تیروکسین

Rhinoplasty is a joint facial surgery that can lead to various complications, including bleeding, edema, and ecchymosis. Many surgeons have shifted towards less invasive surgical techniques to reduce these risks. However, there is insufficient research on the impact of thyroid hormones on post-surgery outcomes. This study aims to assess the effects of two specific thyroid hormones, T4 and TSH, on postoperative edema in rhinoplasty patients. By identifying the role of these hormones, we can enhance patient satisfaction and improve recovery times.

This prospective cohort study was conducted in 2022 on patients referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic (ENT) of Rasool Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Before participating, all study candidates were required to sign a written consent form; those who declined were excluded from the study. The protocol received approval from the ethics committee and review board of the Iran University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code=1399.650). This investigation aimed to measure the levels of two thyroid hormones-thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH). We conducted hormone assessments in the first week after the surgery, followed by weekly measurements up to the fourth week. We collected blood samples from each patient at each time point for hormone level evaluations. Additionally, we collected data on potential confounding factors such as age, sex, and body weight. The primary outcome of interest was postoperative edema. Post-surgery edema was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and physician assessments, which were repeated weekly until the fourth week. The recovery speed was determined by subtracting the VAS score in the first week from the score in the fourth week. Initially, we verified the normality of each variable by employing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We presented the mean and standard deviation for variables adhering to a normal distribution. Variables that deviated from normality were described using the median and interquartile range. Dichotomous variables were reported as the frequency and percentage. Pearson correlation coefficients were utilized to explore the correlation between VAS scores and hormone levels. The relationship between changes in hormone levels and the rate of edema recovery was also examined using the Pearson correlation. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software version 22.0, with a statistical significance threshold set at 0.05.

The study included 58 patients from Rasul Akram Hospital's ear, nose, and throat clinic. The participants had a mean age of 36.3 years with a standard deviation of 6.8 years, and 74.1% were women. Their mean weight was 64.5 kg, with a standard deviation (SD) of 8.9 kg. The mean serum level of thyroxine (T4) was reported at 7.9±1.4, and the mean level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was 3.4±1.9.Table 2 highlighted the progression of nasal edema as measured by the VAS from the patient's and the doctor's perspectives. Initially, patients reported a mean VAS score of 8.5 (SD = 1.0), gradually decreasing to 4.9 (SD = 1.4) by the fourth week. Doctors observed a similar downward trend in VAS scores, starting from 7.7 (SD = 0.8) in the first week to 4.5 (SD = 1.4) in the fourth week. The average rate of edema reduction was calculated at 1.2 (SD = 0.3). The analysis explored the correlation between thyroid hormone levels and VAS scores. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed no statistically significant correlation between T4 levels and VAS scores during the study (P-value>0.05). Although there was a slight positive correlation between T4 levels and the rate of edema reduction, it was not statistically significant (P-value=0.079). Conversely, a significant positive correlation was found between TSH levels and VAS scores, indicating that higher TSH levels were associated with increased nasal edema. In the first week, this correlation was significant (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.378, P-value=0.003), intensifying in the second week (coefficient=0.454, P-value<0.001), and remained highly significant in the third and fourth weeks (coefficients=0.565 and 0.559, respectively, P-value<0.001). Additionally, a higher TSH level negatively correlated with the rate of edema reduction, suggesting that increased TSH levels could delay recovery from edema (correlation coefficient=-0.542, P-value<0.001).

