جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تمرین هوازی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Leptin and adiponectin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. Physical activity can improve plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. 

The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran databases until January 2024. The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Mean difference and %95 confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test and publication bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. 

A total of 21 studies with (28 interventions) 816 overweight or obese children and adolescents were meta-analyzed. The results showed that aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [P=0.001, (-0.57 to -0.19) SMD=-0.387] and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [P=0.001, (0.25 to 0.60) WMD=0.430] became overweight and obese compared to the control group. 

In general, the results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that aerobic exercise is an effective and beneficial exercise method for reducing leptin blood circulation and increasing adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Therefore, it seems that types of aerobic exercise may be a non-pharmacological and practical intervention to regulate adipokines and reduce disorders related to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training and consumption of three herbs (barberry, chamomile, nasturtium) on changes in inflammatory factors (TNF-a, IL-1b) and POMC gene expression in the brain of C57BL/6 mice withdrawing from morphine.

For this purpose, 54 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into nine groups. Morphine was added to water with sucrose in concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 to create dependency, and the symptoms of addiction were investigated. The interventions of aerobic training and consumption of three plants were carried out for four weeks. The real-time PCR method was used for behavioral evaluation of open field tests and investigation of inflammatory factors and gene expression.

Morphine addiction increased the expression of inflammatory factors and decreased POMC gene expression and motor activity time in rats (P < 0.0001). In the group of drug addicts who are withdrawing methadone, a supplement of three plants, and aerobic exercise, the number of inflammatory factors did not increase in addiction compared to the healthy control group (P > 0.05). There was no decrease in addiction in the amount of POMC and motor activity time of this group (P > 0.05). Methadone consumption, the supplement of three plants and aerobic exercise, and the combination of all three decreased the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β and increased the expression level of POMC genes in the brain of rats (P < 0.0001), the supplement of three plants, Aerobic exercise and the combination of methadone consumption, supplement of three herbs, aerobic exercise increased the amount of motor activity time (P < 0.0001).

Aerobic training and consumption of three herbs can be effective in reducing addiction symptoms, reducing inflammatory factors, and improving central nervous system function.

Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the most important cause of Liver Disorders, Which is associated with decreased expression of Peroxisome proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) and increased expression of Sterol regulatory Element Binding Proteins (SREBP-1C) and Carbohydrate response element binding protein (CHREBP) in diabetic type 2 male rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on hepatic PPAR-α , SREBP-1C and CHREBP expression and IR in n diabetic type 2 rat.

In this experimental study, 27 male Wistar mice were randomly divided into three groups of healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic exercise. Medium and progressive aerobic exercise protocol on the treadmill was performed and The trainings lasted 8 weeks and 5 days/week. At the end of the trainings PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP expressions were examined via ELISA technique in the liver tissue. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test were used to compare the groups and the significance level was considered at p < 0.05.

The post-hoc test results indicated a significant reduction in IR between the diabetic control group and aerobic training (P<0.05). Despite a notable increase in hepatic expression, it PPAR-α, SREBP-1C and CHREBP was statistically significant

aerobic exercise for eight weeks improved IR in type 2 diabetic rats. There was a significant difference in the expression of liver proteins between the groups. 

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in pregnant women. Its early diagnosis seems to have a significant impact on the developing fetus, the course of delivery, and the neonatal period. This study aims to present the potential and significance of Galectin3 (GAL3) in the pathogenesis of GDM.

Sixty female Wistar rats (weighting 220 ± 10g) were randomly assigned into six groups: control (Ctr) group, control+continuous aerobic training (Ctr+CON) group, control+intermittent aerobic training (Ctr+INT) group, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group, GDM+continuous aerobic training (GDM+CON) group, GDM+intermittent aerobic training (GDM+INT) group. Exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise during pregnancy. Levels of insulin resistance and galectin3 were measured.

Serum galectin3 concentration in the GDM group was significantly higher than Ctr. On the other hand, the galectin3 level in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups was considerably lower than in the GDM group. The weight of the GDM group was significantly higher than the Ctr and training groups on the 20th day of gestation. Insulin resistance levels in the GDM+CON and GDM+INT groups were significantly lower than in the GDM group.

