexual satisfaction of couples applying for divorce.

The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all couples applying for divorce who referred to counseling centers in Kerman city in 2023. 30 couples were selected as available and were replaced in two experimental (15 couples) and control (15 couples) groups randomly and by lottery method. Family therapy intervention based on family consolidation was conducted in 8 sessions twice a week for 90 minutes and after 3 months of follow-up. In order to collect data, Barati and Sanai's Marital Conflict Questionnaire and Larson's Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics tests (mean and standard deviation) and analysis of variance with repeated measurements were used with SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that family therapy based on family consolidation had an effect on reducing marital conflicts (P < 0.001, F = 37.24) and increasing sexual satisfaction (P < 0.001, F = 126.34) of couples applying for divorce (P < 0.001).

According to the results of this research, it is recommended to use family therapy based on family consolidation in reducing marital conflicts and increasing sexual satisfaction of couples applying for divorce.

Nowadays, it is clear to everyone the positive effects of sports activities as a non-pharmacological method. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of eight weeks of exercise training in water on marital conflicts and emotional self-regulation of inactive veterans in Ilam city. The method of this research is a quasi-experimental type of pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research is all the veterans of Ilam city, of which 28 people were selected as a sample using available and voluntary sampling in two experimental (14 people) and control (14 people) groups. Sports exercises in water were held with the experimental group for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 70 minutes each session. During this period, the control group did not participate in any specific exercise program. Two library and field methods were used to collect data; in this way, in order to collect the background and theoretical foundations of the research, the library method was used, and to collect data, two standard questionnaires of marital conflicts by Sanaei Zaker and Barati (2008) and emotional self-regulation by Hoffman and Kashdan (2010) were used. Validity and reliability were also confirmed. In order to analyze the data, Univariate covariance and Multivariate covariance statistical tests were used with the help of SPSS version 24 software. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups (at a 95% confidence level) after exercise training in water in the variable of emotional self-regulation, but no significant difference was observed in the variable of marital conflicts. Therefore, exercise training in water has a significant effect on the emotional self-regulation of the experimental group, but it does not have a significant effect on marital conflicts. Exercise training in water improves the emotional self-regulation of veterans; therefore, Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs of Ilam can use this method of intervention in order to improve the emotional self-regulation of veterans.

The educational intervention program for spouses refers to another intervention that prevents people and their relationships from the common vices of married life by reducing the number of destructive relationships and strengthening constructive behaviors. Educational interventions are usually aimed at protecting spouses from risk factors, such as destructive relationship patterns and irrational beliefs, and building supportive relationship factors, such as positive attitudes and marital intimacy.

Methods and Materials: 

In this research, the researcher has used a quantitative method. For this purpose, 20 couples were selected to implement the protocol. The research method at this stage will be a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The selected subjects in both experimental and control groups were measured by pre-test. The required data collection tool was through a questionnaire and the results were analyzed by the variance of repeated measurements. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to test the normality of the distribution of scores related to several studies, and pairwise comparisons were also tested using the Bonferroni test.

The researcher investigated her research in the form of three hypotheses, and the results showed that the educational package has a positive and significant effect on emotional intimacy, marital compatibility, and reducing marital conflicts and the results were smaller than 0.005.

The hypotheses of the research were confirmed and it can be said that the educational package of sustainable life based on the lived experience of couples with experience of divorce is effective on emotional intimacy and this effect has been lasting. Also, the results showed that the training package increased marital compatibility in the experimental group compared to the control group and also decreased marital conflicts.

Background &

Marriage is a bond that binds not just two people who hope to be in love forever, but two families built on completely different foundations, traditions, value systems, and lifestyles. Therefore, it is not unusual for this encounter to lead to a host of adjustment, emotional, financial, and psychosocial problems (1). Reviewing these problems leads to marital conflicts and differences in the process of cooperation, interaction, and their daily communication (2). In general, marital conflicts occur when there is a lack of agreement and lack of compatibility between couples (3). The incompatibility of couples causes the absence of marital well-being, which also leads to feelings of anger, frustration and dissatisfaction (9).
Psychological well-being includes self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, mastery of the environment, purposeful living, and personal growth. Couples with high psychological well-being perceive more pleasant experiences and suffer less from pleasant emotions (10). In this regard, Azarnik et al. (1400) showed that communication skills training can increase the level of marital satisfaction and lead to the reduction of marital conflicts (11).
On the other hand, communication skills are those skills through which people can engage in interpersonal interactions and the communication process; A process during which people share their information, thoughts, feelings with each other through verbal and non-verbal exchange (14).
According to the stated content, it should be kept in mind that the present research is based on this basic question: Is there a relationship between the effectiveness of life skills training and communication skills on marital conflicts, conflict resolution styles and psychological well-being of incompatible spouses?