Various factors can cause complications after a rhinoplasty. Although medical treatments like steroid medications and surgical techniques have been studied for their impact on postoperative swelling, the potential role of thyroid hormones has yet to be explored as much. This study investigates the influence of thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin (TSH) on edema after rhinoplasty for four weeks. The study also aims to determine how these hormones affect the rate at which edema resolves. Our analysis found no significant correlation between T4 levels and postoperative edema but a suggestive trend towards a positive association with the rate of edema reduction. The lack of significant T4 findings contrasts with the notable effects of TSH, suggesting a more complex impact of thyroid hormones on surgical recovery. These findings underscore the importance of further research to reveal the potential underlying biological mechanism that T4 might have in the healing process. High TSH levels are associated with postoperative edema, which suggests that thyroid function plays a role in surgical recovery. TSH could be used as a biomarker to manage postoperative healing outcomes. Previous studies show a link between hypothyroidism and the exacerbation and prolongation of inflammatory responses. Kinoshita et al. found that changes in thyroid hormone levels can lead to edema formation. This connection highlights the role of thyroid hormones in fluid regulation, suggesting that they play a crucial role in modulating the extracellular fluid dynamics that underpin edema.Langsdon et al. have linked hypothyroidism to extended edema in patients undergoing facial surgery. This and our research suggest a broader systemic effect of thyroid hormone levels on tissue healing and fluid balance. Evidence indicates the thyroid regulates postoperative recovery, especially in surgeries where tissue disruption and inflammation can lead to significant edema. More significant multicenter studies are needed to provide a more diverse patient population and a broader range of surgical techniques and postoperative care protocols. Additionally, it is essential to consider potential confounding factors that need to be fully accounted for in this study. Some of these factors include pre-existing health conditions, medication use, nutritional status, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption, which can affect hormone levels and the body's response to surgery. Given the complexity of post-surgical recovery, which physiological and psychological factors can influence, a multifactorial approach is necessary to understand the role of thyroid hormones in this process. Therefore, future studies should aim to control for these confounders through careful study design and statistical analysis.High TSH levels worsen post-rhinoplasty edema, while T4 levels show a non-significant trend toward faster recovery. More multicenter studies are needed to determine thyroid hormones' effects on postoperative edema.

Obesity is a well-known public health problem that affects people of all ages. It has myriad effects on several body tissues, including the thyroid, in both human and animal models. Some treatments, such as dietary modification and physical activity, may be effective or ineffective in reducing obesity. Accordingly, the present research investigated the effects of obesity on thyroid tissue and the impact of diet modification and aerobic exercises on histopathological and hormonal changes in the thyroid tissue of obese male rats.

In this experimental study, for obesity induction, 50 three-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to a high-fat diet (including 40% fat, 40% protein, and 20% carbohydrate) for 12 weeks. Then, 25 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy control, obese + high-fat diet, obese + normal diet, obese + high-fat diet + aerobic, obese + normal diet + aerobic. After the induction of obesity, 2 groups were given a standard diet (including 20% fat, 10% protein, and 70% carbohydrates). Aerobic exercises for 8 weeks included 30 minutes per day, 8 m/min, and 5 days per week. After anesthesia, an autopsy was performed, and the thyroid tissue was sent to the laboratory for histopathological studies. Also, 5 cc of blood was taken to study TSH, T3, and T4 using a radioimmunoassay kit.

The serum levels of TSH hormone increased slightly in the high-fat diet groups compared to the control group and the normal diet with/without aerobic activity group. Also, the amount of T3 hormone in the group receiving a normal diet along with aerobic activity was significantly lower than in the control, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet along with aerobic activity groups (P<0.05). The T4 hormone increased significantly in all obesity groups compared to the control group (P<0.05), and these values were at the level of the control group (P<0.05) only in the group receiving the normal diet along with aerobic activity. Regarding the histopathological results, many changes were found in the follicular, parafollicular, and follicle cells of the thyroid tissue in the obesity group continuing the high-fat diet; these changes were significantly reduced in the groups for which the diet was changed to the normal diet alone and with aerobic activity.

Induction of obesity causes significant structural and biochemical changes in the thyroid, and the combination of diet modification and aerobic activity is more effective in alleviating these changes.

This study examined the effect of adding selenium to levothyroxine on controlling  primary overt hypothyroidism and reducing the serum level of thyroid peroxidase antibody.

This study was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial on individuals with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism. The patients were randomly divided into two intervention (I) and control (C) groups. Group I was treated with levothyroxine plus selenium, and Group C was treated with levothyroxine alone for three months. The anti-TPO antibody titer and serum levels of TSH, T3, and T4 were measured before and after treatment. Individuals were matched according to the season of visit and body mass index.

Fifty-three persons with a mean age of 33 years (10% male) participated in this study. Twenty-one individuals in Group I and twenty individuals in Group C completed the study. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age and gender. In none of the groups, anti-TPO antibody titer did not change significantly before and after the intervention. The serum level of the antibody did not differ significantly between the two groups before and after the study. Following the treatment, Group C was euthyroid; however, the intervention group, despite a decrease in TSH and an increase in T3 and T4, was not euthyroid. The participants reported no side effects.