The study results demonstrate that both continuous and intermittent training effectively improved GDM. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two training models. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between galectin3 and GDM. It may be used as a potential factor to predict the development of GDM.

Aging causes changes in health status, including endothelial dysfunction, angiogenesis disorder, and an increase in the prevalence of diseases. Due to the growing trend of aging in the world, it is important to prevent the occurrence of related problems in this period. Sports activity can be a positive factor in stimulating the angiogenesis process in physiological conditions and even in pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of two types of aerobic and combined training (aerobic-strength) on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) factors in elderly men.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 elderly men with an average age of 62.36 ± 1.28 years were selected. These individuals were randomly and equally divided into three groups: aerobic, combined, and control based on body mass index and maximum oxygen consumption. The exercises were done for 8 weeks. Aerobic exercises were performed with 60-70% of heart rate reserve. The combined exercises were done with the same heart rate reserve as the aerobic exercise but with half the duration, and resistance exercise with 60-75% one-repetition maximum. Combined exercises consisted of both aerobic and strength exercises in one day, starting with strength training followed by aerobic exercise. Blood samples were collected to measure the serum levels of VEGF and TIMP-1 before the first and after the last session in a fasting state. The measurements were taken using the ELISA method. To compare the means within and between groups, analysis of covariance and paired t-tests were used with a significance level of P ≤ 0.05.

Aerobic exercises led to a significant increase in VEGF (P=0.001) and a significant decrease in TIMP-1 (P=0.001) compared to the control group. Combined exercises also caused a significant increase in VEGF (P=0.001) and a significant decrease in TIMP-1 (P=0.001) compared to the control group. According to post-test results, VEGF significantly increased, and TIMP-1 significantly decreased in both aerobic and combined groups compared to pre-test results.

Aerobic and combined exercise caused an increase in VEGF, a decrease in TIMP-1, and an improvement in the angiogenesis process in the elderly men.

Exercise induces various adaptations, including increased antioxidant capacity, enhanced mitochondrial size, and improved insulin signaling. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise along with aqueous garlic extract consumption on markers of cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (5 weeks old, weighing 162.1 ± 15.2 grams) were obtained from the Pasteur Institute. Eight rats were assigned to the healthy control group (CN). The remaining 32 rats were rendered diabetic through a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and were randomly divided into four groups: diabetes (DM), diabetes + exercise (TDM), diabetes + garlic (GDM), and diabetes + exercise + garlic (TGDM). The exercise groups underwent an aerobic exercise program on a treadmill for 8 weeks. Additionally, each rat received 1 milliliter of garlic extract (0.4 g per 100 g of body weight) via gavage daily. Changes in the expression of PGC-1α and Nrf2 genes were measured in heart tissue using real-time PCR.

Induction of diabetes resulted in a significant decrease in PGC-1α (P=0.0001) and Nrf2 (P=0.0001) gene expression compared to the control group. In the TDM group, PGC-1α and Nrf2 expressions significantly increased (P=0.038 and P=0.031, respectively), as did those in the GDM group (P=0.036 and P=0.025, respectively) compared to the DM group. However, the combined intervention of exercise and garlic supplementation did not yield significant improvements compared to each intervention alone regarding PGC-1α and Nrf2 expression (P< 0.05).

Both garlic supplementation and exercise may inhibit streptozotocin-induced cardiac damage by upregulating the PGC-1α and Nrf2 pathways. Further studies are warranted to explore this area more comprehensively.

Spexin is a peptide related to energy homeostasis that affects pancreatic and insulin function. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of moderate intensity continuous aerobic training on body composition, serum spexin and insulin resistance in inactive obese women.

In this quasi-experimental research, 24 inactive obese women were selected purposefully and were randomly divided into training (n=12) and control (n=12) groups. Participants engaged in a 10-week exercise program involving three weekly sessions of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic running. Body composition, insulin resistance and serum spexin levels were assessed under fasting conditions pre- and post-intervention. Statistical analysis involved paired sample t-tests and covariance analysis.