In order to carry out this practical and quasi-experimental research, which was carried out with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, among the incompatible couples who referred to the psychological service centers of Kermanshah in 1400, who volunteered and through an invitation to participate in this course. 45 people had registered and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Before and after the intervention, all the subjects completed the revised questionnaire of marital conflicts and psychological well-being. Also, the interventions of the two groups were conducted as a group for 13 sessions of 45 minutes and twice a week. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS-26 software and statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of covariance and Benferoni's post hoc test.

The results of the Wilkes lambda test with the value (F(8,21)=113.113, P=0.000<0.05) indicate the impact of life skills training on marital conflicts at the 5% error level. It was also found that after controlling the effect of the pre-test, life skills training is effective on marital conflicts (F(1,28)=865.617, p<0.05) (Table 3).
Another finding showed that life skills training has an effect on the psychological well-being of couples (F(6,23)=114.234, P=0.000<0.05). Also, after controlling for the effect of the pre-test, it was found that life skills training is effective on psychological well-being. F(1,28)=534.878, p<0.05) (Table 4).
The results of the Wilkes Lambda test with the value (F(8,21)=115.310, P=0.000<0.05) indicate the effectiveness of communication skills training on marital conflicts. Also, after controlling the pre-test effect, the effectiveness of communication skills training on marital conflicts was confirmed (F(1,28)=631.731, p<0.05) (Table 5).
Another finding showed that communication skills training has an effect on the psychological well-being of couples (F(6,23)=130.589, P=0.000<0.05). And after controlling the pre-test effect, communication skills training has an effect on psychological well-being (F(1,28)=502.673, p<0.05) (Table 6).
According to table (7), by controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the post-test scores of marital conflicts is significant (F(1,42)=470.868, p<0.05). So that after the intervention, the scores of marital conflicts have decreased significantly. According to these findings, it can be said that teaching life skills and communication skills has improved marital conflicts in incompatible spouses. Also, according to the results of Benferoni's follow-up test, teaching life skills and communication skills led to a decrease in average marital conflicts in incompatible spouses. There was no significant difference between the effect of life skills training and communication skills training on marital conflicts of incompatible spouses.
According to table (8), by controlling the pre-test scores, the effect of the group on the post-test psychological well-being scores is significant (F(1,42)=417.792, p<0.05). So that after the intervention, psychological well-being scores have increased significantly. According to these findings, it can be said that teaching life skills and communication skills has improved the psychological well-being of incompatible spouses. According to the results of Benferoni's follow-up test, teaching life skills and communication skills led to an increase in average psychological well-being in incompatible spouses. There was no significant difference between the effect of life skills training and communication skills training on the psychological well-being of incompatible spouses.

The results showed that life skills training has a significant effect on psychological well-being. In reference to this finding, it is possible to refer to the study of Khenifar (2013), which showed that teaching life skills through self-awareness training, a person becomes aware of his physical, mental, emotional characteristics, and thoughts, especially his emotions in the present moment, by teaching life skills The method of decision-making, problem solving, creative thinking, critical thinking and controlling emotions, coping with stress and communication skills, teaches flexibility to a person so that he can identify and criticize different solutions in the face of challenges (36).
The results showed that communication skills training has a significant effect on marital conflicts. In explaining the effectiveness of communication skills training based on the modification of initial incompatible schemas on the reduction of marital conflicts, it can be said that since conflict is an integral part of marital relations and one of the common family problems that has attracted the attention of therapists, investigating the causes of conflicts and Also, strategies to reduce marital conflicts can have a significant effect on improving marital relations, so it can be concluded that communication skills training sessions are based on correcting incompatible schemas, learning communication skills, correcting schemas, feedback and training (39).
The results showed that communication skills training is confirmed on psychological well-being and it can be said that communication skills training has a significant effect on psychological well-being and its components. This means that proper communication increases the emotional and emotional intimacy of couples. If a couple can communicate in the right ways, they will not only have effective communication but also increase intimacy between them. On the other hand, increasing intimacy and emotional companionship of husband and wife increases their sensitivity towards each other; As a result, their emotional intercourse also increases (43).