In this study, adding selenium to levothyroxine sodium did not significantly change the serum level of anti-TPO, TSH, T3, and T4 in the patients with overt primary hypothyroidism.

Exposure to lead, damages vital organs and is now a global concern. Toxic effects of lead on the liver and thyroid gland have been mentioned previously, sometimes with conflicting results. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess changes in liver and thyroid function tests in patients with lead poisoning.

This case-control study was performed on 100 patients with clinical evidence of lead poisoning who were referred to Loghman-e-Hakim hospital in Tehran from April to December 2018. Also, another 100 participants with the matched sex and age, a history of opium use, and exposure to lead or non-work-related metals, and with normal lead levels, were considered as a control group. Demographic information was collected by a trained researcher by reviewing hospital records or interviewing participants. To monitor lead levels in the control group, 5 ml of venous blood was collected from the antecubital vein at 7 to 8 am in sterile tubes containing EDTA as an anticoagulant. Serum lead levels were assessed by GBC Avanta atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Values in the two groups were compared. SPSS version 16 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Il, The USA) was used for data analysis. A P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean level of serum lead in case and control groups were 63.0±12.4 μg/dL and 6.0±2.1 μg/dL, respectively with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). However, Alkaline phosphatase (ALKp), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were significantly higher in cases compared to controls (p<0.001). The thyroid-stimulating hormone in patients with lead poisoning (0.3±0.04 MIU/L) was significantly lower than those in the control group (2.5±1.23) (P=0.04).

Lead poisoning could potentially damage liver function and elevate liver enzymes. Moreover, it can also affect the levels of TSH and levothyroxine. Understanding the exact mechanisms might help to control The hepatotoxic effects of lead in patients. Also, knowing the pattern of elevated liver enzymes and thyroid hormones changes might help discriminate lead poisoning with other differential diagnoses.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of death and morbidity in developed countries. Although recent studies have shown that the prevalence of thyroid disorders is higher in individuals with CKD, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the blood levels of thyroid hormones in diabetic (diabetes type 2) and non-diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease under hemodialysis treatment.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 3, 5, 3', 5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4/thyroxine), and 3, 3', 5-triiodothyronine (T3), were measured. Furthermore, kidney function tests (urea and creatinine), uric acid, serum lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were measured using spectrophotometry-based methods.

There was no significant difference between the hemodialytic-diabetic subjects (HDS) and hemodialytic-non-diabetic subjects (HNDS) regarding the levels of thyroid function hormones, including TSH, T4, and T3. However, the ratio of triiodothyronine (T3) to thyroxine (T4) (T3/T4 ratio) was significantly different between the HDS and HNDS (P<0.05). These ratios (mean±standard error of the mean) were obtained at 0.220±0.026 and 0.554±0.12 in female HDS and HNDS, respectively. On the other hand, regarding males, these ratios were determined at 0.205±0.01 and 0.295±0.05 in HDS and HNDS, respectively.

Homeostasis disturbance in the T3/T4 ratio hemostasis is present in HDS, compared to HNDS; however, it is not related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Peripheral factors, including the activities of iodothyronine deiodinase type 1 and type 2 enzymes, which are involved in regulating serum levels and converting T4 to T3, are probably responsible for the observed differences.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is alarmingly rising around the world. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, study of thyroid disorders, caused by an abnormal increase in the body mass index (BMI), is becoming more and more important. This study aimed to evaluate the association between increased BMI and thyroid hormones among Iranians participating in the Tehran Thyroid Study.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 3079 female and 2274 male participants, who were categorized into two groups: one with abnormal BMI>25 kg/m2 and the other with normal BMI<25 kg/m2. Thyroid hormone levels were also evaluated and compared. The linear regression analysis and Spearmanchr('39')s coefficient test were used to determine the correlations between BMI and thyroid hormones. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were measured to study the impact of obesity on thyroid function.

BMI had a positive correlation with the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level (r=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07; P<0.05) and a negative correlation with the free thyroxine (FT4) level (r=-0.18, 95% CI: -0.21, -0.16; P<0.05). Also, BMI above 25 kg/m2 was associated with a higher OR of clinical hypothyroidism (OR=1.71, CI: 1.04, 2.79; P<0.05). No significant association was observed between abnormal BMI and other thyroid dysfunctions. Also, no significant association was found between an abnormal increase in BMI and TPOAb positivity in the adjusted results.