The training group demonstrated significant increases in serum spexin levels (P < 0.001, F = 43.678) and significant decreases in insulin resistance (P < 0.001, F = 30.542), body mass index (P < 0.001, F = 40.298), and waist circumference (P < 0.001, F = 384.939) compared to the control group.

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise decreased insulin resistance, possibly through improvements in body composition and increased serum spexin levels.

NF-κB and Nrf2 are key regulators of oxidative stress. This study investigated the effects of regular aerobic exercise and melatonin on NF-κB and Nrf2 gene expression and oxidative stress markers in the heart tissue of diabetic male rats.

Forty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control, diabetic, diabetic + melatonin, diabetic + exercise, and diabetic + melatonin + exercise. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin. Exercise groups underwent 42 days of treadmill running (15 m/min, 30 min/day). Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally for 42 days. Heart tissue was analyzed for NF-κB and Nrf2 gene expression (real-time PCR) and oxidative stress markers (MDA and TAC, ELISA).

Combined aerobic exercise and melatonin significantly decreased NF-κB gene expression while increasing Nrf2 expression compared to the diabetic group. Moreover, MDA levels were reduced, and TAC levels were elevated in the treatment groups.

Aerobic exercise and melatonin supplementation synergistically ameliorated diabetic cardiomyopathy by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. These findings suggest a potential preventive role for this combined intervention.

Due to the prevalence of viral diseases and inflammations of the immune system all over the world and in order to improve and strengthen the function of the immune system, lifestyle should be modified. One of the best methods is the use of herbal supplements along with sports activities which is investigated in this study. To conduct the present experimental research, 25 Wistar male rats were purchased from Razi Serum Center and randomly divided into 5 groups : control- LPS model- exercise, LPS model- supplement, LPS model- exercise, supplement and LPS model. Creating a model on rats was done by injecting LPS at a dose of 100 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally to the model groups received the same amount of placebo. Then the experimental groups performed MIT exercises for 4 weeks and 3 days a week and also received supplements by gavage 5 days a week. Finally, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. The data showed that MIT training alone and in combination with supplements have a significant effect on IgG and IgM antibodies (p<0.05). According to the results, it is recommended to use MIT exercises and niglapsin supplement (combination of black seed and honey) to affect important factors in the immune system.

Adipokines have recently emerged as potential biomarkers for diabetes management. Given the presence of various cathepsins in adipose tissue, the identification of these enzymes in the context of obesity and diabetes has garnered significant attention. This study aimed to compare the alterations in serum cathepsin levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) following aerobic and resistance training in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

In this quasi-experimental study, 29 men aged between 25 and 45 with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to three groups: aerobic training, resistance training, and a control group. The participants underwent aerobic training (at 55-75% of their maximum heart rate) or resistance training (at 55-75% of their one-repetition maximum) three times a week for 10 weeks. Serum levels of cathepsins K, L, and S, along with HbA1c percentages, were measured before and after the intervention.

Both the aerobic and resistance training groups exhibited significant decreases in the serum levels of cathepsins K, L, and S, as well as HbA1c, in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no notable differences were observed between the two training modalities.

The findings suggest that both aerobic and resistance training are equally effective in mitigating diabetes-related risks by reducing cathepsin levels and HbA1c concentrations.

This study aims to determine the combined effect of physical activity and the hydroalcoholic extract of palm pollen on the expression of mir-21 and mir-132 in cadmium-induced toxicity in the kidney tissue of male rats.

.In this study, 48 adult and healthy male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250 ± 30 grams and 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into 6 groups: 1) control, 2) exercise, 3) cadmium, 4) cadmium + exercise, 5) cadmium + palm 200 + exercise, 6) cadmium + exercise + palm 400. All groups received three milligrams per kilogram of body weight of cadmium chloride daily by gavage, and palm pollen extract was injected intraperitoneally with doses of 200 and 400 mg of body weight. Aerobic training started with rats running on a treadmill at a speed of 27 meters per minute for 16 minutes, and one minute was added to the training every day.