Background &

In any joint life, there may be differences in the interests, thoughts and beliefs of the couple, and creating understanding and understanding of the differences can guarantee the durability of life, but in some cases, the inability to resolve such differences causes marital conflict, which may destroy family solidarity. Affect and distort the quality of life. Although conflict is inherent in marital relationships, when it is created repeatedly and severely, it can affect the quality of the relationship and cause dissatisfaction with life. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the dark personality triads and the attitude towards infidelity in women

The method of the current research is a correlational description, which is one of the applied researches, and its statistical population was formed by all women with marital problems who referred to counseling centers approved by the Psychological System Organization of Tehran Region 5 in the year 1400. The statistical sample of the research also includes 120 of these women who were purposefully sampled and based on the inclusion criteria (being in the age range of 25 to 40 years, more than 4 years of their life together, not suffering from chronic psychiatric diseases, Having at least a high school diploma, not being addicted to drugs, narcotics or alcohol, not taking psychiatric drugs, and voluntarily entering the research and being interested in participating in the research (and the exit criteria include) not being satisfied with participating in the research, not completing or distorting the questionnaires, absence of serious crisis or serious family tension in the past year and not requesting divorce) are selected. The sample size has been determined using the formula of Fidel Tabajnik (2007) including the overestimation of 120 people. In this research, three questionnaires of Johnson and Webster's dark triads of personality (2010), attitudes towards betrayal by Whitley (2008) and marital frustration by Karen Kaiser (1993) were used and the data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and path analysis using SPSS software and AMOS was tested and analyzed.

The results showed that all three variables of the dark triads of personality (Machiavellianism, antisociality, and narcissism) were able to predict the attitude towards infidelity, and marital frustration played a mediating role in the relationship (P<0.01).

In a general statement, it can be stated that the presence of dark personality traits can be related to marital infidelity or create positive thoughts and tendencies about infidelity; Because the existence of Machiavelli's character, with political and exploitative thoughts, creates a negative attitude in couples' relationships, and anti-social behavior with psychopathic behaviors and the inability to establish empathic relationships fuels interpersonal conflicts, and narcissism with power-seeking and arrogant attitudes prevents the establishment of a satisfying married life. It seems impossible and as long as these feelings are repeated in the couple, positive thoughts and attitudes about infidelity will appear. In this regard, various factors can directly or indirectly lead to the occurrence of such behaviors, which evidence showed that the role of marital frustration is involved in this relationship, because marital frustration refers to a state of experiencing physical, emotional and mental fatigue and with symptoms Emotional fatigue is associated with a decrease in productivity, and this issue, by affecting the characteristics related to the psyche, can lead to the aggravation of psychological characteristics and the occurrence of behaviors that are caused by negative personality characteristics such as Machiavelli, narcissism, and antisociality, and the basis for the emergence of positive attitudes towards betrayal. In fact, it can be said that marital frustration can be considered as a serious threat regarding the maintenance of positive marital relations, because the existence of these feelings and its continuation by affecting the characteristics related to the personality, can ruin life. Based on this, it can be concluded that marital frustration increases the strength of the effects of the dark triads of personality on the attitude towards infidelity, and it is recommended to pay attention to factors that reduce marital frustration. In fact, it can be said that marital frustration can be considered as a serious threat regarding the maintenance of positive marital relations, because the existence of these feelings and its continuation by affecting the characteristics related to the personality, can ruin life; Because this type of relationship makes couples think about escaping from their situation and these escapes manifest in the attitude towards marital infidelity.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectivness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the family function and satisfaction of the marital life of the couples with marital conflicts. The research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest and control group design. The follow-up period was administered in two months. The statistical population of the present study included the couples with marital conflicts who referred to consultation and wellbeing centers in zone two of Mashhad in the spring and summer of 2021. 20 couples (40 people) were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (10 couples in the experimental group and 10 in the control group). The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy (10 sessions) during ten weeks. The applied questionnaires in this study included marital life questionnaire (Barati and Sanaei, 1996), family function questionnaire (Epstein, Baldwin, Bishop, 1983) and marital life satisfaction (OLson, 1996). The data taken from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni follow-up test via SPSS23 software. The results showed that acceptance and commitment therapy is effective on the family function (F=49.91; Eta=0.57; P<0001,) and marital life satisfaction (F=64.01; Eta=0.62; p<0001) of the couples with marital conflicts. According to the findings of the present study, acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an efficient approach to improve family function and marital life satisfaction of the couples with marital conflicts through forming psychological felexiability and making mental acceptance.