This study showed that an abnormal increase in BMI was associated with altered thyroid functions. Consequently, weight control and reduction can be suggested to individuals with overweight and obesity to improve their thyroid function.

Neonatal hypothyroidism, a preventable cause of mental retardation, has a high prevalence in Iran. Considering the high prevalence of the transient form of this disease, which recovers within 4-6 months after birth, it is important to determine factors that can differentiate between permanent and transient hypothyroidism in Iran.

In this retrospective cohort study, neonates born in 15 selected provinces of Iran in 2011 were included. The evaluated information in this study included cumulative data, routinely collected in the national screening program for congenital hypothyroidism.

A total of 598 (57.1%) infants were diagnosed with permanent congenital hypothyroidism, and 449 (42.9%) infants were diagnosed with transient congenital hypothyroidism. Based on the ROC curve analysis, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels ​​above 20 mU/L predicted permanent cases with 75.2% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Also, serum thyroxine (T4) levels below 8.2 μg/dL predicted permanent cases with sensitivity of 72.1% and specificity of 64%. Overall, a serum TSH level ≥20 mU/L, a serum T4 level ≤8.2 μg/dL, parental consanguinity, and family history of thyroid diseases increased the risk of permanent hypothyroidism, respectively.

The serum levels of T4 and TSH are the most important prognostic factors for the prediction of permanent congenital hypothyroidism. Although it is not possible to make a definitive early diagnosis, we may be able to differentiate the transient form more quickly, with greater sensitivity and specificity, by conducting larger studies and advanced modeling; this would help medical teams discontinue long-term treatments for transient cases and reduce the financial and emotional burdens on families.

Type II diabetes is associated with impaired function of various organs, including thyroid. The present study aimed to investigate the serum levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in type II diabetes patients who referred to Diabetes Center of Sanandaj, Iran. In addition, the results were compared with non-diabetic healthy subjects.
This descriptive-analytic study was performed on 100 patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Diabetes Center of Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj and 100 healthy individuals. All the participants were selected through convenience sampling. The demographic data of the study subjects were collected using a questionnaire and blood samples were taken to determine the serum levels of T3, T4, and TSH. All the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 19..
The findings of this study demonstrated that the prevalence of abnormal TSH, T4, and T3 hormones levels was 26, 18, and 15% in patients with type 2 diabetes, respectively. On the other hand the mentioned prevalence for TSH, T4, and T3 hormones was 4, 4, and 3% in the healthy subjects. The mean TSH levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (5.67±4.33 mIU/L) was significantly higher than that of controls (2.79±1.68 mIU/L) (P According to the results of current study, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was significantly higher in type 2 diabetic patients, in comparison with the healthy participants. Considering the high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients and the effect of thyroid function on sugar and lipid metabolism, it is recommended to evaluate thyroid function in diabetic patients.

The widespread use of electromagnetic waves in human life has required the scientific research in the effects of these waves on the health of living beings. Due to the widespread use of these waves and the contradictory results in various researches, more comprehensive investigations are needed in this field. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 100µT magnetic fields on blood sample parameters such as: Cortisol, Blood Sugar, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxin hormones in rat.
The study was conducted on 24 male rats (7-8 weeks old). The animals were randomly divided into two equal groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group was exposed in a 100 micro-Tesla magnetic field, and control group was exposed in the quasi field in the same conditions. At the end of the experiment, all rats were scarifies, and blood samples were drawn.
Statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences between both experimental and control groups on Cortisol (P The results of this study indicated significant decreases in the level of Cortisol and blood glucose and an increase in the level of Triiodothyronine hormones due to the magnetic fields. Since Cortisol is a hormone that can affect blood pressure and blood sugar, these variations can effect on human health.