The results showed that there is a significant difference in the expression of miR-21 between the groups (P=0.001), with cadmium causing a decrease and aerobic exercise and receiving palm pollen extract leading to a significant increase in the miR-21 gene expression (P=0.005). Also, there is a significant difference in the expression of miR-132 between the groups (P=0.04), indicating that cadmium decreased this variable when compared to the control; however, the combined effect of exercise and palm pollen administration was not statistically significant (P=0.98).

Our study showed that performing moderate-intensity regular exercise along with palm pollen in cadmium-treated mice upregulated microRNAs associated with kidney toxicity.

The combined effect of the proposed herbal supplement and physical activity can control the harmful effects of exposure to cadmium on industrial societies and chemical industry workers to some extent.

Atrophy of the skeletal system caused by spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause secondary systemic metabolic dysfunction, such as glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, Sirtun1 (SIRT1) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma Coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α) are known factors and related proteins involved in skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol consumption on SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats after spinal cord injury.

36 male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were randomly placed in 4 groups including control, resveratrol, training, and resveratrol+training (each group n=9). After anesthesia, an incision was made in the midline of the back and over the vertebral ridges. The muscles and lamina of the T9 vertebra were removed without damaging the dura mater, Spinal cord injury was caused by dropping a ten-gram weight from a height of 25 mm on the spinal cord in the T10 segment. After confirmation of SCI, a Resveratrol supplement with a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and daily (every morning for 4 weeks), and the rats of other groups were injected with the same amount of saline. The aerobic training was carried out with the help of the weight support system for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week, each session was 58 minutes and the intensity was 20 m/min. 48 hours after the last training session, the gastrocnemius muscle of right leg of all rats was removed. The SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by the ELISA method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used at the significance level of P<0.05.

SIRT1 levels in the gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol and resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than the control group (P-value respectively 0.023 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the training group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.399). SIRT1 levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than training group (P=0.038). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol+ training groups were significantly higher than control group (P-value respectively 0.024 and 0.007), but despite the increase in the level of this index in the resveratrol group compared to the control group, no significant difference was observed (P=0.449). PGC-1α levels in gastrocnemius muscle of resveratrol+training groups were significantly higher than reveratrol group (P=0.023).

These results show the positive effect of resveratrol consumption, on SIRT1 level, as well as aerobic exercise on PGC-1α level of the biceps muscle in rats with SCI. It has been pointed out that the increase in SIRT1 expression and the subsequent increase in PGC-1α leads to an increase in the number of myonuclei, which improves the recovery process after injury and plays an active role in muscle hypertrophy by upregulating and reducing catabolic processes. herefore, it appears that a combination of aerobic training and resveratrol supplementation can mitigate muscle atrophy caused by spinal cord injury in muscles below the level of injury by influencing the levels of muscle SIRT1 and PGC-1α

 Consuming a high-fat diet causes obesity, which is one of the hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. The present study aimed to assess the effect of aerobic training and capsaicin supplementation on the expression of lipogenic genes SREBP-1c and FASN in the liver tissue of obese rats

 For this experimental research, 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats weighing 181.5±2.3 grams were selected as samples. Thereafter, eight rats were fed a normal diet (ND), and 32 rats were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and randomly assigned to five groups: normal diet, high-fat diet, high-fat diet-training, high-fat diet-capsaicin, and high-fat diet-training-capsaicin. The exercise groups performed an incremental aerobic exercise program (15-25 m/min, 30-60 min/day, five days/week) on a treadmill for eight weeks. Capsaicin (4 mg/kg/day) was taken orally by gavage once a day.

Induction of obesity was associated with increased expression of SREBP-1C (P=0.001) and FASN (P=0.001). It was also revealed that aerobic exercise with capsaicin supplementation significantly decreased SREBP-1C and FASN gene expression in the experimental groups compared to the obese group. Finally, this reduction trend was significant in the combined group compared to the supplement group.

It is possible that the use of capsaicin, along with aerobic physical activity, is an effective strategy to neutralize the markers of hepatic lipogenesis.