Conflict is the most common problem in couples' relationships, and the inability to solve it may damage the family and even lead to divorce. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of emotional literacy and spiritual compatibility in predicting marital conflicts among married women.

The current research was descriptive-correlational. The population included all married women referring to the health centers of Bandar Abbas city in the second six months of 2022, of which 360 people were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tools included emotional literacy scale by Kimiaei et al. (2011), spiritual compatibility by Rasoli et al. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multiple regressions were used with the help of SPSS version 21 software.

The results showed that the relationship between emotional literacy (r = -0.515) and spiritual compatibility (r = -0.570) with marital conflicts was negative and significant (p < 0.01). And the variables of emotional literacy and spiritual adaptation had the ability to predict 38.9% of changes in marital conflicts.

Family counselors and even couples should pay special attention to the role of emotional literacy and spiritual compatibility in trying to reduce marital conflicts and do the necessary planning and training in this field.

This research was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of training focused on compassion on cognitive flexibility, intimacy and quality of marital relationships of women with marital conflicts.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was women with marital conflicts, 30 of whom were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received 8 sessions (once a week) of self-compassion techniques based on Gilbert's training package, and the control group did not receive training in this field. In this research, questionnaires of marital conflicts (Kansas, 1985), cognitive flexibility (Dennis and Vanderwaal, 2010), intimacy (Walker and Thomson, 1983) and marital relationship quality (Busby and others, 1995) were used.

The findings showed that training focused on compassion had a significant effect on cognitive flexibility, intimacy and quality of marital relationships in women with marital conflicts (P<0.001).

Training focused on compassion can play an effective role in increasing cognitive flexibility, intimacy and quality of marital relationships in women with marital conflicts.

The policies established to control the corona virus can cause anxiety of the Coronavirus (COVID-19). Corona anxiety can affect all levels of individualslives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of Corona anxiety on marital conflicts and psychological well-being of couples in Mashhad.

This is a cross-sectional correlationalstudy. The statistical population of the research included all married couples living inMashhad city, based on Green's rule (1991), 150 people were selected by available sampling method. In this research, Alipour et al.'s Corona Anxiety Questionnaire (2018), Sanai Zaker's Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (2008), and Rief's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (1989) were used for data collection. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and regression analysis.

The results of Pearson's correlation analysis revealeda positive and significant relationship between Corona anxiety and marital conflicts;additionalythere wasa negative and significant relationship between Corona anxiety and psychological well-being.regressionanalysisshowed that Corona anxiety can significantly predict 11.1% variance relatedto marital conflicts in Mashhad couples. Also, the regression results showed that Corona anxiety can significantly predict 4% variancerelated to psychological well-being in Mashhad couples.

The findings of this research indicatethat Corona anxiety plays an important role in predicting marital conflicts and psychological well-being.

 Marital conflicts manifest in Iran by a significant increase in the number of registered divorces. There are several findings on the causes of marital disputes. Most marital conflicts of a couple are caused by the inequality of involvement and participation of men in family affairs, compared to women, which is based on gender stereotypes. These stereotypes usually mean unequal share in the married life of a man and a woman. So, gender roles and equity are two critical factors that cause conflicts. In today's world, gender patterns are changing because traditional gender patterns can be restrictive and discriminatory for men and women. Therefore, it seems that research is needed to examine the current characteristics of femininity and masculinity and perceived fairness in the marital conflicts of Iranian women. So, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between gender roles and perceived equity in marital conflicts in married women.