The effect of exercise training on Thyroid hormone secretion is a controversial topic. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a period of selected aerobic training on thyroxin (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol hormone levels in athlete and non-athlete women after exhaustive exercise sessions was performed.
In a quasi-experimental study with pre and post, among the female volunteers, 20 women whom of which qualified were randomly selected and divided into two athlete (n=10) and non-athlete (n=10) groups. Subjects of both groups did exhaustive exercise (Bruce test) before and after eight weeks of progressive aerobic training (increasing running and climbing stairs with 45 to 85% of maximum heart rate and 3 times in a week). Blood samples were collected immediately after each session of exhaustive exercise and analyzed with a specific kit of the hormone and radio-immunoassay method. In order to compare the means, the paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test was performed.
Results indicated that following eight weeks of aerobic training in the athletes group, the T3 (P=0.01) and T4 (P=0.002) hormones’ levels in response to exhaustive activity significantly increased but these changes were not significant in non-athletes. On the other hand, the amounts of cortisol in response to this activity significantly decreased in both groups (P =0.04).
Overall, results showed that regular aerobic exercise training can adjust cortisol response to physical stress in female athletes and non-athletes. This is while no considerable effect was seen on thyroid hormone levels T3 and T4.

Hop with, scientific name of Humulus Lupulus, has got estrogenic, sedative, hypnotic, and antiseptic properties in the treatment of certain diseases. The present study aimed at assessing the effects of the herb on pituitary–thyroid hormones in adult male rats. This experimental study was conducted on 45 adult male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into 5 equal groups including control (no treatment), control (saline) and three experimental groups receiving doses of the hop flower extract 50,100, and 150mg/kg gavage for 10 days, respectively. At the end of the tenth day. ,blood samples were derived from the rats’ hearts and their blood hormone concentrations of Thyrotropin (T3), Thyroxine (T4), and Thyrotropin (THS) were measured by means of gamma counter. The obtained data was analysed employing SPSS software (V: 18) using Anova and Tukey. Statistical tests at the significant level P≤0.05. It was found that the experimental groups receiving doses of 150 and 100 mg/kg, their serum hormone levels of T3, T4 and TSH levels significantly reduced (P≥0.05). The results showed that the ethanol extract of hop flowers with a flavonoid phytoestrogens reduce T4, T3 and TSH hormones.

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most urgent diseases of the newborns; with preventable complications, such as mental retardation, by early diagnosing and treatment. It is often asymptomatic, but it can induce severe and or prolonged jaundice. We aimed to assess relationship between neonatal jaundice, as a nonspecific clinical sign, and incidence rate of CH. This cross-sectional study was performed on 140 healthy term newborns affected jaundice that admitted to 4 selected educational Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. As CH causes both prolonged and severe hyperbilirubinemia, all 1-28- day old newborns with various causes of jaundice with total serum bilirubin values of > 10 mg/dl were included and evaluated for thyroid function tests. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)< 10 mu/l and thyroxin (T4) <7 µg/dl were considered as CH. Serum value of T4 was normal at 97.86% and low at 2.14%. 1.43% of newborns had serum level of TSH >10 mu/l. More investigation reavealed the incidence rate of hypothyroidism at approximately 1 case in 140 birth which means 7 cases in 1000 birth (7:1000). In present study, the incidence rate of CH was 7:1000. As usual, there is no clinical finding in CH at birth, so more attention should be paid to nonspecific signs of hypothyroidism that one of the earliest is severe or prolonged jaundice. Also, follow up should be considered for these newborns.

Understanding of metabolic and hormonal responses is main principles in each training programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sprint training on response and adaptation of enzymes، metabolites and hormones of healthy men.

This study was semi-experimental research with repeated measures design. In this study، 10 Sprinter in Mazandaran were selected and after it perform the Astrand protocol to speed of 7. 1 mph and 2. 5 degrees. Then، subjects perform sprint training for 6 weeks to intensity of 60 maximal HR. Finally، ten blood samples was taken at pre and post test.

Statistical analysis showed that HR of subjects was significantly decreased (p<0/05). Also، amounts of testosterone and growth hormone was increased that statistically wasn''t significant (p>0/05). In addition، amount of Insulin was significantly decreased (p<0/05). Levels of T3 in serum was significantly decreased (p<0/05) but amount of T4 in during and after of test was significantly increased (p<0/05). Levels of LDH and CPK in serum was significantly increase during training bouts (p<0/05) but amounts of LDH and CPK was decreased after training period.

Six weeks sprint training appear to able increase athletic performance due to changes in profile of hormonal (such as increase in testosteron، GH and T4 and dercreas in insulin) and metabolic adaptations.