 Increased nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in neuroblastoma cells may represent an autocrine system to support cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the simultaneous effect of aerobic exercise and nano curcumin supplementation on the expression of BDNF and NGF genes in rats with brain tumors.

 A total of 35 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups of five: healthy base control, healthy control of 4 weeks, base cancer control, four weeks of cancer control, cancer+nanocolumns, cancer+aerobic, and cancer exercise+aerobic exercise+nanocolumns. After injecting cancer cells into the mice's forehead cortex, with 80 mg/kg supplement gauges for 28 days, five days a week, enter the main aerobic exercise program on the rotating tape for four weeks, three days a week. At 18 m/min, they were 25-40 minutes. In the end, the mice were sacrificed, and data were collected.

The expression of the BDNF gene in the training+nano curcumin group was significantly decreased compared to the baseline cancer control and 4-week cancer (P<0.05). Moreover, the expression of the NGF gene in the exercise group showed a significant decrease compared to the baseline cancer control and 4-week cancer (P<0.05). Nonetheless, no significant difference was observed in the nano curcumin group and nanocurcumin +exercise (P>0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise along with nanocurcumin can possibly increase neurogenesis in rats with brain cancer by reducing BDNF and NGF gene expression through receptors.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, like other inflammatory diseases, causes a change in the levels of pro-inflammatory (such as gremlin-1) and anti-inflammatory (such as pentraxin-3) markers. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic and resistance training on serum levels of pentraxin-3, gremlin-1 and insulin resistance in men with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental study, 29 men with type 2 diabetes in the age range of 25-45 years were selected and randomly divided into three groups: aerobic training, resistance training and control. Aerobic training program with an intensity of 55-75% of the maximum heart rate and resistance training with an intensity of 55-75% of one repetition maximum was implemented during 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Before and after the intervention period, serum levels of pentraxin-3, gremlin-1 were measured and also insulin resistance index was calculated.

In both aerobic (P= 0.039) and resistance (P= 0.019) training groups, pentraxin-3 serum level increased significantly compared to the control group; but there was no difference between the two groups (P= 0.703). Also, serum levels of gremlin-1 and insulin resistance of the aerobic (P= 0.022 and P= 0.040, respectively) and resistance (P= 0.037 and P= 0.031, respectively) training groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group; Although there was no difference between the training groups (P= 0.815 and P= 0.659, respectively).

This findings demonstrate that both types of aerobic and resistance training are equally effective in improving inflammatory markers and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients.

Physically essential military duties include carrying cargo, manually handling materials, and evacuating the wounded. This narrative review outlines the primary physical characteristics associated with the performance of these occupational tasks and reviews physical exercise intervention studies in military settings aimed at enhancing performance on these tasks. Load-carrying performance requires aerobic and neuromuscular fitness, focusing more on maximal strength and absolute maximal oxygen uptake, especially when dealing with heavier loads. For manual material handling, maximal strength and power are strongly related to single lifts, while repetitive lift performance is related to muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic fitness. Injured locomotor performance is related to maximal strength, including grip strength, muscular endurance, absolute maximal oxygen uptake, and anaerobic capacity. This review emphasizes the pivotal role of muscular fitness in the successful performance of revised military job duties. Exercise intervention studies show that the combination of strength, aerobic, and load-carrying exercises can effectively increase load-carrying performance. Improvements in maximal lifting capacity can result from strength training or a combination of strength and aerobic training. In contrast, either strength training, aerobic training, or a combination thereof are effective in increasing lifting and carrying repetitions. Although limited studies are available for movement injuries, inconclusive results may suggest potential benefits of strength or combination exercises.

Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of garlic and blackberry consumption along with aerobic exercise on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertension.48 of them who did not do any sports activities in the last three months were selected. The condition of the research subjects in terms of quality of life was calculated through the quality of life questionnaire of the World Health Organization and blood pressure in laboratory conditions, and finally in four groups of 12 people, aerobic exercise and garlic consumption, aerobic exercise and blackberry consumption, and aerobic exercise and the control group were divided. Then the intervening variables, including aerobic exercise (including 10 minutes of warming up, 25 to 45 minutes of walking-running and kinetic exercises with an intensity of 65 to 75% of the maximum heart rate and 5 minutes of cooling down) and garlic supplementation (1250 capsules form) Milligram, the product of Nature Mod Company (two units daily with meals) and black mulberry (in the form of one milligram capsule daily) were applied to them for six weeks, and at the end of six weeks, quality of life factors and blood pressure were measured again.The result of the research showed that the systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the group of aerobic exercise and garlic consumption (P˂0.05).In general, it seems that aerobic exercises along with garlic and blackberry supplementation can reduce blood pressure and vascular stiffness

Inactivity plays a role in diabetes and increasing tissue oxidative stress and this study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic exercise on malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the heart tissue of male diabetic rats.
44 male Wistar rats (200-250 grams) were randomly divided into 4 ten groups of healthy, diabetic, training, and diabetes+ training. After 12 hours of food deprivation, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ solution, The training groups did aerobic exercise 5 days a week for 6 weeks. 48 hours after completion of the protocol, anesthetized animals and heart tissue were removed. ELISA method was used to measure the amount of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxide. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc tests, SPSS, and GraphPad software.
The results showed that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide in the diabetes group were significantly lower than the control, exercise, and diabetes+exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Also, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide were significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the control and exercise groups (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde in the diabetes group was significantly higher than in the diabetes+exercise group, the exercise group, and the control group (p≤0.0001). Malondialdehyde was significantly higher in the diabetes+exercise group than in the diabetes and control groups (p≤0.0001).
aerobic training can have a positive effect on the heart tissue in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress.

ULK1 and LC3-II are factors related to liver lipophagy. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training in fasting state on factors related to liver lipophagy (ULK1 and LC3-II) in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control, fasting, 3 days of training, 5 days of training, fasting + 3 days of training, and fasting + 5 days of training. Unlike other rats that had 24-hour access to food, the fasting rats received the same amount of nutrition in 10 hours. Continuous aerobic running on a treadmill was performed for 4 weeks with a frequency of 3 and 5 sessions per week in both feeding and fasting conditions. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS using one-way variance analysis test and LSD. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.

The increase of LC3-II in the groups of fasting + 3 days of training and fasting + 5 days training was significant compared to fasting and 3 days training groups (P < 0.05). Also, the increase of ULK1 in the groups of 3 days of training and fasting + 3 days of training was significant compared to the fasting group, and the changes of ULK1 were significantly higher in fasting + 3 days of training group than in the fasting + 5 days training group (P < 0.05).

It can be said that aerobic training in fasting mode increases liver lipophagy and the expression of ULK1 and LC3-II genes is different compared to the amount of weekly activity.

Parkinson's disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and the presence of catalepsy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic training and food restriction on dopaminergic and catalepsy neurons in the brain tissue of Parkinson's disease model of rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months were randomly divided into five groups (n=8): healthy control (C), Parkinson's disease model (P), Parkinson's disease model + aerobic training (P+T), Parkinson's disease model + food restriction (P+FR), and Parkinson's disease model + aerobic training + food restriction (P+T+FR). The aerobic training regimen consisted of three months with five sessions per week at an intensity of 75-80% of maximum oxygen consumption. The food restriction group received approximately 11 grams of food daily. Catalepsy was assessed using the rod test, while dopaminergic neurons were quantified through brain sectioning and microscopic counting.

The P+T+FR group exhibited a significant increase in dopaminergic neuron count compared to the C, P, P+T, and P+FR groups (P=0.001). Furthermore, a significant reduction in catalepsy was observed in the P+T+RF group compared to the P group (P=0.001).

The combination of three months of aerobic training and food restriction resulted in improvements in dopaminergic neuron count and reduced catalepsy in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. These findings suggest that aerobic training and food restriction could serve as potential complementary interventions for Parkinson's disease treatment, alongside pharmacological approaches, warranting further investigation in this area.