 This is a descriptive correlational study. A total of 404 married women aged 25 to 40 years, living in Tehran City, Iran, with at least one child, were chosen by available sampling. The inclusion criteria were their length of marriage of at least 1 year and at most 21 years, between 25 and 40 years old, having at least one child, and living in Tehran. The exclusion criteria were incomplete completion of the questionnaires and declaration of addiction or unemployment of the spouse. Because of the coronavirus pandemic in the country, the samples virtually completed the Sex Role Questionnaire–Short Form (Bem, 1981), Revised Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Sanai et al., 2008), and Perceived Equity Measurement (Perry, 2004). Data analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation, eta–squared correlation, 1–way ANOVA, and multiple regression in SPSS26 software at the significance level of α=0.05.

 Most respondents (304 women) had one child. Their average length of marriage was 8.68 years. In gender role classification, the highest frequency was in women in the androgynous category, and the lowest was in the undifferentiated category. The results of the Pearson correlation showed a significant negative relationship between masculinity and marital conflicts of married women (r=–0.50, p<0.01). Also, there was a significant negative relationship between perceived equity and marital conflicts of married women (r=–0.54, p<0.01). We found a relationship between gender roles and marital conflicts (F=21.40, p<0.001). In addition, there was also a relationship between perceived equity and gender role (F=8.73, p<0.001). The results of 1–way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the means of marital conflicts in married women due to their gender roles and also a significant difference between the mean value of perceived equity in married women due to their gender roles. The mean value of marital conflicts of women with a feminine gender role was significantly higher than the marital conflicts of women with masculine and androgynous gender roles (p<0.001). The mean value of perceived equity of married women with masculine and androgynous gender roles was significantly higher than the perceived equity of married women with feminine gender role (p<0.001). The results of multiple regression showed that masculinity and perceived equity explained 42% of the variance of marital conflicts.

 Gender role is a determining factor in predicting women's marital conflicts. Breaking gender stereotypes along with equity and understanding equal human rights will be a big step in reducing relationship conflicts.

 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurocognitive disorder among middle–aged individuals and a chronic, progressive disease of the central nervous system that negatively affects various aspects of relationships, including sexual relationships. Constandinidis et al. (2019) found a relationship between MS, marital conflicts, and sexual dysfunction. Marital conflict refers to physical and verbal/psychological aggression between spouses. Reality therapy and choice theory are popular options for couple therapy, aiming to increase sexual satisfaction and reduce sexual conflicts. Another potentially effective treatment for marital conflicts is acceptance and commitment therapy, which helps individuals by increasing psychological flexibility and mindfulness, clarifying values, breaking free from unhelpful thoughts, and engaging in intelligent actions. According to some studies, positive behavior therapy, which Seligman and colleagues developed, is another treatment that has been effective in reducing some components of marital conflict. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of reality therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and positivist approach in a group manner on marital conflicts in female patients with multiple sclerosis living in Hamadan City, Iran.

 The current quasi–experimental research employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The study's statistical population included all women with multiple sclerosis living in Hamadan in 2020. Of these, 63 were selected using available sampling and randomly assigned to three experimental groups (reality therapy with 16 people, acceptance and commitment therapy with 15 people, and positivist approach with 15 people) and a control group with 17 people. The therapy program consisted of one 90–minute weekly session in 8 sessions for three experimental groups (one therapeutic intervention for each group). In the case of the control group, there was no intervention at that time. In addition, the present study used the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Sanayi Zaker et al., 1992) to collect information. The questionnaire has 54 questions scored on a 5–point scale from 1 to 5. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by calculating the Cronbach alpha equal to 0.96. Analysis of the research data was done using the analysis of the covariance using SPSS–25 software.

 Univariate analysis of covariance after adjusting pretest score showed significant differences between MS women participating in reality therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and positive approach regarding the average posttest scores of marital conflicts (p<0.001) with the effect size of 0.526. Based on the Bonferroni post hoc test results, the average posttest scores of marital conflicts in the reality therapy group (p<0.001), acceptance and commitment therapy group (p<0.001), and positive approach group (p<0.001) were significantly lower than the control group. Also, the average scores of marital conflicts in the reality therapy group (p<0.031) and acceptance and commitment therapy group (p<0.001) were significantly lower than those in the positive approach group (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the reality therapy group and the acceptance and commitment therapy group. All three interventions of reality therapy, acceptance and commitment, and positive approach therapies were significantly effective in reducing the marital conflicts of MS women. In addition, no difference was observed between the effectiveness of reality therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy.