The secretion of thyroxin (T4) as the main hormone of thyroid gland is regulated by androgens. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of testosterone and finasteride administration and castration on serum levels of T4 and to show the effect of this regulation on total body weight, weight of testis, and the weight of prostate. Male adult rats (n = 32) were divided into 4 groups (n = 8): Group 1 (control), Group 2 (castration), Group 3 (finasteride: 20 mg/kg/day) and Group 4 (testosterone: 5 mg/kg/day). At the end of the study (35 days), serum level of thyroxin, body weight, weight of testis, and prostate were determined. The data showed that the body weight increased in castrated (P = 0.04) and decreased in testosterone (P = 0.00) groups but did not differ in finasteride (P>0.05) group. There were not any differences in the weight of testis among control, finasteride, and testosterone groups but the weight of prostate increased in testosterone group (P = 0.00) and decreased in castrated (P = 0.03) and finasteride groups (P = 0.04). In addition, the serum level of T4 (nmo/ml) decreased in the three groups: finasteride (P = 0.03), testosterone (P = 0.04), and castrated (P = 0.00). Testosterone in both high and low levels decreased the amount of T4 with a time-dependent manner.

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder and its relation with some hormone has been the focus of attention in the recent studies. In this study, the serum levels of Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of the patients with major depressive have been compared with the healthy control adults. In this case –control study, 32 patients who were diagnosed to be depressed through (beck depression test) referred to Hamedan hospital and 32 healthy participants homogenized of gender and age to depression group were chosen. The level of triiodothyronine, thyroxin and thyroid stimulatiy hormone were measured in 2 groups. Data were analyzed using X2, independent t-test, ANOVA and regression logistic tests. The mean serum levels of T4 and TSH were significantly higher in depressed patients than control group (P=0.01), whereas there was no significant difference in the mean serum level of T3 between two groups (P>0.05). Comparing the clinically depressed group (the mark higher than 21 in beck test) to non-clinically depressed group (the mark bellow 21 in Beck test) TSH level significantly increased (P=0.001). According to logistic regression, one unit increase in serum levels of T4 and TSH will increase the probability of the occurrence of depression by 1.3 and 1.7 times, and clinical depression by 1.2 and 2.09 times respectively. The mean levels of serum T4 and TSH in major depression are higher than the control group. The measurement of two hormones might be useful in prediction of the occurrence of depression.

Chinese herbal products for weight loss are popular in Iran and other countries of Asia. We have investigated the content of some of these products present in Iranian markets. Nine different types of herbal pills used for weight loss were obtained from open market and subjected to qualitative analysis. Immuno-chromatographic assays for the detection of phencyclidine and radioimmunoassay methods for thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) were employed. No natural ingredient was present in the herbal slimming pills. All products except three contained triiodothyronine(T3). Magic Slim and 100% Original Super Slim carried thyroxine (T4), 10 microgram per pill and 63 microgram per pill respectively. Phencyclidine was found in herbaceous essence, Green Lean, Super Slim and Fat loss. Chinese herbal products must be evaluated for their safety before marketing. Manufacturers should be licensed by regulatory agency and manufactured under good manufacturing practice. Proper labeling and good surveillance systems shall ensure the protection of the consumers.

Leptin is an adipose tissue related hormone that contributes to food intake control, energy expenditure and other activities such as cell proliferation. Relationship of Leptin level with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer has been suggested recently. As thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, the aim of this study was evaluation of Leptin levels in thyroid cancer patients. In this descriptive-sectional study, 83 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (35 males and 48 females) and 90 healthy persons (40 male and 50 females) were selected by purposeful sampling method from April 2009 to April 2010. Serum Thyroxine, Thyrotropin and Leptin levels were determined in both groups. As body fat tissue affect Leptin level, height and weight and body mass index was measured. Independent T-test was used for comparing parameters and SPSS 15 software was used for data analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in age average and serum Thyroxine and Thyrotropin levels. BMI was higher in women than men in both groups. Serum Leptin level in thyroid cancer group (women 23.3±19.6; men 17.3±10.4 ng/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than control group (women 6.9±4.3; men 5.6±2.2 ng/ml). Leptin level has relation with papillary thyroid cancer. Probably, Leptin level can be consider as a help marker in diagnosis or confirmation of thyroid cancer.