 Comparing the efficacy of three intervention approaches showed that all three treatment methods effectively reduced marital conflicts. However, acceptance and commitment therapy was more effective than the other two interventions. Therefore, we suggest that all three methods of reality therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and the positivist approach can be used to reduce marital conflicts. Of course, based on the results of the present study, it is better to use acceptance and commitment therapy as the first choice of therapists.

The family, as the first institution of society and the oldest natural nucleus, has existed in all human societies since the beginning of history, and human beings have not been able to find a replacement for it. This issue shows the constant presence of this social institution and its necessity. Marriage is the basis of family formation, and the opposite end is divorce. Divorce leads to personal, family, and social breakdown and negatively affects women more than men. Marital conflict is a continuous and significant disagreement between two spouses reported by at least one of them, and its continuation can cause problems in married life. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of an educational program based on emotional divorce in reducing marital conflict between couples referring to counseling centers.

The method of the present study was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all couples referred to counseling centers to receive counseling services in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019–2020. Among the eligible volunteers, 40 were selected and randomly placed in two groups of 20 experimental and control. The inclusion criteria were as follows: women applying for divorce with a file centered on marital conflict, volunteering to participate in the research, having a job, having at least three years of marriage, having a child, being literate in reading and writing, not suffering from psychological disorders and chronic physical diseases, and not participating in other counseling and therapy groups at the same time. The exclusion criteria were the absence of more than two sessions in the treatment protocol and the unwillingness to continue cooperation in training sessions. The experimental group received 10 sessions of a 1.5–hour training program based on emotional divorce, but no intervention was provided for the control group. Data were obtained using the Couples Conflict Questionnaire (Sanai Zaker, 2000) before and after the implementation of the educational program based on emotional divorce. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including t test of two independent samples to compare the age of two groups and multivariate analysis of covariance and univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed that the educational program based on emotional divorce was effective in reducing the components of marital conflicts, including reduction of cooperation (p<0.001), reduction of sexual relations (p<0.001), emotional reactions (p<0.001), getting children's support (p<0.001), individual relationship with relatives (p<0.001), family relationship with spouse's relatives and friends (p<0.001), and separating financial affairs from each other (p<0.001) in couples of the experimental group referring to counseling centers. According to the Eta square, 31%, 31.3%, 28.6%, 39.9%, 34.1%, 35%, and 43.8% of the changes in the components of cooperation reduction, sexual relationship reduction, emotional reactions, getting children's support, individual relationship with relatives, family relationship with spouse's relatives and friends, and separation of financial affairs from each other, respectively resulted from subjects' participation in the educational program based on emotional divorce.

According to the findings, using an emotional divorce program as an effective intervention effectively reduces marital conflict. Therefore, this program can empower couples who refer to counseling centers to reduce marital conflicts.

Marital conflicts by creating psychological-emotional distance in military couples are one of the main reasons for reducing the quality of marital relations and the health of the society. Couple therapy based on the reality therapy approach is an effective intervention to overcome difficult or intractable marital challenges .

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of couple therapy based on the reality therapy approach on marital conflicts of military couples applying for divorce.

This study was a quasi-experimental type of pre- and posttest with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all military couples who visited the primary school psychology center in Hamadan city; formed. The samples of this research were 30 military from the mentioned community who were selected using the available sampling method and were assigned to two experimental and control (15 military) groups with the help of a simple random method. They responded to the marital conflict’s questionnaire of Barati and Sanai (2012). The experimental group was trained for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and, covariance analysis with SPSS-24 software.

The results indicated a significant difference in the average and standard deviation of marital conflicts of military couples (P<0.01) in the experimental group compared with the control group in the post-test. Based on eta squares, the effect of couple therapy based on the reality therapy approach on marital conflicts of couples was 51.8%.

Couples therapy based on reality therapy approach was effective in reducing marital conflicts among military couples. Therefore, it is suggested to hold couple therapy sessions based on the reality therapy approach to prevent and solve marital problems in counseling centers